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International finance problem
In international finance, the redundancy problem, also known as the n − 1 problem, is a problem of inequality of the number of policy instruments and
Redundancy_problem
Duplication of critical components to increase reliability of a system
In engineering and systems theory, redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing
Redundancy_(engineering)
Linear model of communication
regard is that noise may distort the signal. They discuss redundancy as a solution to this problem: if the original message is redundant then the distortions
Shannon–Weaver_model
Digit of the forelimb
Zatsiorsky, V.M. (1998). "Force sharing among fingers as a model of the redundancy problem". Experimental Brain Research. 119 (3): 276–286. doi:10.1007/s002210050343
Finger
Inter-router protocol that automatically assigns routers to hosts
The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is a computer networking protocol that provides for automatic assignment of available Internet Protocol (IP)
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
Virtual_Router_Redundancy_Protocol
Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers
failed. The term takes its name from an allegory, the "Byzantine generals problem", developed to describe a situation in which, to avoid catastrophic failure
Byzantine_fault
Systems with high up-time, a.k.a. "always on"
99.9023% availability. Two kinds of redundancy are passive redundancy and active redundancy. Passive redundancy is used to achieve high availability
High_availability
Minimum redundancy feature selection is an algorithm frequently used in a method to accurately identify characteristics of genes and phenotypes and narrow
Minimum redundancy feature selection
Minimum_redundancy_feature_selection
Philosophical concept
According to the redundancy theory of truth (also known as the disquotational theory of truth), asserting that a statement is true is completely equivalent
Redundancy_theory_of_truth
In compiler theory, partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily
Partial-redundancy elimination
Partial-redundancy_elimination
Resilience of systems to component failures or errors
1950s. Two kinds of redundancy are possible: space redundancy and time redundancy. Space redundancy provides additional components, functions, or data
Fault_tolerance
Canadian economist and Nobel Laureate (1932–2021)
Acmetal List of economists List of University of Waterloo people Redundancy problem – suggested by Mundell Robert Mundell on Nobelprize.org , accessed
Robert_Mundell
Rigid structures found in some plants
Taxonomic resolution issues deriving from the multiplicity and redundancy problems can be dealt with by integrating phytolith analysis with other areas
Phytolith
Simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable
is the generalised (i.e. canonical) version of bivariate correlation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) is similar to canonical correlation analysis but allows
Multivariate_statistics
development Duplicate code – Repeated fragment of computer source code Redundancy (information theory) – Message encoded with more bits than needed Code
Redundant_code
Building in Newark, New Jersey
Martynek, Raul (4 March 2020). "Edge data center markets and the redundancy problem". Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October
165_Halsey_Street
Task of generating recommendations to a user
avoid redundancy. This problem is sometimes studied as a computational learning theory problem. Another approach for formulating this problem is a partially
Preference_elicitation
Fault-tolerant computer system
that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel. The redundancy (duplication) allows error detection and error correction: the output
Lockstep_(computing)
Process in machine learning and statistics
and can thus be removed without incurring much loss of information. Redundancy and irrelevance are two distinct notions, since one relevant feature may
Feature_selection
Reliable digital data delivery methods on unreliable channels
Marcel J. E. Golay. All error-detection and correction schemes add some redundancy (i.e., some extra data) to a message, which receivers can use to check
Error detection and correction
Error_detection_and_correction
Rights of employees if they are dismissed for economic reasons in UK labour law
Redundancy in United Kingdom law concerns the rights of employees if they are dismissed for economic reasons in UK labour law. Section 139 of the Employment
Redundancy in United Kingdom law
Redundancy_in_United_Kingdom_law
Interdisciplinary field
to perform the motor task. Redundancy plays a large role in muscle synergy. Muscle redundancy is a degrees of freedom problem on the muscular level. The
Neuromechanics
Technique to compress data
published in the 1952 paper "A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes". The output from Huffman's algorithm can be viewed as a variable-length
