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Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1279–1290)
called al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn (المنصور قلاوون, "Qalāwūn the Victorious"). After having risen in power in the Mamluk court and elite circles, Qalawun eventually held
Qalawun
Pious complex in Cairo, Egypt
The Qalawun complex (Arabic: مجمع قلاوون), also known as the Funerary complex of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, is a historic religious complex located at
Qalawun_complex
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1290–1293)
Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn (Arabic: الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل بن قلاوون; c. 1260s – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Turkic
Al-Ashraf_Khalil
State in Egypt, Hejaz and Syria (1250–1517)
By the end of the 13th century, through the efforts of sultans Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), the Mamluks had conquered
Mamluk_Sultanate
Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 1293 to 1294
Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد بن قلاوون), commonly known as an-Nasir Muhammad (Arabic: الناصر
Al-Nasir_Muhammad
Crusader state in the Levant from 1102 to 1289
the County of Tripoli fell to the Muslim Mamluks of Cairo under Sultan Qalawun, and the county was absorbed into Mamluk Sultanate. Raymond IV of Toulouse
County_of_Tripoli
History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1272–1302
the orders of Qalawun), and Khadir gained control of the castle. In 1286, Qalawun took it over directly. As his predecessor had, Qalawun entered into land
Fall_of_Outremer
Egyptian dynasty (1250–1382)
al-Mansur Qalawun, mamluk of Aybak, 1279–1290 al-Ashraf Khalil, son of Qalawun, 1290–1293 an-Nasir Muhammad (first reign), son of Qalawun, 1293–1294
Bahri_Mamluks
Part of the Crusades
sultan of Egypt, al-Mansur Qalawun who defeated the coalition at the Second Battle of Homs. To punish the Hospitallers, Qalawun decided to besiege Margat
Siege_of_Margat
Mosque in Cairo, Egypt
Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque, or more formally, the Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun Mosque, is a mosque located in the Citadel of Cairo, Egypt. Completed in
Al-Nasir_Muhammad_Mosque
Founder of Islam (c. 570–632)
The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century
Muhammad
Mamluk Ribat in Palestine, Israel
The Ribat of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun (Egyptian Arabic: رباط السلطان المنصور قلاوون, Hebrew: ריבאט של הסולטן אלמנסור קלאוון), or simply al-Ribat al-Mansuri
Ribat of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun
Ribat_of_Sultan_al-Mansur_Qalawun
1281 battle between Mamluks and Mongols
disputes. Qalawun al-Alfi ultimately prevailed and ascended the throne on November 27, 1279, under the title al-Malik al-Mansur. Qalawun's rule was immediately
Second_Battle_of_Homs
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1279–1279)
Solamish, with Qalawun, one of the amirs who had forced Barakah to abdicate, as guardian. A few months later, Solamish was deposed by Qalawun, who took the
Solamish
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1277–1279)
released. In their place, Baraka promoted his own mamluks. He also sent Qalawun and Baysari, two of the most powerful emirs, to raid Cilician Armenia and
Al-Sa'id_Baraka
Countess of Tripoli (??? – 1292 or 1299)
were shocked at this and supposedly conspired with the Mamluk sultan Qalawun to attack the city. Lucia allied with the Mongols, who, knowing that Tripoli
Lucia_of_Tripoli
Part of the Crusades
Under Sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun, the Mamluks captured Lattakia in 1278, and conquered the County of Tripoli in 1289. Qalawun concluded a ten-year truce
Siege_of_Acre_(1291)
Egyptian writer, historian, biographer, poet and military commander (1251 – 1330)
El-Mansur Qalawun, moved towards the Levant to confront the Mongol Ilkhanid armies near Homs. Shafi’ bin Ali was a companion of El-Mansur Qalawun, because
Shafi'_bin_Ali_el-Masry
Dome in southeast corner of Prophet's Mosque, Medina
in 678 AH (1279/1280 CE), during the reign of Mamluk Sultan Al Mansur Qalawun, the original structure was made out of wood and was colourless, painted
Green_Dome
Al-Malik as-Salih
As-Salih Salah ad-Din Salih ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (28 September 1337–1360/61, better known as as-Salih Salih, was the Mamluk sultan in 1351–1354. He
