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Subfamily of the Japonic languages
The Ryukyuan languages (琉球語派, Ryūkyū-goha; also 琉球諸語, Ryūkyū-shogo or 島言葉 in Ryukyuan, Shima kotoba, literally "Island Speech"), also Lewchewan or Luchuan
Ryukyuan_languages
Language family of Japan
Japanese–Ryukyuan (Japanese: 日琉語族, romanized: Nichiryū gozoku) is a language family comprising Japanese, spoken in the main islands of Japan, and the Ryukyuan
Japonic_languages
Reconstructed ancestor of the Japonic languages
the Ryukyuan languages. The major reconstructions of the 20th century were produced by Samuel Elmo Martin and Shirō Hattori. The Japonic language family
Proto-Japonic_language
Branch of the Ryukyuan language family
The Northern Ryukyuan languages, also known as the Amami–Okinawan languages, are a group of languages spoken in the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture
Northern_Ryukyuan_languages
Japanese language, Ryūkyūan languages are spoken in Okinawa and parts of Kagoshima in the Ryūkyū Islands. Along with Japanese, these languages are part
Languages_of_Japan
Ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands
most Ryukyuans live in the Okinawa Prefecture or Kagoshima Prefecture. They speak the Ryukyuan languages, one of the branches of the Japonic language family
Ryukyuans
Branch of the Ryukyuan language family
The Southern Ryukyuan languages (南琉球語群, Minami Ryūkyū gogun) form one of two branches of the Ryukyuan languages. They are spoken on the Sakishima Islands
Southern_Ryukyuan_languages
Reconstructed language
Proto-Ryukyuan is the reconstructed ancestor of the Ryukyuan languages, probably associated with the Gusuku culture in the early second millennium AD.[citation
Proto-Ryukyuan_language
Culture of the Ryukyuan people
included the Ryukyuan languages in its atlas. The Yaeyama and Yonaguni languages are classified as "severely endangered", whereas the other 4 Ryukyuan varieties
Ryukyuan_culture
Northern Ryukyuan language
[ʔut͡ɕinaːɡut͡ɕi]), or more precisely Central Okinawan, is a Northern Ryukyuan language spoken primarily in the southern half of the island of Okinawa, as
Okinawan_language
Southern Ryukyuan language
As compared to the Japanese kokugo, or Japanese national language, other Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan and Amami have also been referred to as dialects
Yaeyama_language
Japonic language
it is the national language, and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified
Japanese_language
Regional variant of the Japanese language
approximately meaning "language". Okinawan Japanese's pronunciation and words are influenced by the Northern Ryukyuan Okinawan and Kunigami languages spoken on the
Okinawan_Japanese
Branch of the Japonic languages
Japonic languages or Japonic-Ryukyu languages are a subdivision of the Japonic languages, as opposed to the hypothetical Peninsular Japonic languages formerly
Insular_Japonic_languages
Dialects of the Japanese language
mountains has the ideal setting for developing many dialects. The Ryukyuan languages of Okinawa Prefecture and the southern islands of Kagoshima Prefecture
Japanese_dialects
Variety of Old Japanese
Japonic languages (Insular Japonic), with the other varieties of Old Japanese, which all descend from proto-Japanese (separate from Proto-Ryukyuan, following
Eastern_Old_Japanese
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
the Ryukyuan languages), and Georgian to be the Kartvelian language family. There is a difference between language isolates and unclassified languages, but
Language_isolate
Island kingdom in East Asia (1429–1879)
in 1879. It was ruled as a tributary state of the Ming dynasty by the Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island to end the Sanzan period, and subsequently
Ryukyu_Kingdom
Convergence zone and proposed language family
Korean, Jeju, Japanese, and the Ryukyuan languages, for a total of about 74 (depending on what is considered a language and what is considered a dialect)