Huffman_coding
Length of ciphertext needed to unambiguously break a cipher
to determine the key completely, assuming the underlying message has redundancy. Claude Shannon defined the unicity distance in his 1949 paper "Communication
Unicity_distance
Form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes
Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or processes on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic
Troubleshooting
Computation of a cyclic redundancy check is derived from the mathematics of polynomial division, modulo two. In practice, it resembles long division of
Computation of cyclic redundancy checks
Computation_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
due to temporary difficulties of their factories. This institute, the Redundancy Fund (Cassa integrazione guadagni, CIG), aims to help the factories in
Unemployment benefits in Italy
Unemployment_benefits_in_Italy
Electrical device that uses batteries to prevent any interruption of power flow
2016-03-03. Detailed explanation of UPS redundancy options"High-Availability Power Systems, Part II: Redundancy Options" (PDF). Archived from the original
Uninterruptible_power_supply
Straight metallic bar with a hole at each end
load based on tension rather than compression. However, more modern low-redundancy chain link suspension spans fell into general disfavor as a result of
Eyebar
Learning effect inherent within some poorly designed instructional materials
than separate or farther apart. The redundancy effect has also been linked to the split-attention effect. The redundancy effect is the idea that instruction
Split_attention_effect
Network service attack performed by multiple fake identities
Entities in peer-to-peer networks use multiple identities for purposes of redundancy, resource sharing, reliability and integrity. In peer-to-peer networks
Sybil_attack
Methods of error detection and correction in communications
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a check of the remainder after division in the ring of polynomials over GF(2) (the finite field of integers modulo
Mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks
Mathematics_of_cyclic_redundancy_checks
Technology to correct measurements in industrial processes
data reconciliation problem presented above also includes unmeasured variables x {\displaystyle x\,\!} . Based on information redundancy, estimates for these
Data validation and reconciliation
Data_validation_and_reconciliation
versions of the problem. In the value-dynamic retrieval problem, where the data structure must support an Update operation, the optimal redundancy is k = Θ (
Retrieval_Data_Structure
Study of the properties of codes and their fitness
reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data. There
Coding_theory
1984 book by Charles Perrow
to errors and accidents. Second, redundancy may lead to shirking of responsibility among workers. Third, redundancy may lead to increased production pressures
Normal_Accidents
Flight instrument
Reliance on redundancy of aircraft systems can also lead to delays in executing needed repairs, as airline operators rely on the redundancy to keep the
Air data inertial reference unit
Air_data_inertial_reference_unit
Prehistoric climate changes
cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: some redundancy with main article. Please help improve this article if you can
Climate across Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Climate_across_Cretaceous–Paleogene_boundary
Class of algorithms in information theory
compression to remove the redundancy). They are iterative algorithms that eventually converge to one of the maxima of the optimization problem that is associated
Blahut–Arimoto_algorithm
Biological theory
function only of the redundancy. In 1988, Eric Lander and Michael Waterman published an important paper examining the covering problem from the standpoint
DNA_sequencing_theory
Artificial intelligence field of study
Researchers in safety-critical AI have proposed using architectural redundancy and design diversity to reduce the risk that a single faulty, compromised
AI_safety
Automotive technology
be developed especially for redundancy resolution inside a brake-by-wire system. Example of a solution for this problem: A fuzzy voter developed to fuse
Brake-by-wire
Overview of computer engineering topics
multithreading Dependability Active redundancy Dual modular redundancy Triple modular redundancy High-availability Seamless Redundancy N-version programming RAID
Computer engineering compendium
Computer_engineering_compendium
Scientific study of digital information
data compression removes as much redundancy as possible, an error-correcting code adds just the right kind of redundancy (i.e., error correction) needed
Information_theory
Basic automatic repeat-request (ARQ) data transmission and error detection protocol
Typically, the transmitter adds a redundancy check number to the end of each frame. The receiver uses the redundancy check number to check for possible