As-Salih_Salih
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1341–1342)
Al-Ashraf Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الأشرف علاءالدين كجك), better known as al-Ashraf Kujuk (also spelled Küçük/Küchük), (1334
Al-Ashraf_Kujuk
Sultan of Mamluk Egypt
Al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Sha'ban ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الأشرف زين الدين شعبان, lit. 'The Most Noble, Grace of the Faith
Al-Ashraf_Sha'ban
European crusade to the Holy Land, 1271–1272
persecution of pilgrims, all in contravention of the truce. In 1289, Sultan Qalawun gathered a large army and invested the remnants of the county of Tripoli
Lord_Edward's_crusade
Burial chamber of a deceased person
Mausoleum of Saad Zaghloul in Downtown Cairo, Egypt Qalawun complex, contains the mausoleum of Qalawun in Cairo, Egypt The Unknown Soldier Memorial is a
Mausoleum
Country in West Asia
taken by Qalawun. In the meantime, an emir named Sunqur al-Ashqar had tried to declare himself ruler of Damascus, but he was defeated by Qalawun on 21 June
Syria
Cairo by Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun in 1290, but was soon after exiled to the Hejaz. When al-Ashraf Khalil succeeded Qalawun in November 1290, he recalled
Ibn_al-Sal'us
Mamluk viceroy of Damascus (1279-1280)
rule Syria independently, in a rebellion against the Egypt-based sultan Qalawun (r. 1279–1290). While the rebellion in Damascus was quashed in 1280, Sunqur
Sunqur_al-Ashqar
Egyptian Emir and Nazir al-Guyush (1261–1332)
and second in command after the Sultan of Egypt al-Nasir Mahammad bin Qalawun. He was born in the year 1261 AD (659 AH) into an Egyptian Christian family
Fakhr_al-Din_al-Qibti
Emir of the Al Fadl Bedouin during the 13th century
Baybars' reign (1260–1277). In 1279/80, Isa defected from Baybars' successor, Qalawun, and joined the rebellion of the Mamluk viceroy of Syria, Sunqur al-Ashqar
Isa_ibn_Muhanna
Historic late medieval Mosque and Madrasa in Egypt
ultimately buried in another funerary complex. Along with the complex of Sultan Qalawun and the Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad, with which it is contiguous, the
Funerary complex of Sultan Barquq
Funerary_complex_of_Sultan_Barquq
Street in Cairo Governorate, Egypt
Madrasa of Barquq (1386) Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad (1304) Complex of Qalawun (1285) Sabil-Kuttab of Khusraw Pasha (1535) Madrasa of Al-Salih Ayyub (1250)
Al-Mu'izz_Street
Count of Tripoli and Prince of Antioch (1261-1287)(r. 1275-1287)
Cilicia. He returned to Tripoli in 1277 and immediately made peace with Qalawun, the Mamluk sultan, and recognised Roger of San Severino as regent at Acre
Bohemond_VII_of_Antioch
Medieval Islamic-era fortification in Egypt
the site of important monumental structures. Al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience
Cairo_Citadel
Capture of city in the Crusades by Egyptian Mamluks
seat in 1278) sitting in state in the centre of the fortified city, and Qalawun's assault in 1289, with his army depicted massacring the inhabitants fleeing
Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)
4th Abbasid caliph in Mamluk Cairo
Abu Rabee Suleiman took the order and was named as al-Mustakfi I. Ibn Qalawun, and this led to the split between the two after they were like brothers
Al-Wathiq_I
Sultan of the Persian-based Ilkhanate (1246-1284) (r. 1282-1284)
expressed his aim to forge an alliance with Qalawun against the wishes of his own council in a letter. Qalawun sent a reply on 3 December 1282 urging Tekuder
Tekuder
Battle between the Egyptian Sultanate and Mamluk rebels
Immediately after the rise of the Mamluk Sultan al-Mansur Seif al-Din Qalawun to rule the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Viceroy of Damascus, Emir Sunqur
Battle_of_al-Jassora
Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate from 1265 to 1282
raids into the Buqaia, and won several engagements against the Sultan Qalawun, raiding as far as the Krak des Chevaliers in October 1280, and defeating
Abaqa_Khan
1346–1353 pandemic in Eurasia and North Africa
Cairo having a medieval hospital, the late 13th-century bimaristan of the Qalawun complex. The historian al-Maqrizi described the abundant work for grave-diggers
Black_Death
widow in 1284. She concluded a truce with the Egyptian sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun and ruled until 1291, when she ceded the lordship and moved to Cyprus.