Altaic_languages
Japanese island chain
collectively called the Ryukyuan people, named for the former Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1875) that ruled them. The varied Ryukyuan languages are traditionally spoken
Ryukyu_Islands
Language spoken in Korea
Ryukyuan languages, in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group
Korean_language
Japonic language
Japanese, or comprise a branch of Japonic languages (alongside mainland Japanese, Northern Ryukyuan, and Southern Ryukyuan). Hachijō is currently spoken on two
Hachijō_language
Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns
'There is a robot' (emphasis on its status as a nonliving thing). The Ryukyuan languages, spoken in the Ryukyu Islands, agree in animacy in their case systems
Animacy
Ryukyuans living outside of Japan
The Ryukyuan diaspora are Ryukyuan emigrants from Japan's Ryukyu Islands, especially Okinawa Island, and their descendants. The first recorded emigration
Ryukyuan_diaspora
Northern Ryukyuan language
Northern Okinawan or Yanbaru (山原言葉, ヤンバルクトゥーバ, Yanbaru Kutūba) is a Ryukyuan language of northern Okinawa Island in Kunigami District and the city of Nago
Kunigami_language
Ryukyuan language spoken in Japan
The Amami language or languages (島口, シマユムタ, Shimayumuta), also known as Amami Ōshima or simply Ōshima ('Big Island'), is a Ryukyuan language spoken in
Amami_Ōshima_language
Northern Ryukyuan dialect clusters
are members of the Ryukyuan languages, specifically its northern branch. There are many distinct clusters of the Amami languages, most of which have
Amami_languages
Ryukyuan and eventually Hachijō as separate languages within a Japonic family rather than as dialects of Japanese, Japanese was considered a language
Classification of the Japonic languages
Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages
Okinawan language, the most widely spoken Ryukyuan language, is related to Japanese, the two being in the Japonic languages. Ryukyuan languages were heavily
Racism_in_Japan
Japanese language, Ryūkyūan languages are spoken in Okinawa and parts of Kagoshima in the Ryūkyū Islands. Along with Japanese, these languages are part
Demographics_of_Japan
Chinese scholarly institution (708–1911)
trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages such as the Jurchen, "Tartar" (Mongol), Korean, Ryukyuan, Japanese, Tibetan
Hanlin_Academy
2026 Japanese film
Yushi-Dohu is hand-made Shima tofu; 'Yuntaku' means chatting with chill in Ryukyuan languages; The song Shisa sang is UNION(ja)'s commercial jingle, a supermarket
Chiikawa the Movie: The Secret of the Mermaid Island
Chiikawa_the_Movie:_The_Secret_of_the_Mermaid_Island
Country in East Asia
Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the
Japan
Branch of the Southern Ryukyuan languages
is one of the two branches of the Southern Ryukyuan languages, comprising the Yaeyama and Yonaguni languages. It is defined by the development of "know"
Macro-Yaeyama_languages
Ryukyuan dialect cluster of the Miyako Islands
endangered" language in its Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger in February, 2009. The Endangered Languages Project currently classifies the language as "severely
Miyakoan_language
Historical period of the Ryukyu Islands
leading to the emergence of the Proto-Ryukyuan language, the common ancestor of the modern Ryukyuan languages. The period saw widespread agriculture
Gusuku_Period
Oldest attested stage of the Japanese language
forms. The modern Hachijō language distinguishes -o and -u in these forms. A similar difference is preserved in Ryukyuan languages, suggesting that central
Old_Japanese
Language that is at risk of going extinct
Sardinian in Italy; the Ryukyuan languages and Ainu in Japan; and Chamorro in Guam. This is also the most common cause of language endangerment. Ever since
Endangered_language
Dialect cluster of Northern Ryukyuan
the Onotsu dialect, which is based on Shirata (2013b). As with most Ryukyuan languages to the north of Central Okinawan, stops are described as "plain" C’
