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Reference dependence is a central principle in prospect theory and behavioral economics generally. It holds that people evaluate outcomes and express preferences
Reference_dependence
Medical condition
Caffeine dependence is substance dependence on caffeine. Conditions may include symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts
Caffeine_dependence
Need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated
Substance_dependence
Chronic disease
Nicotine dependence is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the
Nicotine_dependence
Actions in the present are dependent on previous decisions or experiences
In the social sciences, path dependence is the phenomenon of past events or decisions constraining or defining later events or decisions. It can describe
Path_dependence
Physical or psychological dependence on tanning or sunbathing
Look up tanorexia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tanning dependence or tanorexia (a portmanteau of tanning and anorexia) is a syndrome where an individual
Tanning_dependence
Problematic excessive alcohol consumption
despite the problems it causes. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic alcohol use has been mentioned in the earliest
Alcoholism
Neurological disorder related to persistent cocaine use
Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of cocaine use. It often occurs alongside cocaine addiction
Cocaine_dependence
Metaphysical dependence relation between facts or entities
Metaphysical grounding is a relation of metaphysical dependence that aims to capture how certain facts or entities obtain “in virtue of” others. It is
Metaphysical_grounding
Theory of behavioral economics
theory are evaluated relative to a reference point rather than in absolute terms, a feature known as reference dependence, which helps explain why identical
Prospect_theory
Economic theory
Resource dependence theory is the study of how the external resources of an organization affect the behavior of the organization. The procurement of external
Resource_dependence_theory
Idea that small causes can have large effects
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear
Butterfly_effect
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
a paper in 1991 about a consumer choice theory that incorporates reference dependence, loss aversion, and diminishing sensitivity. Compared to the original
Loss_aversion
Medical condition
Barbiturate dependence develops with regular use of barbiturates. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original
Barbiturate_dependence
Russia by two-thirds in 2022, and Germany stated that it would reduce its dependence on Russian energy imports by accelerating renewables and reaching 100%
Russia in the European energy sector
Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
Concept in probability theory
In probability theory, conditional dependence is a relationship between two or more events that are dependent when a third event occurs. It is the opposite
Conditional_dependence
Statistical relationship
dependence were introduced to address the deficiency of Pearson's correlation that it can be zero for dependent random variables (see and reference references
Correlation
Country in North America
culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy
Canada
Proteins that mediate programmed cell death
In cellular biology, dependence receptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently
Dependence_receptor
Model of variation in cognitive style
Field dependence is a concept in the field of cognitive styles. It is a one-dimensional model of variation in cognitive style. The concept was first proposed
Field_dependence
Substance use disorder
Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately
Polysubstance_dependence
Representation of graph notation
A Program Dependence Graph (PDG) is a directed graph of a program's control and data dependencies. Nodes represent program statements and edges represent
Program_dependence_graph
Voltage reference used in integrated circuits
25 V that exhibits low temperature dependence. This particular circuit is one type of a bandgap voltage reference, named after Paul Brokaw, the author
Brokaw_bandgap_reference
Sociological term
measures of welfare dependence are assessed alongside the statistics for poverty in general. Government measures of welfare dependence include welfare benefits
Welfare_dependency
Factors influencing economic decisions
include: Reference dependence: When evaluating outcomes, the decision maker considers a "reference level". Outcomes are then compared to the reference point
Behavioral_economics
Opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain
infant. As with other opiates, chronic use of codeine can cause physical dependence which can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms if a person suddenly stops
Codeine
increasing temperature. This article discusses several models of this dependence, ranging from rigorous first-principles calculations for monatomic gases
Temperature dependence of viscosity
Temperature_dependence_of_viscosity
Benzodiazepine medication
with larger doses required for the same effect. Physical dependence and psychological dependence may also occur. If stopped suddenly after long-term use
Lorazepam
Process to determine relationships among statements
