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Reference genes are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes (such as LDHA
Reference_genes
Gene which maintains basic cellular functions
In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed
Housekeeping_gene
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first copied
Gene
Laboratory technique of molecular biology
These genes are often selected from housekeeping genes as their functions related to basic cellular survival normally imply constitutive gene expression
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
Statistical method for studying cancer cells
and unmatched tumor and normal samples, without reference genes. Reference genes are a set of genes for which expression profiles have been accurately
DeMix
Evolution of novel genes from non-genic DNA sequence
De novo gene birth is the process by which new genes evolve from non-coding DNA. De novo genes represent a subset of novel genes, and may be protein-coding
De_novo_gene_birth
Concept in plant genetics
The gene-for-gene relationship is a concept in plant pathology that plants and their diseases each have single genes that interact with each other during
Gene-for-gene_relationship
Fashion doll brand
options Anne Monday (2017). Gene Dolls, Outfits & Accessories, 1995 - 2017. JP Media LLC. ISBN 978-0-578-19894-1. - Reference "Gene Dolls". About.com. Archived
Gene_Marshall
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many
OR6A2
Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans
of protein-coding genes. The human reference genome contains somewhere between 19,000 and 20,000 protein-coding genes. These genes contain an average
Human_genome
American actress (1920–1991)
Off-Broadway Musical Violet references Gene Tierney several times. The main character Violet states that she wants a pair of "Gene Tierney eyes" due to the
Gene_Tierney
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
ubiquitin. Some housekeeping genes are transcribed at a relatively constant rate and these genes can be used as a reference point in experiments to measure
Gene_expression
Lab technique in cellular biology
cDNA molecules in the experiment. Gene length: Longer genes will have more fragments/reads/counts than shorter genes if transcript expression is the same
RNA-Seq
RNA component
sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due
16S_ribosomal_RNA
Process of locating specific genes
Gene mapping or genome mapping describes the methods used to identify the location of a gene on a chromosome and the distances between genes. Gene mapping
Gene_mapping
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Saint-Genès-Champanelle (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒənɛs ʃɑ̃panɛl]; Occitan: Sent Genèst de Champanela) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in
Saint-Genès-Champanelle
DNA pattern affecting anatomy development
gene. Gene duplication followed by neofunctionalization is responsible for the many homeobox genes found in eukaryotes. Comparison of homeobox genes and
Homeobox
Non-technical introduction to genetics
Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their
Introduction_to_genetics
presence or absence in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). AMGs do not encompass metabolic genes involved in typical viral functions, such as
Auxiliary_metabolic_genes
Fundraising event held in Australia and the United Kingdom
the benefit of your genes, one day in the year, and paying a gold coin donation to the national appeal. The first UK Jeans for Genes campaign was run in
Jeans_for_Genes
American basketball player and coach (born 1959)
"Before Zion: How Gene Banks paved the way for Duke's stars". "Gene Banks College Stats". College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com. Jacobs, Barry (November
Gene_Banks
Research of Down syndrome–related genes
syndrome focuses on the genes located on chromosome 21. In general, this leads to an overexpression of the genes. Understanding the genes involved may help
Down_syndrome_research
1976 book by Richard Dawkins
Selfish Gene says: It is illegitimate to give 'powers' to genes, as Dawkins would have it, to control the outcome of selection...There are no genes for interactions
The_Selfish_Gene
Collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface
patients, mice, etc.) or genes cluster together in groups. Identifying naturally existing groups of objects (microarrays or genes) which cluster together
DNA_microarray
Digital nucleic acid sequence database
annotations specify the genomic coordinates (start and end locations) of genes, exons, introns, and mRNA, and are often paired with corresponding transcript
Reference_genome
International scientific research project (1990–2003)
human genes, or to genes in mice, yeast, or fruit flies, possible detrimental mutations, interactions with other genes, body tissues in which this gene is
Human_Genome_Project
co-transcribed genes, bridged genes, spanning genes, hybrid genes, and locus-spanning transcripts. While the mechanism regarding conjoined gene transcription
Conjoined_gene
Ratio of number of genes per number of base pairs
In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million
Gene_density
Genetic element in the species Homo sapiens
EYCL1 is a gene or a set of genes in humans located on chromosome 19. Its previous gene name was GEY. It is phenotype only. "Human PubMed Reference:". National
Eye_color_1_(green/blue)
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
of genes simultaneously. Assuming here that the two pairs of genes are located at non-homologous chromosomes, such that they are not coupled genes (see
Dominance_(genetics)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
BARHL2
Expression of genes depending on parentage
phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the female or male parent. Genes can also be partially
Genomic_imprinting
Israeli-American musician (born 1949)
Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz; Hebrew: חיים ויץ [χaˈim ˈvits]; August 25, 1949), also known by his stage persona "the Demon", is an Israeli-American musician
Gene_Simmons
Hypothetical non-therapeutic use of gene therapy by athletes
effects of gene doping. The main technique used in gene doping is delivering genes via a vector. One vector is a virus which inserts the gene into the body
Gene_doping
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
chromosome. Since genes in PAR escape X inactivation, their dosage changes with sex chromosome aneuploidies such as Turner. Similar genes are present in
Short-stature_homeobox_gene
Academic journal
Genes is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is J. Peter W. Young (University of York)
Genes_(journal)
Human chromosome
CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. The following is a partial list of genes on human
Chromosome_3
2000s "extinction" hoax
extremely rare genes will persist at stable levels over long periods of time. It also does not matter whether a gene is dominant or recessive. Genes disappear
Disappearing_blonde_gene
human genes, implying that many human genes are now represented in a UniGene cluster. (This number is undoubtedly an overestimate of the number of genes in
UniGene
Functionless relative of a gene
resemble functional genes. Pseudogenes can be formed from both protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. In the case of protein-coding genes, most pseudogenes
Pseudogene
Cell surface proteins, part of the acquired immune system
genes are the nine classical MHC genes: HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRA, and HLA-DRB1. In humans, the MHC gene cluster
Major histocompatibility complex
Major_histocompatibility_complex
Human chromosome
CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. The following is a partial list of genes on human
Chromosome_13
Paired box gene 3
a transcriptional activator for most target genes, but also may repress a smaller subset of target genes. These expression changes are effected through
PAX3
Bioinformatics method
of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set
Gene_set_enrichment_analysis
Disorder that affects development of the limbs, head, and face
a process that regulates whether genes are turned on or off in particular cells. By interacting with certain genes at specific times during development
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
Greig_cephalopolysyndactyly_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
dehydrogenase genes. Three genes encoding the closely related alpha, beta and gamma subunits are tandemly organized in a genomic segment as a gene cluster.
ADH1B
Way to propagate genes throughout a population
A gene drive is a natural process (see meiotic drive) and technology of genetic engineering that propagates a particular suite of genes throughout a population
Gene_drive
Sex chromosome in the XY sex-determination system
chromosome is extremely gene poor—it is one of the largest gene deserts in the human genome. Disregarding pseudoautosomal genes, genes encoded on the human
Y_chromosome
Gene
clock genes. AVP has important implications in the medical field as its products have significant roles throughout body. The discovery of the AVP gene first
AVP_gene
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
structural features, and phylogenetics of human carnitine acyltransferase genes, including CROT.[supplied by OMIM] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000005469
CROT_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
ZBTB11
Protein that initiates male sex determination in therian mammals
one of only four genes on the human Y chromosome that have been shown to have arisen from the original Y chromosome. The other genes on the human Y chromosome
Sex-determining region Y protein
Sex-determining_region_Y_protein
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
27 DNA repair genes in 40 astrocytomas compared to normal brain tissues from non-astrocytoma individuals. Among the 27 DNA repair genes evaluated, 13
Methylated-DNA–protein-cysteine methyltransferase
Methylated-DNA–protein-cysteine_methyltransferase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
binding, it represses HBV core promoter activity, transcription of HBV genes, and production of HBV virions. The protein shows sequence similarities
SON_(gene)
Degree of similarity of the alleles in an organism