Kikai_language
Southern Ryukyuan language
The Yonaguni language (与那国物言/ドゥナンムヌイ Dunan Munui) is a Southern Ryukyuan language spoken by around 400 people on the island of Yonaguni, in the Ryukyu
Yonaguni_language
East Asian ethnic group
sometimes having a meaning closer to "forest", especially in some Ryukyuan languages). Some other pairs of historical provinces of Japan exhibit similar
Yamato_people
Japonic language
The Tarama language is a Japonic language spoken on the islands of Tarama and nearly depopulated Minna, two of the Miyako Islands of Japan. It is closely
Tarama_language
Topics referred to by the same term
Hàn-jī (漢字): writing system of Hokkien language Hanji：Chinese characters used to write the Ryukyuan languages 漢字 (disambiguation) This disambiguation
Hanji
Feature of the Japanese language
modern Japanese, kwa and kwi can still be found in several of the Ryukyuan languages (e.g., Okinawan) today, while kwe is formed with the digraph くぇ. Kwa
Yōon
Topics referred to by the same term
Ryukyu or Ryukyuan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Ryukyu Islands are a volcanic arc archipelago. Ryukyu may also refer to: Ryukyuan languages Ryukyuans
Ryukyu_(disambiguation)
Character of the Japanese writing system
Japanese but still exist in the Ryukyuan languages. A few loanwords such as shīkwāsā (シークヮーサー; from Okinawan language) and Musica Antiqua Köln (ムジカ・アンティクヮ・ケルン
Wa_(kana)
Ryukyuan language spoken in Japan
Ton-futsūgo. Southern Amami Ōshima language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Amami Ōshima language Ryukyuan languages Amami Ōshima Southern Amami Ōshima
Southern Amami Ōshima language
Southern_Amami_Ōshima_language
Topics referred to by the same term
Lewchewan may refer to: Ryukyuan languages (Lewchewan languages) Ryukyuan people (Lewchewan people) Ryukyuan (disambiguation) This disambiguation page
Lewchewan
Prefecture of Japan
six Ryukyuan languages, which, although part of the same Japonic language family, are mutually unintelligible with Japanese. One of the Ryukyuan languages
Okinawa_Prefecture
Japanese syllabic writing systems
are also used to write Ainu. A number of systems exist to write the Ryūkyūan languages, in particular Okinawan, in hiragana. Taiwanese kana were used in
Kana
Character of the Japanese writing system
regional dialects of Japanese feature words beginning with ん, as do the Ryukyuan languages (which are usually written in the Japanese writing system), in which
N_(kana)
Yaeyama and Yonaguni peoples. Their languages comprise the Ryukyuan languages, one of the two branches of the Japonic language family, the other being Japanese
Ethnic_groups_of_Japan
Orthography of the Okinawan language
(琉球のことばの書き方 琉球諸語統一的表記法; "How to Write the Ryukyuan Languages: A Unified Orthography for the Ryukyuan Languages") (ISBN 9784874246757), edited by Shinji
Okinawan_scripts
originally Latin language; most current western and central European languages, Turkic languages, sub-Saharan African languages, indigenous languages of the Americas
List_of_writing_systems
Japonic language spoken in Miyako Islands
of the Miyakoan language, a Ryukyuan language spoken on the island of Kurima, one of the Miyako Islands of Japan. As a moribund language, currently Kurima
Kurima_dialect
Japanese folk song
an Ryukyuan folk song native to the Yanbaru region of Okinawa Island, Japan. It is sung in the Kunigami language, one of the six Ryukyuan languages. It
Aha_Bushi
Assimilation to Japanese culture
Ryukyuan languages belong to the Japonic language family, the Japanese language is not intelligible to monolingual speakers of the Ryukyuan languages
Japanization
Japanese syllabary
ゔ vu is a modern addition used to represent the /v/ sound in foreign languages such as English, but since Japanese from a phonological standpoint does
Hiragana
Island and region of Japan
