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Reference dependence is a central principle in prospect theory and behavioral economics generally. It holds that people evaluate outcomes and express preferences
Reference_dependence
Actions in the present are dependent on previous decisions or experiences
In the social sciences, path dependence is the phenomenon of past events or decisions constraining or defining later events or decisions. It can describe
Path_dependence
Chronic disease
Nicotine dependence is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the
Nicotine_dependence
Paradox in expected-utility theory
motivated alternative explanations based on loss aversion and reference dependence. Models of reference-dependent preferences, such as those of Kőszegi and Rabin
Rabin's_calibration_theorem
American economist (born 1963)
present bias and self-control, risk attitudes, loss aversion and reference dependence, and systematic errors people make in belief formation and probabilistic
Matthew_Rabin
Need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated
Substance_dependence
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
a paper in 1991 about a consumer choice theory that incorporates reference dependence, loss aversion, and diminishing sensitivity. Compared to the original
Loss_aversion
Problematic excessive alcohol consumption
to manage the problems it causes. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic alcohol use has been mentioned in the earliest
Alcoholism
Medical condition
Barbiturate dependence develops with regular use of barbiturates. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original
Barbiturate_dependence
Neurological disorder related to persistent cocaine use
Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of cocaine use. It often occurs alongside cocaine addiction
Cocaine_dependence
Physical or psychological dependence on tanning or sunbathing
Look up tanorexia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tanning dependence or tanorexia (a portmanteau of tanning and anorexia) is a syndrome where an individual
Tanning_dependence
Idea that small causes can have large effects
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear
Butterfly_effect
Process to determine relationships among statements
In computer science, loop dependence analysis is a process which can be used to find dependencies within iterations of a loop with the goal of determining
Loop_dependence_analysis
Model of variation in cognitive style
Field dependence is a concept in the field of cognitive styles. It is a one-dimensional model of variation in cognitive style. The concept was first proposed
Field_dependence
Factors influencing economic decisions
include: Reference dependence: When evaluating outcomes, the decision maker considers a "reference level". Outcomes are then compared to the reference point
Behavioral_economics
Substance use disorder
Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately
Polysubstance_dependence
Representation of graph notation
A Program Dependence Graph (PDG) is a directed graph of a program's control and data dependencies. Nodes represent program statements and edges represent
Program_dependence_graph
Voltage reference used in integrated circuits
25 V that exhibits low temperature dependence. This particular circuit is one type of a bandgap voltage reference, named after Paul Brokaw, the author
Brokaw_bandgap_reference
Economic theory
Resource dependence theory is the study of how the external resources of an organization affect the behavior of the organization. The procurement of external
Resource_dependence_theory
Country in North America
culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy
Canada
Russia by two-thirds in 2022, and Germany stated that it would reduce its dependence on Russian energy imports by accelerating renewables and reaching 100%
Russia in the European energy sector
Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
Concept in probability theory
In probability theory, conditional dependence is a relationship between two or more events that are dependent when a third event occurs. It is the opposite
Conditional_dependence
Type of relationship
1986, psychiatrist Timmen L. Cermak published Diagnosing and Treating Co-Dependence, from which he developed the unsuccessful argument that codependency should
Codependency
Spectroscopic technique
intensity of Raman scattering at long wavelengths is low (owing to the ω4 dependence of Raman scattering intensity), leading to long acquisition times. On
Raman_spectroscopy
Statistical relationship
dependence were introduced to address the deficiency of Pearson's correlation that it can be zero for dependent random variables (see and references therein
Correlation
Material testing procedure that makes a very small mark in a surface
employed MD to simulate the nanoindentation process of a titanium crystal, dependence of deformation of the crystalline structure on the type of the indenter
Nanoindentation
Committee appointed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) is a committee within the World Health Organization (WHO) that consists of a chosen group of independent