Margaret_of_Antioch-Lusignan
Palace complex built during the Fatimid Caliphate
plaza. (Its location would have been facing the present-day Mausoleum of Qalawun across the street.) It apparently featured gold brought from Ifriqiya (present-day
Fatimid_Great_Palaces
Ruler of the County of Tripoli, 1102–1289
Genoese mayor of the city, who called in the Mameluke Sultan Qalawun to their aid. Qalawun razed the city after a siege in 1289, bringing the history of
Count_of_Tripoli
Mamluk sultan of Egypt (1347–1351, 1355-1361)
Al-Nasir Badr ad-Din Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1334/35–17 March 1361), better known as al-Nasir Hasan, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, he was of
Al-Nasir_Hasan
Al-Malik al-Mansur
Al-Mansur Salah ad-Din Muhammad ibn Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1347/48–1398), better known as al-Mansur Muhammad, was the Mamluk sultan in 1361–1363
Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt
Al-Mansur_Muhammad,_Sultan_of_Egypt
Capital and largest city of Egypt
in the Bayn al-Qasrayn area comprising the complex of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, the Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad, and the Madrasa of Sultan Barquq. Some
Cairo
Egyptian viceroy
Sultan Qalawun. Salar distinguished himself in his training as a skilled horseman among other mamluks of the Mansuriyya faction (mamluks of Qalawun). He
Sayf_al-Din_Salar
Egyptian Mamluk Sultan
Al-Mansur Ala' ad-Din Ali ibn Sha'ban ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (1368 – 19 May 1381), better known as al-Mansur Ali II, was the Mamluk sultan
Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt
Al-Mansur_Ali_II,_Sultan_of_Egypt
Northrup, Linda (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290
List_of_Mamluk_sultans
Al-Malik al-Mansur
al-Mansur", the title of the latter's grandfather, Sultan Qalawun (r. 1277–90), and gave him Qalawun's sword. The throne was peacefully passed to Abu Bakr when
Al-Mansur_Abu_Bakr
Autoimmune disorder
al-'Afif, the personal physician to Sultan Barsbay and director of the Qalawun complex hospital, describes a treatment for symptoms consistent with coeliac
Coeliac_disease
Racial group
Ribat of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun's African Centre, the Old Town, East Jerusalem.
Afro-Palestinians
Sultan of Egypt
was initially a mamluk of Al-Mansur Ali, then he was bought by Al-Mansur Qalawun, whom had him to marry his daughter. He was imprisoned by Sunqur al-Ashqar
Lajin
Egyptian mamluk and historian (died 1325)
1325) was a mamluk (slave soldier) in the service of sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun. He bore the nisba locative surname al-Khit'ai ("from Khitai"), suggesting
Baybars_al-Mansuri
Al-Malik al-Kamil
Al-Kamil Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Kamil Sha'ban, was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt between August 1345 and January
Al-Kamil_Sha'ban
Science and religion lecturer
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Shoaib_Ahmed_Malik
10th-century Islamic scholar
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Abu_Muhammad_al-Juwayni
Calendar year
them and Qalawun now obtains legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with Crusader states. October – Qalawun orders a
1290
Egyptian palace
palace Location Cairo, Egypt History Founder Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun Built 1330–1337 Built for (amir) Sayf al-Din Qawsun ibn Abdullah an-Nasiri
Palace_of_Yashbak
Islamic title
Baibars (r. 1260–1277) Al-Said Barakah (r. 1277–1279) Solamish (r. 1279) Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) Al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293) An-Nasir Muhammad (1st reign:
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques
Turkic nomadic people in Eurasia
ancestry Gurandukht (wife of David IV of Georgia) Taj al-Din Khatun Al-Mansur Qalawun, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1279–1290) Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt
Kipchaks
District and plaza in old Cairo
