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Reference genes are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes (such as LDHA
Reference_genes
Gene which maintains basic cellular functions
In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed
Housekeeping_gene
Statistical method for studying cancer cells
and unmatched tumor and normal samples, without reference genes. Reference genes are a set of genes for which expression profiles have been accurately
DeMix
Laboratory technique of molecular biology
These genes are often selected from housekeeping genes as their functions related to basic cellular survival normally imply constitutive gene expression
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first copied
Gene
containing the genomic DNA sequence for individual genes along with the mRNAs and proteins encoded by these genes. LRG records are recommended in the Human Genome
Locus_Reference_Genomic
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Saint-Genès-Champanelle (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒənɛs ʃɑ̃panɛl]; Occitan: Sent Genèst de Champanela) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in
Saint-Genès-Champanelle
Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans
of protein-coding genes. The human reference genome contains somewhere between 19,000 and 20,000 protein-coding genes. These genes contain an average
Human_genome
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Saint-Genès-de-Blaye (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒənɛs də blaj], literally Saint-Genès of Blaye) is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Saint-Genès-de-Blaye
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and T-cell receptor gene clusters. The alpha gene cluster is composed of 15 cadherin superfamily genes related to the mouse CNR genes and consists of 13
PCDHA9
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Saint-Genès-de-Castillon (Occitan: Sant Genès de Castilhon) is a commune in the Gironde department of Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Communes
Saint-Genès-de-Castillon
Evolution of novel genes from non-genic DNA sequence
De novo gene birth is the process by which new genes evolve from non-coding DNA. De novo genes represent a subset of novel genes, and may be protein-coding
De_novo_gene_birth
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Saint-Genès-la-Tourette is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department "Répertoire national
Saint-Genès-la-Tourette
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
Saint-Genès-Champespe is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France. Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department "Répertoire national
Saint-Genès-Champespe
Lab technique in cellular biology
cDNA molecules in the experiment. Gene length: Longer genes will have more fragments/reads/counts than shorter genes if transcript expression is the same
RNA-Seq
Fundraising event held in Australia and the United Kingdom
the benefit of your genes, one day in the year, and paying a gold coin donation to the national appeal. The first UK Jeans for Genes campaign was run in
Jeans_for_Genes
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Communes of the Gironde department "Répertoire
Saint-Genès-de-Fronsac
DNA pattern affecting anatomy development
gene. Gene duplication followed by neofunctionalization is responsible for the many homeobox genes found in eukaryotes. Comparison of homeobox genes and
Homeobox
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many
OR6A2
Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
"Populations de référence 2023" (in French). National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 18 December 2025. "Tourisme – Saint-Genès-de-Lombaud"
Saint-Genès-de-Lombaud
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
ubiquitin. Some housekeeping genes are transcribed at a relatively constant rate and these genes can be used as a reference point in experiments to measure
Gene_expression
American actress (1920–1991)
Off-Broadway musical Violet references Gene Tierney several times. The main character Violet states that she wants a pair of "Gene Tierney eyes" due to the
Gene_Tierney
Concept in plant genetics
The gene-for-gene relationship is a concept in plant pathology that plants and their diseases each have single genes that interact with each other during
Gene-for-gene_relationship
Academic journal
Genes is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is J. Peter W. Young (University of York)
Genes_(journal)
Hormone found in humans
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
Calcitonin gene-related peptide 2
Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide_2
Process of locating specific genes
Gene mapping or genome mapping describes the methods used to identify the location of a gene on a chromosome and the distances between genes. Gene mapping
Gene_mapping
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and function of four GSDM family genes (GSDMA-D) in normal and malignant upper gastrointestinal epithelium". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 48 (3): 261–71
GSDMC
Fashion doll brand
options Anne Monday (2017). Gene Dolls, Outfits & Accessories, 1995 - 2017. JP Media LLC. ISBN 978-0-578-19894-1. - Reference "Gene Dolls". About.com. Archived
Gene_Marshall
Ratio of number of genes per number of base pairs
In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million
Gene_density
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
INO80_complex_subunit_B
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
human metallothionein genes". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1218 (3): 357–65. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90189-9. PMID 8049263. "Entrez Gene: MT1M metallothionein
MT1M
Bioinformatics method