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
WHO_Expert_Committee_on_Drug_Dependence
Concept that city layouts favor automobiles over other modes of transportation
Car dependency (also called car dependence) is a pattern in urban planning that occurs when infrastructure favours automobiles over other modes of transport
Car_dependency
dependence Alcohol use disorder Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcohol withdrawal Harmful pattern of use of alcohol Cannabis use disorder Cannabis dependence
List_of_mental_disorders
Theoretical means of transportation
density distribution inside the Earth, as known from the preliminary reference Earth model, the expected fall-through time is reduced from 42 to 38 minutes
Gravity_train
Metaphysical dependence relation between facts or entities
Metaphysical grounding is a relation of metaphysical dependence that aims to capture how certain facts or entities obtain “in virtue of” others. It is
Metaphysical_grounding
Benzodiazepine medication
be updated to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the
Chlordiazepoxide
Proposed compulsive sexual disorder
several sex-related disorders within hypersexual disorder. The term sexual dependence is also used to refer to people who report being unable to control their
Sexual_addiction
Cause of death by drug overdose from poly drug use
by drug overdose from poly drug use, often implicated in polysubstance dependence. People who engage in polypharmacy are at an elevated risk of death from
Combined_drug_intoxication
Antihistamine drug
com Monograph MedlinePlus a682866 License data US DailyMed: Hydroxyzine Dependence liability Very low Addiction liability None-very low Routes of administration
Hydroxyzine
Relation showing how elements rely on each other
In mathematics, a dependence relation is a binary relation which generalizes the relation of linear dependence. Let X {\displaystyle X} be a set. A (binary)
Dependence_relation
Sociological term
measures of welfare dependence are assessed alongside the statistics for poverty in general. Government measures of welfare dependence include welfare benefits
Welfare_dependency
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. In 1889 while working with Wilhelm Ostwald at Leipzig
Arrhenius_equation
93–94, contain two references to Jesus of Nazareth and one reference to John the Baptist. The first and most extensive reference to Jesus in the Antiquities
Josephus_on_Jesus
Electronic device producing a fixed voltage
visible light emitting diodes. These devices have a strong temperature dependence, which may make them useful for temperature measurement or for compensating
Voltage_reference
Application of behavioral economics to legal systems
context-specific biases. The incorporation of behavioral principles such as reference dependence and context-sensitive preferences has been interpreted as fundamentally
Behavioral_law_and_economics
loops are very important for compiler theory, loop dependence analysis as they simplify the data dependence analysis.[citation needed] A well behaved loop
Normalized_loop
Posthumous legal determination
self-induced abortion Cause of death aggravated by lack of care, or self-neglect Dependence on drugs Non-dependent abuse of drugs Want of attention at birth Death
Manner_of_death
Overseas department and region of France
Guadeloupe's energy mix from 20.5% to 35%, thereby mitigating the island's dependence on fossil fuels and reducing acidic air pollution and the production of
Guadeloupe
Set of techniques employed by microprocessors
operations at execution time and allow the processor to recover when a dependence has been violated. They also eliminate spurious memory dependencies and
Memory_disambiguation
Branch of physics describing the motion of objects without considering forces
studies the time dependence of geometrical quantities such as position, distance and angular measure with respect to a frame of reference. Most frequently
Kinematics
Social media platform owned by Meta
young mental health". Some have suggested it may contribute to digital dependence, whilst this same survey noticed its positive effects, including self-expression
Benzodiazepine sedative
excitement or agitation may occur. Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction. Abrupt stopping after long-term
Diazepam
Medication
naltrexone is that it requires patients with OUD and ongoing physical dependence to be fully detoxified before initiation to prevent severe acute opioid
Naltrexone
Proteins that mediate programmed cell death
In cellular biology, dependence receptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently
Dependence_receptor
Number of occurrences or cycles per unit time
measured indirectly utilizing heterodyning (frequency conversion). A reference signal of a known frequency near the unknown frequency is mixed with the
Frequency
Opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain
infant. As with other opiates, chronic use of codeine can cause physical dependence which can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms if a person suddenly stops
Codeine