Stop-and-wait_ARQ
Networking protocol for clock synchronization
Fairhead, Harry (23 December 2014). "NTP The Latest Open Source Security Problem". I Programmer. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved
Network_Time_Protocol
Network switch
maximum of 6000 W (145 A @ 42 V). The 6500 supports dual power supplies for redundancy. These may be run in one of two modes: redundant or combined mode. When
Cisco_Catalyst_6500
Optimization problem in computer science
neighbor search (NNS), as a form of proximity search, is the optimization problem of finding the point in a given set that is closest (or most similar) to
Nearest_neighbor_search
Mathematical statistics distance measure
according to how well each reflects the particular circumstances of the problem in question. The idea of relative entropy as discrimination information
Kullback–Leibler_divergence
Measure in risk analysis
likelihood of a demand, the complexity of the device(s), and types of redundancy used. PFD (probability of dangerous failure on demand) and RRF (risk reduction
Safety_integrity_level
Former suspension bridge (stood 1928–1967)
eyebars per link. The eyebars in the Silver Bridge offered little to no redundancy, as each chain link consisted of just two eyebars in parallel. (Each bar
Silver_Bridge
Organizing method developed by McKinsey
thinking is that, by definition, it precludes redundancies. However, there are cases where redundancies are desirable or even necessary. There is some
MECE_principle
Multiple ways for multi-joint objects to realize a movement
In neuroscience and motor control, the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals
Degrees_of_freedom_problem
Ability of a system to handle an increasing amount of work
number of redundant physical data copies. Clusters which provide "lazy" redundancy by updating copies in an asynchronous fashion are called 'eventually consistent'
Scalability
Normal form used in database normalization
the third normal form (3NF). By using BCNF, a database will remove all redundancies based on functional dependencies. Edgar F. Codd released his original
Boyce–Codd_normal_form
Optimization algorithm
assignment problem (GAP) Frequency assignment problem (FAP) Redundancy allocation problem (RAP) Set cover problem (SCP) Partition problem (SPP) Weight
Ant colony optimization algorithms
Ant_colony_optimization_algorithms
Hypothesis in biblical criticism
are less literary than Matthew and Luke, his language is more prone to redundancy and obscurity, his Christology is less supernatural, and he makes more
Two-source_hypothesis
similar to diversity in ecology, is a perceptual phenomenon. Lexical redundancy is a positive counterpart of lexical diversity in the same way as lexical
Lexical_diversity
English broadcaster and natural historian (born 1926)
at the opening ceremony. In it he stated that humans were "the greatest problem solvers to have ever existed on Earth" and spoke of his optimism for the
David_Attenborough
knowledge Center. Trimble. Retrieved 10 January 2016. "Problems in Resection Without Redundancy". Trimble knowledge Center. Trimble. Retrieved 10 January
Free_stationing
Means of compressing an executable file
languages are designed to work on human-readable code, which has a high redundancy, compression can be very effective and as simple as replacing long names
Executable_compression
Address resolution protocol for proxy servers
use is documented in RFC 1027. Redundancy ARP manipulation techniques are the basis for protocols providing redundancy on broadcast networks (e.g., Ethernet)
Proxy_ARP
Record of humanity's attempts to find east-west position on Earth
often carried more than one chronometer. Two would give dual modular redundancy, allowing a backup if one should cease to work, but not allowing any error
History_of_longitude
Data structure and types for evolutionary computation
space and problem space. In the simplest case, the search space corresponds to the problem space (direct representation). The choice of problem representation
Genetic_representation
Random text generating software
Rooter: A Methodology for the Typical Unification of Access Points and Redundancy: Many physicists would agree that, had it not been for congestion control
SCIgen
Alternate blood flow around a blockage
minor vessels. It may occur via preexisting vascular redundancy (analogous to engineered redundancy), as in the circle of Willis in the brain, or it may
Collateral_circulation
Multi-national four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft
of electrically/hydraulically powered hybrid actuators. The dissimilar redundancy provides more protection against battle damage. In June 2019, Airbus Defence
Airbus_A400M_Atlas
Study of human body movement
could achieve that task. This redundancy appears at multiple levels in the chain of motor execution: Kinematic redundancy means that for a desired location
Kinesiology
American technology business journalist (born 1962)
