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Proteins that mediate programmed cell death
In cellular biology, dependence receptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently
Dependence_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
known as an axon guidance receptor that responds to netrin-1. More recently DCC has been characterized as a dependence receptor, and many hypotheses have
Netrin_receptor_DCC
Medical condition
Benzodiazepine dependence (BZD dependence) defines a situation in which one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking
Benzodiazepine_dependence
Form of behavioral dependence involving emotional symptoms
Psychological dependence is a cognitive disorder and a form of dependence that is characterized by emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms upon cessation
Psychological_dependence
Chronic disease
development of dependence. For instance, genetic markers for specific types of nicotinic receptors (the α5–α3–β4 nicotinic receptors) have been linked
Nicotine_dependence
Medical condition
caffeine use can cause mild to moderate physical dependence. In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A. Adenosine is a by-product of cellular
Caffeine_dependence
Need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms
upregulation of NMDA receptors, which is supported by the attenuation of withdraw by NMDA receptor antagonists. Physical dependence on opioids has been
Substance_dependence
Class of CNS depressant drugs
Wallace DM, Ponteri B, Tuli M (23 May 2018). "Valium without dependence? Individual GABAA receptor subtype contribution toward benzodiazepine addiction, tolerance
Benzodiazepine
French biologist
apoptosis by sonic hedgehog », Science, 2003 Mille et al., « The Patched dependence receptor triggers apoptosis through a DRAL-caspase-9 complex. », Nat Cell
Patrick_Mehlen
Acetylcholine receptors named for their selective binding of nicotine
acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor
Receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors
opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Opioid antagonists can work on receptors in the
Opioid_antagonist
Physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug
ionotropic receptor and GABA-B metabotropic receptor subunits, including (partial list): alcohol (alcoholic beverage) (cf. alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal
Physical_dependence
Class of opioid receptors found in humans
The μ-opioid receptors (using the Greek letter mu, abbreviated MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin
Mu-opioid_receptor
Chemical which binds to and activates a biochemical receptor
are used to treat opiate dependence for this reason, as they produce milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and abuse potential. An
Agonist
Group of biological receptors
Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins
Opioid_receptor
Continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant impairment
cannabinoid receptor function. One study has shown that between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013, the use of cannabis in the US doubled. Cannabis dependence develops
Cannabis_use_disorder
Medication
opioid receptor signaling by endorphins. Blockade of MORs is thought to be the mechanism of action of naltrexone in the management of opioid dependence—it
Naltrexone
Medical condition
been associated with opiate dependence. There have been mixed results for the MCR2 gene, encoding melanocortin receptor type 2, implicating both protection
Opioid_use_disorder
Medical condition
Alcohol dependence is a previous (DSM-IV and ICD-10) psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol
Alcohol_dependence
Opioid analgesic of benzenoid class
risk of physical and/or mental dependence. Given that tapentadol is a highly selective full agonist of the μ-opioid receptor, and given that is not a pro-drug
Tapentadol
Cancer of the colon or rectum
PMID 20018966. Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis". Journal of Clinical Oncology
Colorectal_cancer
Type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks a biological response
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than
Receptor_antagonist
Drug class
A κ-opioid receptor agonist, or simply KOR agonist or kappa agonist, is a drug which acts as an agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), the target of
Κ-Opioid_receptor_agonist
Medical condition
GABAA receptor, one of barbiturates' main sites of action, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to and dependence on barbiturates
Barbiturate_dependence
French cell biologist (born 1968)
the research team that validated the use of interference ligand/dependence receptors as novel targeted therapies for cancer. Bernet earned her PhD at
Agnès_Bernet
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens, named for ketazocine
The κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that is encoded by the
Κ-opioid_receptor
Type of drug
activating the receptor that it binds to, it blocks the receptor to a natural agonist. Types of mixed agonist/antagonist include receptor ligands that act
Agonist-antagonist
Withdrawal symptoms of opioids
physical dependence. This is due to the marked decrease in opioid receptor sensitivity caused by long-term receptor stimulation triggering receptor desensitisation
Opioid_withdrawal
Medication
benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide, which exhibit cross-dependence with ethanol at GABAA receptors (Chapters 5 and 15). A dose that will prevent the physical
Acamprosate
Sleep medication
at the GABAA receptor. It is an imidazopyridine and increases GABA effects in the central nervous system by binding to GABAA receptors at the same location
Zolpidem
Neurological disorder related to persistent cocaine use
Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of cocaine use. It often occurs alongside cocaine addiction
Cocaine_dependence
Abandoned D1-like receptor antagonist
ADX-10061 for treatment of substance dependence and was studied for smoking cessation, alcohol dependence, and cocaine dependence. It was also developed for treatment
NNC_01-0687
Class of anesthetics
NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly
NMDA_receptor_antagonist
Drug that binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
well as for nicotine dependence and in 2009 several drugs are on the market that target the α4β2 nAChR specifically. α7 receptors are homomeric neuronal
Nicotinic_agonist
Nicotinic receptor involved in pain regulation
neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5, or alpha-5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α5 nAChR) also known as the α5 receptor is a type of ligand
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5
Neuronal_acetylcholine_receptor_subunit_alpha-5
Protein family
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists
Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor
Opioid used to treat pain and opioid use disorder
or naltrexone (μ-opioid receptor antagonists), buprenorphine is under investigation for the treatment of cocaine dependence, and recently demonstrated
Buprenorphine
Opioid treatment
efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist, even at maximal receptor occupancy. It is thus well-suited to treat opioid dependence, as it produces
Buprenorphine/naloxone
Class of depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid
artificial receptor binding barbiturates by six complementary hydrogen bonds was published. Since this first article, different kind of receptors were designed
Barbiturate
Medication used to treat anxiety disorders
dependence, or withdrawal symptoms. Buspirone's principal mechanism of action involves partial agonism at postsynaptic serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and
Buspirone
Chemical compound
the μ-opioid receptor and the nociceptin receptor. The interaction with the nociceptin receptor is expected to block the abuse and dependence-related side
AT-121
Central nervous system stimulant
Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing
Caffeine
Class of drugs
selectively stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors. The alpha-adrenergic receptor has two subclasses, α1 and α2. Alpha 2 receptors are associated with sympatholytic
Alpha-adrenergic_agonist
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
produce reinforcement and dependence while remaining far below toxic levels. Nicotine is highly addictive, and nicotine dependence is characterized by tolerance
Nicotine
Chemical compound
glycine in certain brain areas. It acts on the GHB receptor and is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor. GHB has been used in medicine as a general anesthetic
Γ-Hydroxybutyric_acid
Opioid analgesic
higher doses. Methadone is made by chemical synthesis and acts on opioid receptors. Methadone was developed in Germany in the late 1930s by Gustav Ehrhart
Methadone
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
These observations led to the classification of this protein as a Dependence Receptor. A mouse knock out of Kremen1 and its paralog Kremen2 is viable and
KREMEN1
Personality trait in psychology
with low reward dependence have a lower concentration of receptors. It is then suggested that increased ventral striatal opiate receptors could provide
Reward_dependence
Benzodiazepine medication
Licata SC, Rowlett JK (July 2008). "Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABA(A) receptor modulation and beyond". Pharmacology Biochemistry
Alprazolam
Substance use disorder
Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately
Polysubstance_dependence
Class of G protein-coupled receptors
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate
Dopamine_receptor
Chemical substance that alters brain function
and potentially lead to dependence or long-term neural adaptations such as sensitization or tolerance. Addiction and dependence involve psychological and
Psychoactive_drug
Problematic excessive alcohol consumption
alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed. Alcohol's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABAA receptor, promoting
Alcoholism
Benzodiazepine sedative
excitement or agitation may occur. Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction. Abrupt stopping after long-term
Diazepam
Agent in biochemistry
and neutral antagonists at mu opioid receptor (MOR): possible role of basal receptor signaling in narcotic dependence". Journal of Neurochemistry. 77 (3):
Inverse_agonist
Protein in humans
the higher risk of alcohol dependence and drug use behavior. Since GABRA 2 mediates anxiolytic activity, it is a key receptor for emotional control. Several
GABRA2
Antidepressant medication
not clear, but it may involve blocking certain adrenergic and serotonin receptors. Chemically, it is a tetracyclic antidepressant, and is closely related
Mirtazapine
Protein found in humans
Granger L, Corset V, Shin H, Bredesen DE, et al. (March 2001). "The dependence receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) defines an alternative mechanism
Caspase_3
Atypical antipsychotic medication
action is as a functionally selective partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors, stabilizing dopamine activity by enhancing signaling when levels are
Aripiprazole
Group of receptors to cannabinoid compounds
Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system of vertebrates– a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled
Cannabinoid_receptor
Class of drug
of the μ1 receptor; respiratory depression and physical dependence by the μ2 receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the κ receptor[citation needed]
Opioid
Return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission
addiction or a form of drug dependence, as well as those who have a mental disorder. The availability of the dopamine receptor D2 plays a role in self-administration
Relapse
Benzodiazepine medication
with larger doses required for the same effect. Physical dependence and psychological dependence may also occur. If stopped suddenly after long-term use
Lorazepam
Medical condition
N. (1995). "A glutamatergic hypothesis of drug dependence: extrapolations from benzodiazepine receptor ligands". Behavioural Pharmacology. 6 (5): 425–46
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome
Substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule
the function of the receptor that triggers a physiological response is called a receptor agonist. Ligands that bind to a receptor but fail to activate
Ligand_(biochemistry)
Subtype of serotonin receptor
5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and functions as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)
5-HT2A_receptor
CNS depressant medication
(GABA), and hence is a GABA analogue. Phenibut is thought to act as a GABAB receptor agonist, similarly to baclofen and γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). However, at
Phenibut
Medication class with multiple uses
blockers, also spelled β-blockers and also sometimes known as β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, are a class of medications predominantly used to manage abnormal
