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1996 book by Michael Allen Williams
Rethinking "Gnosticism": An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category, is a 1996 book by Michael Allen Williams. This is one of the first critical works
Rethinking_"Gnosticism"
Early Christian and Jewish religious systems
Michael Williams published his landmark Rethinking "Gnosticism" where he doubted the applicability of "Gnosticism" as a socio-historical category. Instead
Gnosticism
Gnostic religion of the 2nd and 3rd centuries
and/or Sethian Gnosticism. Gnosticism and Neoplatonism John D. Turner Knights of Seth (19th-century "Neo-Sethian" group) List of Gnostic sects Second Treatise
Sethianism
Contemporary religious movement
Gnosticism in modern times, commonly known as neo-Gnosticism, includes a variety of contemporary religious movements, stemming from Gnostic ideas and
Gnosticism_in_modern_times
Builders of the physical realm that serve the demiurge
Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence BRILL ISBN 9789047426707 p. 194 Pheme Perkins (1993). Gnosticism and the
Archon_(Gnosticism)
Mars
English Dictionary. Rasimus, T. (2009). Paradise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence. Niederlande: Brill
Sabaoth_(Gnosticism)
Collection of Gnostic and Christian texts
2022.. See also: "Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History", Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine in Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity,
Nag_Hammadi_library
2nd century c.e. Gnostic Christian scholar
Heresies Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer, The Gnostic Bible Williams, Michael (1996). Rethinking "Gnosticism": An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category
Justin_(Gnostic)
Gnostic religious text
John (1986). "Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History". In Hedrick, Charles; Hodgson, Robert (eds.). Nag Hammadi, gnosticism & early Christianity. Wipf
Hypostasis_of_the_Archons
Second-century Carpocratian Christian religious leader
Marcellians identified themselves as "gnostics", many modern scholars do not classify them as members of the sect of Gnosticism. Women played prominent roles
Marcellina_(Gnostic)
Biblical sea monster
Diagrams, Leviathan encapsulates the space of the material world. In Gnosticism, it encompasses the world like a sphere and incorporates the souls of
Leviathan
Gnostic mystical word with many meanings
conceits. Many of these specimens also are improperly ascribed to Gnosticism, but the Gnostic origin of others is too manifest to allow of contradiction. Inscriptions
Abraxas
Royal title in Ancient Mesopotamia
p. 405. ISBN 978-1-938770-58-6. Williams, Michael Allen (1999). Rethinking "Gnosticism": An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category. Princeton University
King_of_the_Universe
Topics referred to by the same term
known for his Dragonlance novels Michael Allen Williams, author of Rethinking "Gnosticism": An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category Michael G. Williams
Michael_Williams
Early Christian text
http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm Stephen J. Shoemaker, Rethinking the "Gnostic Mary", in Journal of Early Christian Studies 9 (2001): 555–95;
Gospel_of_Mary
there. While there appear to be Gnostic elements in some early Christian writing, Irenaeus and others condemned Gnosticism as a heresy, rejecting its dualistic
Diversity in early Christian theology
Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology
Christian anti-pagan polemic
discussion of Greek philosophy in Book I with later arguments against Gnosticism. Book V concerns itself with the Ophite heresies. The author in particular
Refutation_of_All_Heresies
Gnosticism is a rejection (sometimes from an ascetic perspective) and vilification of the human body and of the material world or cosmos. Gnosticism teaches
List of heresies in the Catholic Church
List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church
Adam and Eve's loss of innocence in the Abrahamic religions
rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11–15 in light of ancient evidence. Baker Book House, 1992. ISBN 0-8010-5250-5 Genesis 3:15 Magris, Aldo (2005). "Gnosticism:
Fall_of_man
ISBN 978-0-227-67630-1. Rasimus, Tuomas (2009-10-31). Paradise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2670-7
List_of_Christian_heresies
Austrian esotericist (1861–1925)
spiritual attainment. Sources for 'Christian Gnosticism' or simply 'Gnosticism': Robertson, David G. (2021). Gnosticism and the History of Religions. Scientific
Rudolf_Steiner
Extra-canonical sayings gospel
(1991). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the historical Jesus. New York: Doubleday. Meier, John P. (2016). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Vol
Gospel_of_Thomas
German-American philosopher of environmentalism and Gnosticism (1903–1993)
Doctorate of Philosophy in 1928 from Marburg University with a thesis on Gnosticism entitled Der Begriff der Gnosis (The Concept of Gnosis) and directed by
Hans_Jonas
American theologian
had a big impact on the field, rethinking the text as a reflection of very early orthodox mysticism rather than Gnosticism.[citation needed] DeConick is
April_DeConick
Gospel about the childhood of Jesus
originated from Gnosticism. Additionally, it is possible that Irenaeus rejected any work he considered deviant by associating it with Gnosticism, rendering
Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas
Academic book series
Manichaean Studies (NHMS; ISSN 0929-2470) is an academic book series on Gnosticism, the Nag Hammadi library, Manichaeism, and related subjects. The series
Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies
Nag_Hammadi_and_Manichaean_Studies
Christian doctrine
however, it gradually faded out. Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment
Trinity
Persian religion founded in the 3rd century AD
The Encyclopedia Press, Inc. Corrigan, Kevin; Rasimus, Tuomas (2013). Gnosticism, Platonism and the late ancient world: essays in honour of John D. Turner
Manichaeism
Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (1875–1961)
innate potential. Based on his study of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Gnosticism, Taoism, and other traditions, Jung believed this journey of transformation
Carl_Jung
Concept in classical philosophy
Fab. i. 7. Rasimus, Tuomas (2009). Paradise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence. Brill. p. 108.
Nous
Controversial early Christian document
Earlier in the same year, Scott G. Brown published Mark's Other Gospel: Rethinking Morton Smith's Controversial Discovery. In this book he wrote that the
Mar_Saba_letter
Pro-Palestinian sentiment
second-century Byzantine priest of pagan background who was strongly influenced by Gnosticism. Today, Palestinian Marecionism (Palestinianism) paves the way for the
Palestinianism
52–53. University of Massachusetts, 1981. Kim, Bongjin (August 2002). "RETHINKING OF THE PRE-MODERN EAST ASIAN REGION ORDER". Journal of East Asian Studies
East_Asian_religions
Spiritual and pseudoscientific philosophy
Ancient Gnosticism, especially of "the aeons of the Valentinian pleroma". Geoffrey Ahern states that Anthroposophy belongs to neo-gnosticism broadly conceived
Anthroposophy
Jesus' death as described in the gospels
ISBN 978-9004108240. Tuomas RasimusParadise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence Brill, 2009 ISBN 978-9047426707
Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Early Christian sect in Galatia
possibly as late as the ninth. Ancient sources present them variously as Gnostics or heterodox Christians. Most likely they were Montanists. The term Tascodrugites
Tascodrugites
Saint and follower of Jesus
9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Shoemaker, Stephen J. "Rethinking the 'Gnostic Mary': Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian
Mary_Magdalene
Second division of the Christian biblical canon
ISBN 978-0567081957. Gabrielson, Timothy (2024). "Jonathan Bernier. Rethinking the Dates of the New Testament: The Evidence for Early Composition (Book
New_Testament
3rd-century prophet and founder of Manichaeism
scriptures. While his religion was not strictly a movement of Christian Gnosticism in the earlier mode, Mani did declare himself to be an "apostle of Jesus
Mani_(prophet)
religion at Princeton and an authority on Gnosticism, argues that Paul was a Gnostic and that the anti-Gnostic Pastoral Epistles were "pseudo-Pauline" forgeries
Historiography of early Christianity
Historiography_of_early_Christianity
Indian-American author (born 1950)
involution have "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools." According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda
Rajiv_Malhotra
Jewish canon of Hebrew biblical scriptures
Chumash, Nach, Practical Halacha, Tefilla, ... "Who's Afraid of Change? Rethinking the Yeshivah Curriculum". Jewish Action (OU). Archived from the original
Hebrew_Bible
Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, p. 246 John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1, ch. 11 H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish
Christianity in the 1st century
Christianity_in_the_1st_century
Russian philosopher and Christian mystic (1853–1900)
Kabbalistic elements (Philo of Alexandria). He also studied Gnosticism and the works of the Gnostic Valentinus. His religious philosophy was syncretic and
Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)
Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)
American UFO religion (1974–1997)
Above Human". His writings, which combined aspects of Millennialism, Gnosticism, and science fiction, suggest he believed himself to be Jesus's successor
Heaven's Gate (religious group)
Heaven's_Gate_(religious_group)
German classical archaeologist (1853–1907)
Spemann. *Barrett, Caitlín E. "Plaster Perspectives on "Magical Gems": Rethinking the Meaning of "Magic"". Cornell Collection of Antiquities. Cornell University
Adolf_Furtwängler
Philosophy based on the teachings of Hermes Trismegistus
2009. Horowitz, Mitch (2019). "The New Age and Gnosticism: Terms of Commonality". Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies. 4 (2): 191–215. doi:10.1163/2451859X-12340073
Hermeticism
Verse of the New Testament
Schreiner, "The full-fledged Gnosticism of later church history did not exist in the first century 21 AD. An incipient form of Gnosticism was present, but Schmithals
1_Timothy_2:12
Proto-Christian breakaway Jewish movement
The Elcesaites combined elements of Jewish law, early Christianity, Gnosticism, and apocalyptic thought. They emphasized strict observance of the Mosaic
Jewish_Christianity
Doubt about God's existence
formal membership. The term agnosticism is not the direct opposite of gnosticism, which refers to a family of Hellenistic religions that flourished in
Agnosticism
Body of papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt
1981. Hellenistic Magic: Some Questions of Definition. In Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions Presented to Gilles Quispel on the Occasion
Greek_Magical_Papyri
Works of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin
Academic. pp. 57–59. ISBN 080102790X. Davies, Philip R. (1 September 2013). Rethinking Biblical Scholarship: Changing Perspectives 4. Routledge. p. 225. ISBN 978-1844657278
Apocrypha
Belief in a God who does not intervene in the universe
Calvert, Jane E.; Shapiro, Ian (eds.). Selected Writings of Thomas Paine. Rethinking the Western Tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 568–574.
Deism
Book by Arthur Drews
Paulinism is very close to the Gnosticism of the 2nd century, Drews emphasizes: In one case the connection between Gnosticism and Paul is so evident that
The_Christ_Myth
Age of the ancient Greeks and Romans
also incorporated syncretic "eastern" traditions, such as Mithraism, Gnosticism, and most notably Christianity. Classical Rome had vast differences within
Classical_antiquity
Chaldean Herkate, a goddess described in the Chaldean Oracles
Platonism. There may be aspects of proto-gnosticism, as well, and the Chaldean cosmology may have influenced later Gnostic writings. The Oracles were significant
Chaldean_Hekate
American religious leader (1931–1997)
dualism to that of ancient Christian Gnosticism, although Peters notes that his theology departs from Gnosticism by privileging the physical world. In
Marshall_Applewhite
Social-cultural system
Philosophy of Mythology. p. 28. G. Alexander, Nathan (2 January 2021). "Rethinking histories of atheism, unbelief, and nonreligion: An interdisciplinary
Religion
Esoteric beliefs in the Eastern world
Authority (PDF). Barkhuis. Apter, Andrew (2005-01-01). "Griaule's Legacy: Rethinking "la parole claire" in Dogon Studies". Cahiers d'études africaines (in
Eastern_esotericism
Disciple and betrayer of Jesus
Reference Library. ISBN 0-385-49448-3; Meier, John P. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (2001). v. 3, p. 210. New York: Doubleday/The Anchor
Judas_Iscariot
Indian architect (1955–2020)
pdf [dead link] "Remembering Ar. Revathi Kamath". RTF | Rethinking The Future. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2022. "TO THE PASSION, PERSISTANCE
Revathi_Kamath
Philosophical problem of how to talk about God
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4748-5. Ernst, Carl (2004). Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. University of North Carolina Press.