or fatal. But most genes have two or more alleles. The frequency of different alleles varies throughout the population. Some genes may have alleles with
Zygosity
Detection of mRNA molecules
previously identified target genes. Sequence based techniques, like RNA-Seq, provide information on the sequences of genes in addition to their expression
Gene_expression_profiling
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Saint-Genès-Champespe is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department "Répertoire national
Saint-Genès-Champespe
Biological cell regulation mechanisms
one or more genes and as a result the proteins encoded by those genes. Conversely, down-regulation is a process resulting in decreased gene and corresponding
Regulation_of_gene_expression
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Cloning genes encoding receptors related to chemoattractant receptors". Genomics. 50 (2): 281–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5297. PMID 9653656. "Entrez Gene: GPR33
GPR33
Human chromosome
CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. The following is a partial list of genes on human
Chromosome_9
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: solute carrier family
Sodium/hydrogen_exchanger_11
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Medicine. "Entrez Gene: taste receptor". Shi P, Zhang J, Yang H, Zhang YP (May 2003). "Adaptive diversification of bitter taste receptor genes in Mammalian
TAS2R42
Human protein and coding gene
these ancestral clock genes was most likely related to chromosome function before evolving a timing mechanism. The kaiA and kaiB genes arose after cyanobacteria
CLOCK
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Stephan C, et al. (2007). "[Quantifying gene expression in prostate carcinoma. Which endogenous reference genes are suitable?]". Urologe A. 46 (9): 1083–4
ALAS1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
methylation up regulates atherosclerotic susceptible genes whilst down regulating atherosclerosis protective genes. This abnormality is present during the atherosclerotic
MTRR_(gene)
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Saint-Genès-de-Castillon (Occitan: Sant Genès de Castilhon) is a commune in the Gironde department of Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Communes
Saint-Genès-de-Castillon
2013 book by Robert Plomin
struggling with mathematics are using the same genes when they perform mathematical tasks. There are many genes with small effect which are working together
G_Is_for_Genes
Genes that affect limb and heart development
Tbx5 specifies forelimb status. The activation of these proteins by Hox genes initiates signaling cascades that involve the Wnt signaling pathway and
T-box
Protein found in humans
Multiple messages for this gene result from multiple polyadenylation signals, a feature shared by most of the other collagen genes. Type I collagen Collagen
Collagen,_type_I,_alpha_2
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Saint-Genès-de-Blaye (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒənɛs də blaj], literally Saint-Genès of Blaye) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Saint-Genès-de-Blaye
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Communes of the Gironde department "Répertoire
Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
effects for males and females. In addition to MCPH1, other genes have been designated MCPH genes based on their role in brain size. These include WDR62 (MCPH2)
Microcephalin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
shown to have one Hedgehog gene, three different genes in the Hedgehog family have been identified in vertebrates. These genes are Sonic Hedgehog (SHh)
Desert_hedgehog_(protein)
Human protein and coding gene
region of many antioxidative genes, and initiates their transcription. Activation of NRF2 induces the transcription of genes encoding cytoprotective proteins
NFE2L2
DNA located in mitochondria
retained some genes are debated. The existence in some species of mitochondrion-derived organelles lacking a genome suggests that complete gene loss is possible
Mitochondrial_DNA
Protein-coding gene in humans
regulator that binds to AT-rich sequences within the promoter region of target genes. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163623 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38:
NKX6-1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMC 413453. PMID 8508762. "Entrez Gene: PCDH1 protocadherin 1". Yagi T, Takeichi M (2000). "Cadherin superfamily genes: functions, genomic organization
PCDH1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
SLC15A4
Hormone that regulates growth and development
hormones that play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome
Growth_hormone_1
Protein-coding gene in humans
down-regulates c-Myc function: implications for neuronal and tumor cell survival". Genes & Development. 13 (16): 2087–2097. doi:10.1101/gad.13.16.2087. ISSN 0890-9369
CDR2_(gene)
Medical technology
injecting genes with a micropipette directly into a living mammalian cell, and exposing cells to a precipitate of DNA that contained the desired genes. Scientists