In computer science, loop dependence analysis is a process which can be used to find dependencies within iterations of a loop with the goal of determining
Loop_dependence_analysis
In number theory, two positive integers a and b are said to be multiplicatively independent if their only common integer power is 1. That is, for integers
Multiplicative_independence
1995 Microsoft operating system version
commercial featuring The Rolling Stones' 1981 single "Start Me Up" (a reference to the Start button). It was widely reported that Microsoft paid the Rolling
Windows_95
American economist (born 1963)
the idea of reference dependence in Prospect Theory, according to which monetary and hedonic prizes are evaluated in relation to a reference point, whereby
Matthew_Rabin
Type of relationship
1986, psychiatrist Timmen L. Cermak published Diagnosing and Treating Co-Dependence, from which he developed the unsuccessful argument that codependency should
Codependency
Medication
naltrexone is that it requires patients with OUD and ongoing physical dependence to be fully detoxified before initiation to prevent severe opioid withdrawal
Naltrexone
dependence Alcohol use disorder Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcohol withdrawal Harmful pattern of use of alcohol Cannabis use disorder Cannabis dependence
List_of_mental_disorders
Electronic device producing a fixed voltage
visible light emitting diodes. These devices have a strong temperature dependence, which may make them useful for temperature measurement or for compensating
Voltage_reference
Proposed compulsive sexual disorder
several sex-related disorders within hypersexual disorder. The term sexual dependence is also used to refer to people who report being unable to control their
Sexual_addiction
Vectors whose linear combinations are nonzero
maximum number of linearly independent vectors. The definition of linear dependence and the ability to determine whether a subset of vectors in a vector space
Linear_independence
Benzodiazepine medication
treatment of panic disorder because of concerns regarding tolerance, dependence, and abuse. Most evidence shows that the benefits of alprazolam in treating
Alprazolam
Wakefulness-promoting medication
amphetamine or cocaine. Unlike these drugs, modafinil has low addiction and dependence potential and does not produce strong euphoria, which contributes to its
Modafinil
Class of CNS depressant drugs
continued efficacy beyond 4–6 months or that dependence phenomena are common. However, some of these references were published before the in-depth scoping
Benzodiazepine
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
such as its temperature, pressure, and rate of deformation. However, the dependence on some of these properties is negligible in certain cases. For example
Viscosity
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
produce reinforcement and dependence while remaining far below toxic levels. Nicotine is highly addictive, and nicotine dependence is characterized by tolerance
Nicotine
Pain medication of the opiate family
perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken
Morphine
Historic house in Maryland, United States
Legg's Dependence, also known as Long Creek Farm and William E. Porter Farm, is a historic home located at Stevensville, Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Legg's_Dependence
Branch of physics describing the motion of objects without considering forces
studies the time dependence of geometrical quantities such as position, distance and angular measure with respect to a frame of reference. Most frequently
Kinematics
Application of behavioral economics to legal systems
context-specific biases. The incorporation of behavioral principles such as reference dependence and context-sensitive preferences has been interpreted as fundamentally
Behavioral_law_and_economics
Committee appointed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) is a committee within the World Health Organization (WHO) that consists of a chosen group of independent
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
WHO_Expert_Committee_on_Drug_Dependence
Supreme Court of Canada case
the government to bring two reference questions to its Supreme Court. Only one reference resulted in a finding of dependence, namely for lack of adequate
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court
Reference_re_Remuneration_of_Judges_of_the_Provincial_Court
Cause of death by drug overdose from poly drug use
by drug overdose from poly drug use, often implicated in polysubstance dependence. People who engage in polypharmacy are at an elevated risk of death from
Combined_drug_intoxication
topping the chart during the 1980s. The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations, with the box-office dominance of films
List of highest-grossing films
List_of_highest-grossing_films
Antihistamine drug
com Monograph MedlinePlus a682866 License data US DailyMed: Hydroxyzine Dependence liability Very Low Addiction liability None-Very Low Routes of administration
Hydroxyzine
Programming situation where an instruction refers to a prior instruction's data
discover data dependencies among statements (or instructions) is called dependence analysis. Assuming statement S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and S 2 {\displaystyle
Data_dependency
Number of occurrences or cycles per unit time
measured indirectly utilizing heterodyning (frequency conversion). A reference signal of a known frequency near the unknown frequency is mixed with the