Wakefulness-promoting medication
amphetamine or cocaine. Unlike these drugs, modafinil has low addiction and dependence potential and does not produce strong euphoria, which contributes to its
Modafinil
Vectors whose linear combinations are nonzero
maximum number of linearly independent vectors. The definition of linear dependence and the ability to determine whether a subset of vectors in a vector space
Linear_independence
Class of CNS depressant drugs
continued efficacy beyond 4–6 months or that dependence phenomena are common. However, some of these references were published before the in-depth scoping
Benzodiazepine
Pain medication of the opiate family
perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken
Morphine
Cough suppressant and dissociative drug
codeine phosphate as a cough suppressant, such as sedation and opiate dependence, but like the dissociative anesthetics phencyclidine and ketamine, dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan
Medical condition
when a person who has been taking benzodiazepines develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome
Measure of dependence between two variables
mutual information (MI) of two random variables is a measure of the mutual dependence between the two variables. More specifically, it quantifies the "amount
Mutual_information
Historic house in Maryland, United States
Legg's Dependence, also known as Long Creek Farm and William E. Porter Farm, is a historic home located at Stevensville, Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Legg's_Dependence
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
such as its temperature, pressure, and rate of deformation. However, the dependence on some of these properties is negligible in certain cases. For example
Viscosity
Benzodiazepine medication
the same effect. Its use is highly liable to physical dependence and psychological dependence, and sudden stop after long-term use can cause symptoms
Lorazepam
Sense or significance of an entity
address the relation between sense and reference; aspects of meaning such as vagueness, ambiguity, and context-dependence; and how the meaning of a complex
Meaning_(philosophy)
Mathematical model of continuous gusts
Defense specifications include choices for both parameters, including their dependence on altitude. Continuous gusts Dryden Wind Turbulence Model Hoblit 1988
Von Kármán wind turbulence model
Von_Kármán_wind_turbulence_model
Benzodiazepine medication
treatment of panic disorder because of concerns regarding tolerance, dependence, and abuse. Most evidence shows that the benefits of alprazolam in treating
Alprazolam
Measure of temperature sensitivity in muscles
value indicates increasing thermal dependence. Values less than 1.0 indicate a negative or inverse thermal dependence, i.e., a decrease in muscle performance
Q10_(temperature_coefficient)
American artificial intelligence company
TSMC on a 3 nm process node. This initiative intended to reduce OpenAI's dependence on Nvidia GPUs, which are costly and face high demand in the market. On
OpenAI
Category of speech including interrupted utterances or filler words
describing something hard: the on-line attribution of disfluency during reference comprehension". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
Speech_disfluency
Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant
during pregnancy, Madang province, Papua New Guinea". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 105 (1–2): 126–31. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.021. PMID 19665325
Areca_nut
Opioid used to treat pain and opioid use disorder
bioavailability (2%). Before starting buprenorphine, individuals with opioid dependence are generally advised to wait after their last dose of opioid, often 24–72
Buprenorphine
Type of political organization
society. Since the state controls the means of coercion, and given the dependence of many groups in civil society on the state for achieving any goals they
State_(polity)
Fractal named after mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot
z n − 1 2 + c {\displaystyle z_{n}=z_{n-1}^{2}+c} exhibits sensitive dependence on c , {\displaystyle c,} i.e. changes abruptly under arbitrarily small
Mandelbrot_set
Talent manager (1909–1997)
soundtrack. In May 1973, in an attempt to deal with Presley's growing dependence on prescription drugs, Parker and Presley's father, Vernon, attempted
Colonel_Tom_Parker
American political party (1833–1854)
establishment of domestic manufacturing, thereby freeing the United States from dependence on foreign imports. High tariffs were also designed to prevent a negative
Whig_Party_(United_States)
Graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data
{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}} is the sample standard deviation. Scott's normal reference rule is optimal for random samples of normally distributed data, in the
Histogram
English comedian and actor (born 1975)
transcendental meditation as a significant factor in his recovery from drug dependence. Brand organised three fundraisers for Focus 12 in London, Dublin, and
Russell_Brand
Central nervous system stimulant