former plaza, particularly in the Mamluk era. Structures such as Sultan Qalawun's mausoleum, hospital, and madrasa, a major monument of its time, not only
Bayn_al-Qasrayn
Crusader state in the Levant from 1099 to 1291
was powerless to oppose him. Baibars died in 1277 and was succeeded by Qalawun. In 1281 the ten-year truce expired and was renewed by Roger. Roger returned
Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Egyptian writer (born 1976)
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Osama_al-Azhari
Medieval castle in northwestern Syria
Sultan Qalawun. Under Sunqur, the castle became the administrative center of a small semi-independent emirate. In late 1286 and early 1287, Qalawun set out
Sahyun_Castle
1266 battle in Mari
marched on Cilician Armenia, led by Al-Mansur Ali and the Mamluk commander Qalawun. Hetoum I's two sons, Leo (the future king Leo II) and Thoros, led the
Battle_of_Mari
the lordship was formed in 1115, until it was seized by the Mamluks of Qalawun in 1289. Raymond of Agoult, before 1174 William Dorel, until 1174 Cecilia
Lordship_of_Botrun
12th century Hadith scholar and lexicographer
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Majd_ad-Dīn_Ibn_Athir
Empire based in Egypt and Syria
By the end of the 13th century, through the efforts of sultans Baybars, Qalawun (r. 1279–1290) and al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293), they conquered the
History of the Mamluk Sultanate
History_of_the_Mamluk_Sultanate
surveying that took place during the reign of the Sultan Al-Nasir Mahammad bin Qalawun. Al-Qalqashandi mentioned that the Al-Ruk al-Nasiri began in the year 716
Al-Ruk_al-Nasiri
Building style of 13th–16th century in the Middle East
architectural achievements of this period is the funerary complex of al-Mansur Qalawun (who reigned between 1279 and 1290), which was built in 1284–1285 over
Mamluk_architecture
13th-century Islamic scholar
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Ibn_al-Munayyir
Former canal in Cairo, Egypt
Sultan al-Ashraf Qaitbay Complex of Sultan al-Ghuri Complex of Sultan Qalawun Khanqah of Baybars II Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq Khanqah-Mausoleum of
Khalij_(Cairo)
Egyptian chancery scribe, poet and historian (1223–1293)
including three biographies of the early Mamluk sultans Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun and al-Ashraf Khalil. In addition, a diwan of his poetry survives, as does
Ibn_Abd_al-Zahir
where he exhorted the Mongols to intervene in the Holy Land. In 1285, Qalawun blackmailed Bohemond VII into destroying the last fortifications of the
Barthélémy_de_Maraclée
Latter period of the Crusades
Europe at the news of his death. His successor was an emir named al-Mansûr Qalawun who would soon turn his attention from intrigue in Cairo to attack the
Crusades after the fall of Acre, 1291–1399
Crusades_after_the_fall_of_Acre,_1291–1399
Period of cultural flourishing from 786 to 1258
endowment, a 13th-century governor of Egypt Al-Mansur Qalawun ordained a foundation for the Qalawun hospital that would contain a mosque and a chapel, separate
Islamic_Golden_Age
Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1294–1296)
purchased by Qalawun and became one of his Mamluks then later Qalawun manumitted him and granted him the rank of Emir. During the reign of Qalawun's son Sultan
Al-Adil_Kitbugha
Church in Cairo, Egypt
century the area contained ten Coptic churches, but during the rule of Qalawun on 18 February 1280, the churches were destroyed by Muslims who persecuted
Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral
Saint_Mark's_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral
British historian (1918–2006)
(1983) and Early Mamluk diplomacy (1260 - 1290): Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian rulers (1995). A general history of the Near East, The Age
Peter_Holt_(historian)
Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt
Al-Muzaffar Sayf ad-Din Hajji ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Muzaffar Hajji, (1331–December 1347) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt.