Beta_blocker
Substance that mimics effects of catecholamines
sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic
Sympathomimetic_drug
Drug
modulator (or opioid receptor modulator) is a drug which has mixed agonist and antagonist actions at different opioid receptors and thus cannot clearly
Opioid_modulator
Mammalian protein found in humans
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the CNR1 gene. It was discovered by determination
Cannabinoid_receptor_1
Drug whose use induces sleep
histamine H1 receptor antagonism, serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonism, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonism, and/or dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. While
Hypnotic
Class of transmembrane proteins
5-HT receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in
5-HT_receptor
Pain medication of the opiate family
sedation, euphoria, physical dependence, and respiratory depression. Morphine is also a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist. Activation
Morphine
Medical condition
depressant dependence (e.g. alcohol) increases the risk of dependence on benzodiazepines. Tolerance to drugs is commonly believed to be due to receptor down-regulation;
Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
Kindling_(sedative–hypnotic_withdrawal)
Compounds found in cannabis
suggests additional receptors may exist. The human brain has more cannabinoid receptors than any other G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) type. The endocannabinoid
Cannabinoid
Obsolete sedative–hypnotic drug
GABAA receptor subtypes, producing excitatory effects in neurons expressing those receptors. As such, methaqualone is considered a mixed GABAA receptor modulator
Methaqualone
Chemical compound
receptors have been proposed as a possible alternative to full agonists of the benzodiazepine site to overcome the problems of tolerance, dependence and
Bretazenil
Biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent
synaptic cleft by exocytosis. These molecules then bind to neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Finally, to terminate its action, the neurotransmitter
Chemical_synapse
Atypical opioid drug
G Protein-Biased Mu Opioid Receptor Agonist, Sr-17018, Has Low in Vivo Efficacy in Primates". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 260 110022. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep
SR-17018
Benzodiazepine medication
benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist at the GABAA receptor and the effects are related to binding to one or more specific GABA receptor subunits, increasing
Clobazam
Benzodiazepine medication
Long-term use may result in tolerance, dependence, and life-threatening withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly. Dependence occurs in one-third of people who
Clonazepam
Medical condition caused by drug dependence
developed a form of drug dependence. This may occur as physical dependence, psychological dependence, or both. Drug dependence develops from consuming
Drug_withdrawal
Opioid antagonist
medication that is used in the treatment of opioid overdose and alcohol dependence. Nalmefene belongs to the class of opioid antagonists and can be taken
Nalmefene
Psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; its metabolite noribogaine primarily acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and κ-opioid receptor agonist. The psychoactivity
Ibogaine
Main receptor for most antipsychotic drugs
Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene. After work from Paul Greengard's lab had suggested
Dopamine_receptor_D2
Nociceptin receptor agonist
genetic knockout of the NOP receptor potentiates the rewarding effect of morphine in rats". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 114 (2–3): 253–6. doi:10.1016/j
Ro65-6570
Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally
member of the arylcyclohexylamine class. PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist. PCP is most commonly used in the US. While usage peaked in
Phencyclidine
Alpha-adrenergic agonist
the brand names Catapres and Kapvay, among others, is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, hypotensive, sedative and anxiolytic drug used to treat high blood
Clonidine
Benzodiazepine medication
stopped completely. The dependence induced by lormetazepam is related to changes in the sensitivity of the GABA-BZD receptor complex. Withdrawal symptoms
Lormetazepam
Treatment for opioid use disorder
overdose risk or the need for acute drug dependence treatment. When the body goes through withdrawal, the opioid receptors in the brain are not filled with an
Opioid_agonist_therapy
Chemical compound
treatment for opioid dependence. It is a high-affinity, balanced ligand of the μ- (Ki = 0.22 nM), δ- (Ki = 0.69 nM), and κ-opioid receptors (Ki = 0.14 nM),
Thienorphine
Pharmaceutical compound
Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist LY2828360 Suppresses Neuropathic Pain with Sustained Efficacy and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance and Dependence". Molecular
LY2828360
Serotonin receptor protein distributed mainly in the choroid plexus
The 5-HT2C receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Like all 5-HT2
5-HT2C_receptor
Opioid receptor antagonist
and neutral antagonists at mu opioid receptor (MOR): possible role of basal receptor signaling in narcotic dependence". J Neurochem. 77 (6): 1590–1600. doi:10
Β-Naltrexamine
Small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule
Fombonne J, et al. (November 2014). "Regulation by miR181 family of the dependence receptor CDON tumor suppressive activity in neuroblastoma". Journal of the
MicroRNA
Psychoactive drug, often called ecstasy
5-HT2B receptor dependence of MDMA-stimulated release of endogenous 5-HT from superfused midbrain synaptosomes suggests that 5-HT2B receptors act, unlike
MDMA
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PMID 15574733. Llambi F, Lourenço FC, Gozuacik D, et al. (2005). "The dependence receptor UNC5H2 mediates apoptosis through DAP-kinase". EMBO J. 24 (6): 1192–201
UNC5C
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
2003). "Two forms of synaptic plasticity with distinct dependence on age, experience, and NMDA receptor subtype in rat visual cortex". The Journal of Neuroscience
GRIN2B
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Gozuacik D, Guix C, Pays L, Del Rio G, et al. (March 2005). "The dependence receptor UNC5H2 mediates apoptosis through DAP-kinase". The EMBO Journal.
UNC5A
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