of genes (for example, genes that are differentially expressed under different conditions) often want to retrieve a functional profile of that gene set
Gene_set_enrichment_analysis
Non-technical introduction to genetics
Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their
Introduction_to_genetics
Expression of genes depending on parentage
phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the female or male parent. Genes can also be partially
Genomic_imprinting
Way to propagate genes throughout a population
A gene drive is a natural process (see meiotic drive) and technology of genetic engineering that propagates a particular suite of genes throughout a population
Gene_drive
1976 book by Richard Dawkins
other genes for its own ends. 4. The Gene Machine Dawkins discusses the evolution of behaviour. Genes encoding behaviours that cause those genes to be
The_Selfish_Gene
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
that in humans is encoded by the HOXC9 gene. This gene belongs to the homeobox family of genes. The homeobox genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription
HOXC9
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism
OR2A2
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
of genes simultaneously. Assuming here that the two pairs of genes are located at non-homologous chromosomes, such that they are not coupled genes (see
Dominance_(genetics)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism
OR1S2
Protein-coding gene in humans
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
C1orf35
Protein-coding gene in humans
AMY2B is distinct from AMY2A and the AMY1 genes by a difference in its promotor region. All AMY1 and AMY2 genes have a γ-actin pseudogene located in their
AMY2B
Protein found in humans
gamma interferon-induced cell death". Genes Dev. 9 (1): 15–30. doi:10.1101/gad.9.1.15. PMID 7828849. "Entrez Gene: DAP death-associated protein". Levy-Strumpf
Death-associated_protein_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism
OR2S2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
PRCD
Negative regulation (or limiting) of body weight and cell proliferation
suggestion of using the H19 promoter in gene therapy to drive the expression of cytotoxic genes in tumorigenic cells. Gene therapy trials utilizing the H19 promoter
H19_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism
OR5M8
Protein-coding gene in humans
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
BARHL2
Set of computational techniques
a similar biological condition. Reference-free methods do not need the reference profiles of cell-type specific genes (or CpGs), although they might still
Cellular_deconvolution
American actor (1933–2016)
Gene Wilder (born Jerome Silberman; June 11, 1933 – August 29, 2016) was an American actor, comedian, writer and filmmaker. He was most notable for his
Gene_Wilder
total combined gene pool, with the other 60% being strain-specific genes and consequently HGT candidates. Further evidence for these genes resulting from
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
Inferring_horizontal_gene_transfer
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: MIRLET7B host gene (non-protein
MIRLET7BHG
Digital nucleic acid sequence database
annotations specify the genomic coordinates (start and end locations) of genes, exons, introns, and mRNA, and are often paired with corresponding transcript
Reference_genome
Hormone found in humans
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
Calcitonin gene-related peptide 1
Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
encoded by the OPN1MW gene. The number of genes that code for green-sensitive opsin varies from person to person, but in the reference genome (GRCh38) there
OPN1MW
Protein-coding gene in humans
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
DDI1
Human gene database maintained by the Weizmann Institute of Science
descriptors between genes, based on GeneCards' unique wealth of combinatorial annotations of human genes. Annotation combinatory: Using GeneDecks, one can get
GeneCards
Gene formed by the combination of two independent genes
inversion. Fusion genes have been found to be prevalent in all main types of human neoplasia. The identification of these fusion genes play a prominent
Fusion_gene
Scientific naming of genes
particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their
Gene_nomenclature
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Entrez Gene: Transmembrane protein 200A". Nagase T, Kikuno R, Ohara O (August 2001). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XXI
TMEM200A
Research of Down syndrome–related genes
syndrome focuses on the genes located on chromosome 21. In general, this leads to an overexpression of the genes. Understanding the genes involved may help
Down_syndrome_research
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Strickland DK, Argraves WS (Jul 1994). "Chromosomal localization of human genes for the LDL receptor family member glycoprotein 330 (LRP2) and its associated
LRP3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
that in humans is encoded by the HOXD8 gene. This gene belongs to the homeobox family of genes. The homeobox genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription
HOXD8
Hormone that regulates growth and development
orientation, an arrangement thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative
Growth_hormone_1
co-transcribed genes, bridged genes, spanning genes, hybrid genes, and locus-spanning transcripts. While the mechanism regarding conjoined gene transcription
Conjoined_gene
Israeli-American musician and songwriter (born 1949)
Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz; Hebrew: חיים ויץ [χaˈim ˈvits]; August 25, 1949), also known by his stage persona "the Demon", is an Israeli and American
Gene_Simmons
Genetic technique
diploid organisms, which contain two alleles for most genes, and may as well contain several related genes that collaborate in the same role, additional rounds