journalist Kara Swisher's book reflects Bay Area tech's huge anti-worker problem". SFGATE. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved June 13
Kara_Swisher
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024
decision to extend the job retention scheme was made to avoid or defer mass redundancies, company bankruptcies and potential unemployment levels not seen since
Rishi_Sunak
Social psychological theory
Ekkirala, Srinivas (2019). "The Voice Bystander Effect: How Information Redundancy Inhibits Employee Voice". Academy of Management Journal. 62 (3): 828–849
Bystander_effect
Average uncertainty in variable's states
symbols can be defined simply as being equal to its n-ary entropy. See also Redundancy (information theory). The characterization here imposes an additive property
Entropy_(information_theory)
Group of people working together to enhance dive safety and achieve a task
such as deep cave penetrations, technical divers will often use team redundancy to limit the amount of equipment carried. The concept is that equipment
Diving_team
Section of the computing environment that is negatively affected by a failure
a large section of a network, and eases the troubleshooting process. Redundancy within failure domains is a key approach to help mitigate the risks of
Failure_domain
English TV producer and author
as a Producer on the BBC Newsnight programme, before taking voluntary redundancy in 2021. She was particularly focused on investigating and arranging interviews
Sam_McAlister
Hypothesized risk to human existence
than biological neurons, enabling higher precision and requiring less redundancy. Duplicability: unlike human brains, AI software and models can be easily
Existential risk from artificial intelligence
Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
Theoretical framework in physics
symmetry, but a reflection of the "redundancy" of the chosen mathematical description. To account for the gauge redundancy in the path integral formulation
Quantum_field_theory
Type of indicator light in automobiles
light under severe conditions. As the name suggests, its purpose was redundancy in case the primary check engine light failed.[citation needed] On vehicles
Check_engine_light
Branching-time logic that is a superset of LTL and CTL
{\displaystyle \phi } are called path formulae. (The above grammar contains some redundancies; for example Φ ∨ Φ {\displaystyle \Phi \lor \Phi } as well as implication
CTL*
Condition of the human brain
visual pathway on split-brained patients has revealed that there is a redundancy gain (the ability of target detection to benefit from multiple copies
Split-brain
Offensive personality types
that measures of subclinical sadism and psychopathy still have problems of redundancy. Studies on how sadists gain pleasure from cruelty to subjects were
Dark_triad
2010 book by Serbian Vlatko Vedral
communication channel efficiency while less common words tend to be longer for redundancy and error correction. Vedral compares the process of life to John von
Decoding_Reality
Alistair; Turpin, Andrew (Oct 1997). "On the implementation of minimum redundancy prefix codes". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 45 (10): 1200–1207
Package-merge_algorithm
just under the surface, and use that to determine effiency, cost, and redundancy. Coined by behavioral economist Rory Sutherland in his 2019 book Alchemy
List_of_fallacies
Intelligence of machines
typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in
Artificial_intelligence
1994 film by Tim Burton
interview, "I've never seen anything like them, the kind of bad poetry and redundancy– saying in, like, five sentences what it would take most normal people
Ed_Wood_(film)
Principle in biology
The redundancy principle in biology expresses the need of many copies of the same entity (cells, molecules, ions) to fulfill a biological function. Examples
Redundancy principle (biology)
Redundancy_principle_(biology)
In logic, a statement which is always true
logic. The philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein first applied the term to redundancies of propositional logic in 1921, borrowing from rhetoric, where a tautology
Tautology_(logic)
Data storage technology
are called RAID levels. RAID levels are distinguished by the amount of redundancy they afford and the minimum number of drives they require, as well as
RAID
Concept to reduce computer security risks
intrusion is not quarantined. Information redundancy is a strategy performing security measures to keep redundancy for information and using it in case of
Defense_strategy_(computing)
animals), and interpret forelimb reduction in theropods as likely linked to redundancy of forelimbs in prey capture. Evidence from elliptic Fourier analysis
2026 in archosaur paleontology
2026_in_archosaur_paleontology
LogitBoost LPBoost Manifold alignment Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Minimum redundancy feature selection Naive Bayes classifier Non-negative matrix factorization