Gene_therapy
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
GPR149
Human hemoglobin protein
- 3'. The alpha-2 (HBA2) and alpha-1 (HBA1; this gene) coding sequences are identical. These genes differ slightly over the 5' untranslated regions and
Hemoglobin_subunit_alpha
Human gene database maintained by the Weizmann Institute of Science
descriptors between genes, based on GeneCards' unique wealth of combinatorial annotations of human genes. Annotation combinatory: Using GeneDecks, one can get
GeneCards
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
supernumerary ring chromosome merge these two genes to form a COL1A-PDGFB fusion gene. This fusion gene greatly overproduces PDGFB and is considered responsible
PDGFB
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
chromosomal mapping of four putative novel human G-protein-coupled receptor genes". Gene. 187 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00722-6. PMID 9073069. Strausberg
GPR21
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
disease-related genes in human and monkey retina". Mol. Vis. 4: 24. PMID 9815288. Hayashi T, Motulsky AG, Deeb SS (1999). "Position of a 'green-red' hybrid gene in
OPN1MW
Technique in molecular biology
monitor cellular processes in real-time. Reporter genes are often fused to regulatory sequences of genes of interest, enabling scientists to analyze promoter
Reporter_gene
Study of RNA transcripts
discrimination. The measurement of multiple control genes along with the genes of interest produces a stable reference within a biological context. qPCR validation
Transcriptomics_technologies
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of selenocysteine-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), that
TXNRD1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
SLC41A3
total combined gene pool, with the other 60% being strain-specific genes and consequently HGT candidates. Further evidence for these genes resulting from
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase genes located in the t-complex region of mouse chromosome 17 partially overlap the Tcp-1 and Tcp-1x genes". Genomics. 18 (2): 195–8
T-complex_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Ferlin A, Moro E (May 2000). "Deletion and expression analysis of AZFa genes on the human Y chromosome revealed a major role for DBY in male infertility"
UTY_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Brizard F, et al. (2001). "Human LPP gene is fused to MLL in a secondary acute leukemia with a t(3;11) (q28;q23)". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 31 (4): 382–9
LPP_(gene)
Mammalian protein found in humans
variation in human DNA damage repair genes was originated from the evolutionary process of modern humans". Genes & Diseases 101916. doi:10.1016/j.gendis
P53
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
1998.5271. PMID 9615233. "Entrez Gene: PCDH7 protocadherin 7". Yagi T, Takeichi M (2000). "Cadherin superfamily genes: functions, genomic organization
PCDH7
Human chromosome
CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. The following is a partial list of genes on human
Chromosome_20
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Transcriptional oscillation of lunatic fringe is essential for somitogenesis". Genes & Development. 17 (7): 912–25. doi:10.1101/gad.250603. PMC 196028. PMID 12670869
LFNG
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
by this gene is a subunit of the glycine receptor. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000018595 – Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National
GLRA4
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
Tamil
Worship, Praise, Reverence
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Tamil
Inference
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Indian
Inference
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Worship; Praise; Reverence
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
God Kannan
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Friend of Allah; An Epithet of Prophet Ibrahim
Boy/Male
British, English
Highborn Friend
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Simcock (see Simcox).
Boy/Male
Arabic, French, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Tamil
Strong
Girl/Female
Tamil
Malari | மாஂலாரீ
Flower
Girl/Female
Muslim
Name of a pious woman
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Thanks; Gratitude; Gratefulness
Girl/Female
Hindu
The true beauty belonging to niroshan
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Respected
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
n.
A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred.
v.
Relation; reference; regard.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
v.
Personal reference or application.
n.
The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision.
n.
Appeal.
v. t.
Respect; relation; reference.
n.
One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.
n.
Relation; regard; respect.
n.
One who, or that which, is referred to.
n.
The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
n.
Reference; respect; regard.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.