total is mild because of the relatively high birth rate of Ryukyuans both within the Ryukyuan lands (Okinawa and Kagoshima) and throughout the Kyushu region
Kyushu
Archipelago within the Ryukyu Islands
All these languages belong to the Southern Ryukyuan branch of the Ryukyuan languages group, which in turn belong to the Japonic languages group. These
Sakishima_Islands
well as the languages of the Daitō Islands (a subgroup of the Hachijō dialect of Japanese), which do not belong to the Ryukyuan language family. Since
Shimakutuba_Orthography
Archipelago within the Ryukyu Islands
Kunigami language centered on Northern Okinawa Island. These dialects and languages all belong to the Northern Ryukyuan group of the Ryukyuan languages. Although
Amami_Islands
American Japanologist (born 1951)
demographic chronology in a model of the medieval spread of farming and Ryukyuan languages. Heavenly Warriors (1992) divides Japanese military history from 500
William_Wayne_Farris
Indigenous Ryukyuan belief system
The Ryukyuan religion, Ryūkyū Shintō (琉球神道), Nirai Kanai Shinkō (ニライカナイ信仰), or Utaki Shinkō (御嶽信仰) is the indigenous belief system of the Ryukyu Islands
Ryukyuan_religion
Old language with established literature or use
"classical languages" refer to Greek and Latin, which were the literary languages of the Mediterranean world in classical antiquity. Greek was the language of
Classical_language
Feature of language
Japonic languages (Japanese, Hachijō, Ryukyuan languages) Kherwarian languages Koreanic languages (Korean, Jeju) Classical Latin Lakota Mande languages Marathi
Subject–object–verb word order
Subject–object–verb_word_order
Dialect cluster of Northern Ryukyuan
Northern Ryukyuan languages, which are a sub-branch within the Japonic language family. The language is one of the most endangered languages in all of
Yoron_language
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
the daughter languages within a language family as being genetically related. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs
Language_family
History of Ryukyuans traditional architecture
Ryukyuan architecture is Ryukyuans' traditional architecture. The history of Ryukyuan architecture dates back to the Shell Mound Period that lasted between
Ryukyuan_architecture
occupation. The Japanese language is a Japonic language that is related to the Ryukyuan languages and was treated as a language isolate in the past. The
Japanese_people
Language of Baekje
Western Old Japanese, with no cognates in Eastern Old Japanese or Ryukyuan languages. Moreover, for some words, like 'father' and 'mother', there are alternative
Baekje_language
Topics referred to by the same term
Okinoerabu spoken in the community of Kunigami Kunigami language Ryukyuan languages Northern Ryukyuan languages This disambiguation page lists articles associated
Kunigami_dialect
Areas historically influenced by Chinese culture
In the Ryukyuan languages, 圏 (ちん; chin) is not used to mean 'sphere', 'area', or 'domain' and only appears in kammun texts written by Ryukyuans. Instead
Sinosphere
and other sound symbolism emphasis, much like italicisation in European languages. Katakana can also be used to impart the idea that words are spoken in
Japanese_writing_system
Dialect cluster of Northern Ryukyuan
Okinoerabu), which is based on Hirayama et al. (1986). As with most Ryukyuan languages to the north of Central Okinawan, stops are described as "plain" C’
Okinoerabu_dialect_cluster
British academic (1850–1935)
reputation as a student of Japanese language and literature. (He was also a pioneering scholar of the Ainu and Ryukyuan languages.) His many works include the
Basil_Hall_Chamberlain
Independence movement in Japan
of the movement emerged in 1945, after the end of the Pacific War. Some Ryukyuan people felt, as the Allied Occupation (USMGRI 1945–1950) began, that the
Ryukyu_independence_movement
Unit of speech sounds
languages (such as Indlawn Tashlhiyt Berber), Mon–Khmer languages (such as Semai, Temiar, Khmu) and the Ōgami dialect of Miyako, a Ryukyuan language.