Gene_knockout
Protein-coding gene in humans
of nearby human genes (including AMY1A and AMY1B) that encode identical saliva alpha-amylase proteins, with the exact number of genes varying from individual
AMY1C
Reference sequence of human mitochondrial DNA
569 base pairs (0.0006% of the nuclear human genome) containing some 37 genes and published this sequence in 1981. Due to a mistake the actual length
Cambridge_Reference_Sequence
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
KIAA1549L
RNA component
sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due
16S_ribosomal_RNA
Hypothetical non-therapeutic use of gene therapy by athletes
effects of gene doping. The main technique used in gene doping is delivering genes via a vector. One vector is a virus which inserts the gene into the body
Gene_doping
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(April 1995). "A TBP-TAF complex required for transcription of human snRNA genes by RNA polymerase II and III". Nature. 374 (6523): 653–6. Bibcode:1995Natur
SNAPC3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
SLC41A3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: solute carrier family
Sodium/hydrogen_exchanger_11
Medical condition
any of the following genes: CIITA is responsible for giving instructions to create a protein that controls transcription of genes (MHC class II), and is
Bare lymphocyte syndrome type II
Bare_lymphocyte_syndrome_type_II
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
ZBTB11
Detection of mRNA molecules
previously identified target genes. Sequence based techniques, like RNA-Seq, provide information on the sequences of genes in addition to their expression
Gene_expression_profiling
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
O (Dec 1998). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. X. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code
ACSBG1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
humans by the DIPK2A gene. It was highlighted in a screen for genes possibly related to autism. The authors propose that the gene should be renamed Deleted
DIPK2A
Enzyme found in humans
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
Ceramide_synthase_6
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Entrez Gene: gap junction protein"
GJB7
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism
OR6T1
Technique in molecular biology
monitor cellular processes in real-time. Reporter genes are often fused to regulatory sequences of genes of interest, enabling scientists to analyze promoter
Reporter_gene
Protein-coding gene in humans
"Entrez Gene: UBXD2 UBX domain containing 2". Nagase T, Seki N, Ishikawa K, et al. (1997). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VI
UBXN4
Collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface
patients, mice, etc.) or genes cluster together in groups. Identifying naturally existing groups of objects (microarrays or genes) which cluster together
DNA_microarray
Protein-coding gene in humans
protein 2a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHMP2A gene. It is a reference gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130724 – Ensembl, May 2017
CHMP2A
Classification by similarity of DNA
high-copy DNA without the need to choose marker genes or to design PCR primers for the chosen genes. It can provide fairly good coverage of organelle
Operational_taxonomic_unit
Human chromosome
CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes. The following is a partial list of genes on human
Chromosome_3
Gene known for its role in breast cancer
structures of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are very different, at least some functions are interrelated. The proteins made by both genes are essential for repairing
BRCA2
Disorder that affects development of the limbs, head, and face
a process that regulates whether genes are turned on or off in particular cells. By interacting with certain genes at specific times during development
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
Greig_cephalopolysyndactyly_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Medicine. "Entrez Gene: taste receptor". Shi P, Zhang J, Yang H, Zhang YP (May 2003). "Adaptive diversification of bitter taste receptor genes in Mammalian
TAS2R42
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Cloning genes encoding receptors related to chemoattractant receptors". Genomics. 50 (2): 281–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5297. PMID 9653656. "Entrez Gene: GPR33
GPR33
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
EHD4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
which in humans is encoded by the gene QNG1 (previously C9orf64). QNG1 is located on chromosome 9q21.32. The genes closest to QNG1 on the long arm of
QNG1
Sex chromosome in the XY sex-determination system
chromosome is extremely gene poor—it is one of the largest gene deserts in the human genome. Disregarding pseudoautosomal genes, genes encoded on the human
Y_chromosome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center
MRGPRG
Functionless relative of a gene
resemble functional genes. Pseudogenes can be formed from both protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. In the case of protein-coding genes, most pseudogenes
Pseudogene
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
and T-cell receptor gene clusters. The alpha gene cluster is composed of 15 cadherin superfamily genes related to the mouse CNR genes and consists of 13
PCDHAC2
Committee for human gene name standards
specific gene families or sets of genes. The gene name revision procedure is similar to the naming procedure, but changing a standardized gene name after
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee
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REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
REFERENCE GENES
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