Frequency
empirical correlation describing the pressure dependence of the melting temperature of a solid. The pressure dependence of the melting temperature is small for
Simon–Glatzel_equation
Medical condition
who has been taking benzodiazepines as prescribed develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome
Measure of temperature sensitivity in muscles
value indicates increasing thermal dependence. Values less than 1.0 indicate a negative or inverse thermal dependence, i.e., a decrease in muscle performance
Q10_(temperature_coefficient)
American artificial intelligence company
TSMC on a 3 nm process node. This initiative intended to reduce OpenAI's dependence on Nvidia GPUs, which are costly and face high demand in the market. In
OpenAI
Concept in polymer physics
polymer chains. Some materials, polymers in particular, show a strong dependence of viscoelastic properties on the temperature at which they are measured
Time–temperature superposition
Time–temperature_superposition
President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
death of his son Edward in 1850, Lincoln more frequently expressed a dependence on God. He never joined a church, although he and his wife frequently
Abraham_Lincoln
President of the United States from 1981 to 1989
Boris, Eileen (2007). "On Cowboys and Welfare Queens: Independence, Dependence, and Interdependence at Home and Abroad". Journal of American Studies
Ronald_Reagan
Central nervous system stimulant
associated with slightly slower growth. Methylphenidate can be misused; dependence and withdrawal are mainly reported with high-dose or non-medical use and
Methylphenidate
Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
alleviate or "escape" the symptoms of physical dependence (e.g., tremors and sweating) and/or psychological dependence (e.g., anhedonia, restlessness, irritability
Operant_conditioning
Argentine revolutionary (1928–1967)
Marxism–Leninism led him to posit that the Third World's underdevelopment and dependence was an intrinsic result of imperialism, neocolonialism, and monopoly capitalism
Che_Guevara
Country in West Asia
tuition, no personal income tax, and free universal health care. With its dependence on foreign labour, Saudi Arabia has the world's third-largest immigrant
Saudi_Arabia
Concept that city layouts favor automobiles over other modes of transportation
Car dependency (also called car dependence) is a pattern in urban planning that occurs when infrastructure favours automobiles over other modes of transport
Car_dependency
Mathematical model of continuous gusts
Defense specifications include choices for both parameters, including their dependence on altitude. Continuous gusts Dryden Wind Turbulence Model Hoblit 1988
Von Kármán wind turbulence model
Von_Kármán_wind_turbulence_model
Fractal named after mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot
z n − 1 2 + c {\displaystyle z_{n}=z_{n-1}^{2}+c} exhibits sensitive dependence on c , {\displaystyle c,} i.e. changes abruptly under arbitrarily small
Mandelbrot_set
Psychoactive species of plant
(WHO) classifies khat as a "drug of abuse" that can produce psychological dependence, although the WHO does not consider khat addiction to be a serious global
Khat
Compact astronomical body
2722–2731. arXiv:1907.05239. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1904. We find a universal dependence of the falling probability into the black hole on the charge of the test
Black_hole
Property of a mass in motion
force acting on it. Momentum depends on the frame of reference, but in any inertial frame of reference, it is a conserved quantity, meaning that if a closed
Momentum
Benzodiazepine medication
Long-term use may result in tolerance, dependence, and life-threatening withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly. Dependence occurs in one-third of people who
Clonazepam
Country in East Asia
internationalization of the renminbi in order to wean itself off its dependence on the U.S. dollar. The renminbi is the world's fourth-most traded currency
China
Opposition to the passage of an electric current
temperature coefficient of resistance, T 0 {\displaystyle T_{0}} is a fixed reference temperature (usually room temperature), and R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}}
Electrical resistance and conductance
Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Supranational political and economic union
amounted for about three quarters of the imports in 2019. There is a strong dependence on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to reduce. In May 2022
European_Union
President of France since 2017
Party and President of China, Macron called for Europe to reduce its dependence on the United States in general and to stay neutral and avoid being drawn
Emmanuel_Macron
Category of speech including interrupted utterances or filler words
describing something hard: the on-line attribution of disfluency during reference comprehension". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,
Speech_disfluency
Benzodiazepine sedative
excitement or agitation may occur. Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction. Abrupt stopping after long-term
Diazepam
Excessive arousal and interest in sex
PMID 3746322. Orford, Jim (1978). "Hypersexuality: Implications for a Theory of Dependence". Addiction. 73 (3): 299–310. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1978.tb00157.x.