Syllable
Dialect cluster of Northern Ryukyuan
distinct language. The following is the phonology of the Kametsu dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1986). As with most Ryukyuan languages to the
Tokunoshima_language
Ordering of characters in Japanese language
presumably [p], as in Ryukyuan languages. Proto-Japanese is believed to have split into Old Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages in the Yamato period (250–710)
Gojūon
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʋ⟩ in IPA
(19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original
Voiced labiodental approximant
Voiced_labiodental_approximant
Ryukyuan folk song
younger than most Ryukyuan folk music, which is why its lyrics are in Japanese rather than in one of the Ryukyuan languages. Ryukyuan music Okinawan music
Michiwa_Kuduchi
Japanese dialect of Fukuoka
(Ryukyu), retains a rich vocabulary that appears to share roots with the Ryukyuan languages. One example is the Okinawan word フーチバー, which means "mugwort." In
Hakata_dialect
People of East Asia
include the Ainu, Bai, Daur, Manchus, Mongols, Qiang, Ryukyuans, and Tibetans. The major East Asian language families that form the traditional linguistic core
Ethnic_groups_in_East_Asia
Chinese characters used in Japanese writing
their meanings have diverged. For example, 誠 means 'sincerity' in both languages but has the Japanese readings makoto and sei, alongside Mandarin chéng
Kanji
Okinawa Prefecture are drawn from the traditional Ryukyuan languages. Many place names use the unique languages names, while other place names have both a method
Place_names_in_Japan
Dialect of Japanese
influences from the traditional Ryukyuan languages (in this case, Amami Japanese is influenced by the Amami Ōshima language). In the past, the locals of
Amami_Japanese
1711 Okinawan dictionary
[words]") is the first dictionary of the Okinawan language and the first of any Ryukyuan language. The dictionary was compiled by a group of seven people
Konkōkenshū
Massacre of Ryukyuan sailors in Qing-era Taiwan
(Chinese: 八瑤灣事件; Japanese: 宮古島島民遭難事件 or 琉球漂流民殺害事件) was the massacre of 54 Ryukyuan sailors in Qing-era Taiwan who wandered into the central part of Taiwan
Mudan_incident
American academic
term "Japonic languages", now widely accepted among linguists, to identify the language family of which Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages are members
Leon_Serafim
Punitive mark used in Japanese education
most prominent in regard to Ryukyuan languages as there are groups, such as the Kariyushi Club, which advocate the languages to be officially recognised
Dialect_card
Waterway between Miyako and Okinawa islands
a cultural and linguistic split between the Southern and Northern Ryukyuan languages, with the north being more influenced by Japanese culture. The Northern
Miyako_Strait
Okinawan-language educator (born 1969)
matter of Ryukyuan languages or endangered languages in general. A video featuring Fija singing Okinawan folk songs in the Okinawan language is included
Byron_Fija
Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1. Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese:
Ethnic_groups_in_Asia
Ryukyuan record-keeping system
knotted straw at the time of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. In the Southern Ryukyuan languages of the Sakishima Islands it was known as barazan and on Okinawa Island
Warazan
City in Bolivia
Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 553–573. doi:10.1515/9781614511151.553. ISBN 9781614511618
Okinawa_Uno
Obstruent that is voiceless, unaspirated and unglottalized
sometimes seen in phonetic descriptions of languages. There are also languages, such as the Northern Ryukyuan languages, whose phonologically-unmarked sound
Tenuis_consonant
The Linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu Islands", Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages (PDF), De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 13–38, doi:10.1515/9781614511151.13
Culture_of_Japan
Language family
other languages spoken on the peninsula before the late 7th-century Sillan unification comes largely from placenames. Some of these languages are believed
Koreanic_languages
Island within the Ryukyu Islands of Japan
from the opposite side on Kurima Island. The Miyako language is one of several Ryukyuan languages and is spoken there to some degree.[citation needed]
Miyako_Island
travel, tourism, insurance
RYUKYUAN LANGUAGES
RYUKYUAN LANGUAGES
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Surname or Lastname
Scottish (of Norman origin)
Scottish (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of various places in northern France named with Old Norse hagi ‘enclosure’, a word with cognates in most Germanic languages. Compare Hay.English : variant spelling of Haigh.Irish (County Cavan) : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Thaidhg (see McCaig).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a personal name that was popular throughout Christendom in the Middle Ages. The Greek original, Grēgorios, is a derivative of grēgorein ‘to be awake’, ‘to be watchful’. However, the Latin form, Gregorius, came to be associated by folk etymology with grex, gregis, ‘flock’, ‘herd’, under the influence of the Christian image of the good shepherd. The Greek name was borne in the early Christian centuries by two fathers of the Orthodox Church, St. Gregory Nazianzene (c. 325–390) and St. Gregory of Nyssa (c. 331–395), and later by sixteen popes, starting with Gregory the Great (c. 540–604). It was also the name of 3rd- and 4th-century apostles of Armenia. In North America the English form of the name has absorbed many cognates from other European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
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