Al-Muzaffar_Hajji
14th-century Egyptian poet
October 14, 1366 (8 Safar 768 AH), and is buried in the Qalawun cemetery of Al-Mansur Qalawun. Ibn Nubāta was a seminal writer in the development of the
Ibn_Nubata
12th-century Islamic scholar
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Ibn_Raslan
City in Lebanon
ceased to exist in 1289, when it was captured by the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Qalawun. The mid-twelfth century earthquake led to the death of many Jews in Tripoli
Tripoli,_Lebanon
Ancient city in central Syria
Issa bin Muhanna of the Al Fadl was appointed lord of Palmyra by sultan Qalawun. Issa was succeeded in 1284 by his son Muhanna bin Issa who was imprisoned
Palmyra
Mosque in Damascus, Syria
Mamluk sultans al-Mansur Qalawun and al-Nasir Muhammad in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as the richly decorated mihrab of Qalawun's mausoleum in Cairo (completed
Umayyad_Mosque
Sultan of Egypt from 1259 to 1260
ten years before the battle, the Bahariyya Mamluks (Qutuz, Baibars and Qalawun) led Egypt against the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France. The
Qutuz
Status held by the rulers of Egypt, 1174–1922
Kipchak Turk Son of Qalawun. 9th Al-Malik an-Nasir Nasir ad-Din Muhammad 14 December 1293 December 1294 Kipchak Turk Son of Qalawun. First reign. 10th
Sultan_of_Egypt
Battle between Egyptian Sultanate and Kingdom of Makuria in Nubia
Dongola (1276). Qalawun entrusted the task of commanding the army to Izz al-Din al-Kawrani, whom he trusted in his military ability. Qalawun informed al-Kawrani
Fourth_battle_of_Dongola
Calendar year
Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos). March – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Latakia, last remnant of the Principality of Antioch
1287
Healthcare center in the Islamic World
Cairo, built under the orders of the Mamluk ruler of Egypt, Al-Mansur Qalawun. Its maximum capacity was around 8000 people and the annual endowment alone
Bimaristan
Supposed burial place of Aaron, the brother of Moses
renewal, in 719 AH (1319/1320 CE), by Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, son of Qalawun. The shrine was adopted as sacred for Islam from the time of the Muslim
Tomb_of_Aaron_(Jordan)
City in Adana Province of Turkey
and damaged by the Egyptian Mamluks led by Baibars. al-Said Barakah sent Qalawun to attack the city in 1277, but in 1375, Sis was taken and demolished by
Kozan,_Adana
One hundred years, from 1201 to 1300
1289: The County of Tripoli falls to the Egyptian Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun. 1289: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that
13th_century
Calendar year
Wales, ordered by Edward I (Longshanks), is completed. February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son
1289
Country in the Horn of Africa (1270–1974)
succeeded by his son Yagbe'u Seyon, who wrote a letter the Mamluk Sultan, Qalawun asking him to allow the patriarch of Alexandria to send an abuna or metropolitan
Ethiopian_Empire
3rd Abbasid Caliph in Mamluk Cairo
of these armies the Caliph Al-Mustaqf and Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun. On the second Saturday of Ramadan, these armies met in Marj Al-Safar.
Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)
Egyptian writer and scholar of the Khalwati sufi order
(d. 635 AH) Al-Ashraf Musa (d. 635 AH) Qutuz (d. 658 AH) Al-Nasir ibn Qalawun (d. 741 AH) Emir Abdelkader al-Jazairi (d. 1300 AH) Omar al-Mukhtar (d
Abd_Allah_al-Sharqawi
Bohemond VII, Count of Tripoli. Following the victory of the Mamluk sultan Qalawun and his capture of Tripoli and the neighbouring cities of Le Boutron and
Peter_Embriaco
endowment, a 13th-century governor of Egypt Al Mansur Qalawun ordained a foundation for the Qalawun hospital that would contain a mosque and a chapel, separate
History_of_hospitals
Historic mosque in Medina, Saudi Arabia
enclosures around the tombs of Muhammad and of Fatima. in 1279 sultan Qalawun added a wooden dome over the tomb of the prophet, and rebuilt the south-western
Prophet's_Mosque
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