Hypersexuality
European political entity (800/962–1806)
Henry VI and Constance of Sicily. Bohemia and Poland were under feudal dependence, while Cyprus and Lesser Armenia also paid homage. The Iberian-Moroccan
Holy_Roman_Empire
Plant in the Erythroxylaceae family
in its natural form, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical to substance
Coca
Level of psychological well-being
well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential
Mental_health
Benzodiazepine medication
be updated to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the
Chlordiazepoxide
Country in East Asia
restarted. Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and has a heavy dependence on imported energy. The country has therefore aimed to diversify its sources
Japan
Field lines in a fluid flow
streamlines observed in one inertial reference frame are different from those observed in another inertial reference frame. For instance, the streamlines
Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines
Streamlines,_streaklines,_and_pathlines
Opioid used to treat pain and opioid use disorder
bioavailability (2%). Before starting buprenorphine, individuals with opioid dependence are generally advised to wait after their last dose of opioid, often 24–72
Buprenorphine
Feature of the Ada programming language
Timers, No_Dependence => Ada.Task_Attributes); Ada (programming language) High-integrity software SPARK (programming language) From "Ada Reference Manual
Ravenscar_profile
Continual use of drugs despite negative consequences
the DSM-5 (2013), the DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders. The severity
Substance_use_disorder
Planned city in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Neom emerged from Saudi Vision 2030, a plan to reduce Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public-service sectors. According
Neom
Posthumous legal determination
self-induced abortion Cause of death aggravated by lack of care, or self-neglect Dependence on drugs Non-dependent abuse of drugs Want of attention at birth Death
Manner_of_death
List of fears of different things or objects
perception disorder Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Substance-induced psychosis Withdrawal Schizophrenia
List_of_phobias
American singer and songwriter (born 1958)
controversial Letterman appearance, prompted commentators to question her dependence on provocative imagery. Madonna briefly dated rapper Tupac Shakur and
Madonna
Disorder resulting in compulsive behaviors
Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with "addiction" when, in fact, dependence can be a normal body response
Addiction
Web browser developed by Google
your desktop". This meant offline access, desktop shortcuts, and less dependence on Chrome—apps launch in a window separate from Chrome, and look more
Google_Chrome
Statue of Venus (modest Venus)
However, some scholars argue that the drapery Aphrodite holds indicates her dependence of human form, as occurs in the east pediment of the Parthenon. According
Aphrodite_of_Menophantos
Constraint in information theory is the degree of statistical dependence between or among variables. Garner provides a thorough discussion of various forms
Constraint (information theory)
Constraint_(information_theory)
Decentralized social networking protocol
services, with the goal of providing an integrated online experience without dependence on any single privileged entity. As of January 2026, the protocol's general
AT_Protocol
Central nervous system stimulant
extratherapeutic use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high psychological dependence liability (a high likelihood that withdrawal symptoms will occur when
Methamphetamine
Political party in the United States
respected in the political science field but has also received criticism for dependence on federal government funding, described "the Republicans on the right
Republican Party (United States)
Republican_Party_(United_States)
Alpha-adrenergic agonist
state, nightmares, confusion, hallucinations, and delusions. Physical dependence can develop with long-term clonidine use, and abrupt discontinuation can
Clonidine
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Tamil
Inference
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Worship, Praise, Reverence
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Indian
Inference
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Worship; Praise; Reverence
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
Boy/Male
Muslim
Noble Man
Girl/Female
Hindu
Sindoor, The red powder used in Tika during a holy ceremony, Famous land
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
A Bud
Biblical
remembering; of the male sex
Girl/Female
Greek Latin
The feminine form of Augustine.
Boy/Male
Indian
Successful
Boy/Male
Sikh
Beloved, Friend, Comrade, Dear
Female
Hebrew
(בָּשְׂמָה) Hebrew name BOSMA means "perfumed."
Boy/Male
Sikh
Love for the lords elixir, Drinking the elixir of courage
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
An Ancient King; Champion
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
v.
Relation; reference; regard.
n.
Reference; respect; regard.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
n.
Appeal.
v. t.
Respect; relation; reference.
n.
The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court.
n.
A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred.
n.
One who, or that which, is referred to.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
v.
Personal reference or application.
n.
The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
n.
One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another.
n.
Relation; regard; respect.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?