Problem_of_religious_language
Short didactic story which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles
Siebeck). Retrieved 8 November 2019. Meier, John P. (1994). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. The Anchor Bible reference library. Vol. 2: A Marginal
Parable
Christian apostle and missionary (c. 5 – c. 64/65)
affirmed views that were closer to Gnosticism than proto-orthodox Christianity. Elaine Pagels writes that evidence from Gnostic sources may challenge the assumption
Paul_the_Apostle
Post-classical antiquity in western Eurasia and Northern Africa
spirituality with many syncretic sects, some formed centuries earlier, such as Gnosticism or Neoplatonism and the Chaldaean oracles, some novel, such as Hermeticism
Late_antiquity
Range of Indian religious traditions
Siemens, Herman; Roodt, Vasti (2009). Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-021733-9
Hinduism
16th-century movement in Western Christianity
1163/9789004392915_002. Bird, Jessalynn (14 June 2024). "Between Orders and Heresy: Rethinking Medieval Religious Movements, ed. Jennifer Kolpacoff Deane and Anne E
Reformation
Abrahamic monotheistic religion
various Muslim denominations. Isma'ilism, whose teachings are rooted in Gnosticism and Neoplatonism as well as by the Illuminationist and Isfahan schools
Islam
Menon, Jaya; Friese, Kai; Khan, Razib (2019). Which of us are Aryans? rethinking the concept of our origins. New Delhi: Aleph. ISBN 978-93-88292-38-2.
Timeline_of_religion
Concept about individuals' intent and actions influencing those individuals' future
Yudhishthira, Purusartha, No. 7, pp. 109–129 Alf Hiltebeitel (2001), Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King
Karma
OCLC 921583924. S2CID 165559811. Hunter, David G. (2015). "Celibacy Was "Queer": Rethinking Early Christianity". In Talvacchia, Kathleen T.; Pettinger, Michael F
Religion_and_LGBTQ_people
Philosophical theory attributed to Plato
is possibly spurious. Alican, Necip Fikri; Thesleff, Holger (2013). "Rethinking Plato's Forms". Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica. 47: 11–47. doi:10.71390/arctos
Theory_of_forms
Including seafood in an otherwise vegetarian diet
213–216. ISBN 978-3-11-017599-8 Fontaine, Petrus Franciscus Maria. (1994). Gnostic Dualism in Asia Minor During the First Centuries, A.D. II. Brill Academic
Pescetarianism
Sources about Jesus as a historical figure
2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 p. 109–110 Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Doubleday: 1991. vol 1: pp. 168–171. Crossan, John
Sources for the historicity of Jesus
Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus
Study of religious thought and behavior
Dan Sperber foreshadowed cognitive science of religion in his 1975 book Rethinking Symbolism, the earliest research to fall within the scope of the discipline
Cognitive_science_of_religion
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
Row, Publishers. New York, N.Y. 1962. p. 62. Sariel, Aviram. "Jonasian Gnosticism." Harvard Theological Review 116.1 (2023): 91-122. Alan Pratt (April 23
Existentialism
Legendary creature
original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021. Nguyen Van Ky (2002). "Rethinking the Status of Vietnamese Women in Folklore and Oral History". In Bousquet
Dragon
3rd-century Phoenician Neoplatonist philosopher
Philosophy as a Way of Life. Oxford: Blackwell. Johnson, Aaron (2010). "Rethinking the Authenticity of Porphyry, c.Christ. fr. 1". Studia Patristica. 46:
Porphyry_of_Tyre
Deity found in the mystical system of Thelema
Group Llc. ISBN 978-1906073169. Hedenborg White, M. (14 December 2020). "Rethinking Aleister Crowley and Thelema". Aries. 21 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1163/15700593-02101004
Therion_(Thelema)
Platonic dialogue concerning justice and injustice
play in 1986. Trial of Socrates Nails 2002. Alican, Necip Fikri (2012). Rethinking Plato: a Cartesian quest for the real Plato. Editions Rodopi. ISBN 9789401208123
Crito
Text used by the mid-2nd-century Marcion of Sinope
doi:10.1017/S0017816005001045. ISSN 0017-8160. Bernier, Jonathan (2022). Rethinking the Dates of the New Testament. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-4934-3467-1
Gospel_of_Marcion
ISBN 978-1-85285-057-9. Lewis, Gwynne (1993). The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 0-415-05466-4. Joes, Anthony James
Persecution_of_Christians
American historian (1932–1994)
1991. "The Illusion of Disillusionment". Harper's Magazine. July 1991. "Gnosticism, Ancient and Modern: The Religion of the Future?". Salmagundi. 96. Fall
Christopher_Lasch
Philosophical movement
arts. While such a "cultural posthumanism" would offer resources for rethinking the relationships between humans and increasingly sophisticated machines
Transhumanism
Buddhist organization in India, founded by B. R. Ambedkar
Retrieved 2 August 2006. Ganguly, Debjani; Docker, John, eds. (2007). Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives. Routledge studies
Buddhist_Society_of_India
Syncretic religion from Brazil
ISBN 9780195150582. Marouan, Maha (2007). "Candomblé, Christianity, and Gnosticism in Toni Morrison's Paradise". In Theodore Louis Trost (ed.). The African
Candomblé
Mythological creatures in Indian religions
Possibilities for Hindu Animal Ethics. In Asian Perspectives on Animal Ethics. Rethinking the Nonhuman. Edited by Neil Dalal and Chloë Taylor. London and New York:
Nāga
Prophet (6 BC – AD 30)
51–161. Meier, John (1994). Mentor, Message, and Miracles (A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Vol. 2). Vol. 2. Anchor Bible. ISBN 978-0-385-46992-0
John_the_Baptist
Lifestyle of frugality and abstinence
pp. 222–242. Boscaro, Adriana; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo (1990). Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought. Routledge. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-904404-79-1
Asceticism
Formulaic summary of Buddhist doctrines
Davidson 2003, p. 147. Jong 1993, p. 25. Lopez 1995, p. 4. Shulman, Eviatar Rethinking the Buddha (Cambridge University Press, 2017), p. 140 ff. Analayo 2012
Four_Noble_Truths
Christological doctrine attributed to Arius
ISBN 0-8028-4969-5. Witherington, B. (2007). The Living Word of God: Rethinking the Theology of the Bible. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-1-60258-017-6
Arianism
Practice of supernatural beings and forces
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78576-1. Kindt, Julia (2012). Rethinking Greek Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11092-1
Magic_(supernatural)
Exegetical lexicon
Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Vol. 2: Mentor, Message, and Miracles. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-46992-6. ——— (2001). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the
Anchor_Bible_Series
Foster mother of Gautama Buddha and the first Buddhist nun
Scott, Rachel M. (2010). "Buddhism, miraculous powers, and gender - rethinking the stories of Theravada nuns". Journal of the International Association
Mahāprajāpatī_Gautamī
Extreme form of authoritarianism and a theoretical concept
ISBN 9781859844250. Shorten, Richard (2012). Modernism and Totalitarianism: Rethinking the Intellectual Sources of Nazism and Stalinism, 1945 to the Present
Totalitarianism
Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples
ISBN 9788123747798. Thapar, Romila (2019). Which of Us are Aryans?: Rethinking the Concept of Our Origins. Aleph. ISBN 978-93-88292-38-2. Watkins, Calvert
Aryan
Indian monk and philosopher (1863–1902)
involution have "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools". With spirit, Vivekananda refers
Swami_Vivekananda
Religion of the Jewish people
licita (lit. 'licit religion' or 'legitimate religion') until the rise of Gnosticism and early Christianity in the fourth century. Following the destruction
Judaism
Form of communism
at one and the same time both deterministic and utopian was a form of "gnosticism," a heresy of hubris, leading them inexorably to the monumental crimes
Marxism–Leninism
namely the educated community and city dwellers would turn to Luther's rethinking of religion to conceptualize their discontent according to the cultural
History_of_Protestantism
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