List of artificial intelligence algorithms
List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
Physical phenomenon in electromagnetic field theory
Special relativity Liénard–Wiechert potential Moving magnet and conductor problem Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory Paradox of a charge in a gravitational
Relativistic_electromagnetism
Family of archive file formats
files. The entries within the ZIP file also include this information, for redundancy, in a local file header. Because ZIP files may be appended to, only files
ZIP_(file_format)
First commercial jet airliner, four-engined
conditioning, and the de-icing system; these systems had operational redundancy in that they could keep working even if only a single engine was active
De_Havilland_Comet
African musical instrument of the lamellophone family
require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Redundancies from merge. Please help improve this section if you can. (October
Mbira
cannot satisfy myself that any of the suggested explanations solve the problem; and being unable to propose any other, I leave the two names Ben Stada
Jesus_in_the_Talmud
Family of planning and management tools
Artemis pursued an aggressive redundancy policy towards its employees. Artemis had a longstanding enhanced redundancy payment policy. Versata judged
Artemis_(software)
Developmental or acquired neurological disorders
measures overlapping temporal processing, binaural processing, and low-redundancy by measuring the difference in threshold of an auditory stimulus when
Auditory_processing_disorder
Fictional universe created by Iain M. Banks
the Culture). The sentience of advanced drones has various levels of redundancy, from systems similar to that of Minds (though much reduced in capability)
The_Culture
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Destroyer of Problems
Boy/Male
Muslim
Problem solver
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Problem
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Away from all Problems
Surname or Lastname
English (of Welsh origin)
English (of Welsh origin) : variant of Powell, with redundant English patronymic -s.English : patronymic from Poul, a variant of the personal name Paul.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
People with this Name are Preferably Intelligent and Very Generous; Highly Knowledgeable in Problem Solving Skills
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Eternity; Problem Solver
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim
Problem Solver
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord of the universe
Boy/Male
Tamil
Protection
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of Lord Murugan, Goddess Saraswati (Goddess of education
Girl/Female
Australian, Italian, Latin, Portuguese
Purple
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
German
Peaceful Hun
Boy/Male
Gaelic, German, Irish
War Hero; Windy Spot
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sweet person, Sweet, Surgery
Female
Finnish
Pet form of Finnish Tarja, TARU means "possesses a lot; wealthy."
Girl/Female
English American
Form of Evelyn: Life.
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
REDUNDANCY PROBLEM
n.
One who proposes problems.
a.
Of or pertaining to pleonasm; of the nature of pleonasm; redundant.
v. i.
To be in excess; to remain over and above; to be redundant; to overflow.
v. t.
To propose problems.
a.
Having a redundant syllable; exceeding the common measure.
n.
The quality or state of being redundant; superfluity; superabundance; excess.
n.
Surplusage inserted in a pleading which may be rejected by the court without impairing the validity of what remains.
n.
The act of filling or crowding together; a stopping by redundant matter; obstruction, particularly in the lower intestines.
a.
Using more worrds or images than are necessary or useful; pleonastic.
n.
Redundancy of language in speaking or writing; the use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; as, I saw it with my own eyes.
a.
Brought to consummation or completeness; completed; not defective nor redundant; having all the properties or qualities requisite to its nature and kind; without flaw, fault, or blemish; without error; mature; whole; pure; sound; right; correct.
n.
That which is redundant or in excess; anything superfluous or superabundant.
a.
Abounding to excess; being more than is sufficient; redundant; as, superabundant zeal.
n.
A verse which has a redundant syllable or foot; a hypercatalectic verse.
a.
Exceeding what is natural or necessary; superabundant; exuberant; as, a redundant quantity of bile or food.
n.
Alt. of Redundancy
adv.
In a refundant manner.
n.
The quality or state of being superabundant; a superabundant quantity; redundancy; excess.
n.
The quality of being incorrect; want of conformity to truth or to a standard; inaccuracy; inexactness; as incorrectness may in defect or in redundance.
a.
Redundant or excessive in words.