vessels. Chronic overuse of dextroamphetamine can lead to severe drug dependence, resulting in withdrawal symptoms when drug use stops. According to the
Amphetamine
Prime Minister of Israel from 2021 to 2022
Bennett acknowledged that he was seeking to reduce Israel's economic dependence on the EU to reduce its influence on Israel. According to the Financial
Naftali_Bennett
Measuring device
concentration measurement has limitations. The concentration-conductivity dependence of most acids and bases is not linear. Conductivity-based measurement
Electrical_conductivity_meter
Optoelectronics component
material and a chip structure both characterized by a low polarization dependence of the gain. On the contrary, devices operating in the 1550 and 1620 nm
Superluminescent_diode
Unidentified phenomenon at Hessdalen valley in Norway
1961) [ISBN missing] Mehr, F J; Biondi, M A (1969). "Electron temperature dependence of recombination O+ 2 and N+ 2 ions with electrons". Phys. Rev. 181: 264–271
Hessdalen_lights
Musical concept indicating to the speed of interpretation
One difficulty in defining tempo is the dependence of its perception on rhythm, and, conversely, the dependence of rhythm perception on tempo. Furthermore
Tempo
Correlation of a signal with a time-shifted copy of itself, as a function of shift
frequency. Serial dependence is closely linked to the notion of autocorrelation, but represents a distinct concept (see Correlation and dependence). In particular
Autocorrelation
Property of a mass in motion
force acting on it. Momentum depends on the frame of reference, but in any inertial frame of reference, it is a conserved quantity, meaning that if a closed
Momentum
Continual use of drugs despite negative consequences
the DSM-5 (2013), the DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders. The severity
Substance_use_disorder
Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
dependence or spatial heterogeneity models. Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Spatial Autoregressive Moving Average (SARMA) fall under spatial dependence while
Real_estate_appraisal
Major circulating system of ocean currents
under the CC BY 4.0 license. See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch. A general overview
North_Pacific_Gyre
Central nervous system stimulant
extratherapeutic use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high psychological dependence liability (a high likelihood that withdrawal symptoms will occur when
Methamphetamine
Tincture of opium
tidal volume, respiratory depression, as well as psychological dependence, physical dependence, miosis, and xerostomia. Overdose can result in severe respiratory
Laudanum
In number theory, two positive integers a and b are said to be multiplicatively independent if their only common integer power is 1. That is, for integers
Multiplicative_independence
President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
death of his son Edward in 1850, Lincoln more frequently expressed a dependence on God. He never joined a church, although he and his wife frequently
Abraham_Lincoln
Central nervous system stimulant
associated with slightly slower growth. Methylphenidate can be misused; dependence and withdrawal are mainly reported with high-dose or non-medical use and
Methylphenidate
Field lines in a fluid flow
streamlines observed in one inertial reference frame are different from those observed in another inertial reference frame. For instance, the streamlines
Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines
Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlines
Island country in Oceania
million in development aid through 2023. The CIA World Factbook lists high dependence on U.S. aid as one of the main concerns of the FSM. Geographical isolation
Federated States of Micronesia
Federated_States_of_Micronesia
Constraint in information theory is the degree of statistical dependence between or among variables. Garner provides a thorough discussion of various forms
Constraint (information theory)
Constraint_(information_theory)
Plant in the Erythroxylaceae family
in its natural form, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical to substance
Coca
Political system
Ruggeri, Andrea; Pilster, Ulrich (April 2017). "Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects". Political Science Research and Methods. 5 (2):
Authoritarianism
Islamic messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
with the exception of the fear of God. It instills a sense of complete dependence on God and that every good emanates from him. In general, the belief in
Ahmadiyya
Supreme Court of Canada case
the government to bring two reference questions to its Supreme Court. Only one reference resulted in a finding of dependence, namely for lack of adequate
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court
Reference_re_Remuneration_of_Judges_of_the_Provincial_Court
American aerospace and defense company
(July 18, 2025). "Inside America's secret weapon against foreign tech dependence and growing national security threats". FOXBusiness. Retrieved July 31
Northrop_Grumman
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance