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Chemical compound
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain
Proline
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up proline in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Proline is an amino acid. Proline (data page) Proline or Pro-Line may also refer to: Proline FC, football
Proline_(disambiguation)
Arginine and proline metabolism is one of the central pathways for the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and proline from glutamate. The pathways
Arginine and proline metabolism
Arginine_and_proline_metabolism
Chemical compound
synthesized a racemic mixture of 4-hydroxyproline. Hydroxyproline differs from proline by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the gamma carbon atom
Hydroxyproline
Class of proteins
Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) are a class of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) containing several repeats of a short proline-rich sequence. Many
Proline_rich_protein
Small neuroactive peptide
Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a small neuroactive peptide that belongs to a group of bioactive 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) and is also known as
Cyclic_glycine-proline
In epigenetics, proline isomerization is the effect that cis-trans isomerization of the amino acid proline has on the regulation of gene expression. Similar
Proline isomerization in epigenetics
Proline_isomerization_in_epigenetics
Protein family
enzymology, a proline racemase (EC 5.1.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-proline ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } D-proline Hence
Proline_racemase
Class of organic chemistry reactions
Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area
Proline_organocatalysis
Reaction in organic chemistry
and Barbas-List reactions in organic chemistry are a family of proline-catalysed asymmetric aldol reactions. In the 1970s, two research groups
Proline-catalyzed aldol reactions
Proline-catalyzed_aldol_reactions
Experimental psychiatric medication
Lithium salicylate/L-proline cocrystal, LiProSal, LISPRO) is a form of lithium that combines lithium salicylate and the amino acid L-proline. The ionic cocrystal
Lithium_cocrystal
Enzyme
enzymology, proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) (EC 1.5.5.2, formerly EC 1.5.99.8) is an enzyme of the oxidoreductase family, active in the oxidation of L-proline to
Proline_dehydrogenase
Medical condition
acid proline is not broken down properly by the enzymes proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, causing a buildup of proline in the
Hyperprolinemia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRODH gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a mitochondrial proline
Proline_oxidase
Most abundant structural protein in animals
amino acid sequence are glycine-proline-X and glycine-X-hydroxyproline, where X is any amino acid other than glycine, proline or hydroxyproline. The table
Collagen
Enzyme
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase, commonly known as prolyl hydroxylase, is a member of the class of enzymes known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase
Procollagen-proline_dioxygenase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline-rich 12 (PRR12) is a protein of unknown function encoded by the gene PRR12. The Homo sapiens PRR12 gene is 34,785 base pairs long, contains 14
Proline-rich_12
Index of enzymes associated with the same name
Proline aminopeptidase may refer to: Prolyl aminopeptidase, an enzyme Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase, an enzyme This set index page lists enzyme articles associated
Proline_aminopeptidase
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
cysteine residues. Proline forms a cycle to the polypeptide backbone, and glycine is more flexible than other amino acids. Glycine and proline are strongly
Amino_acid
Method in organic chemistry
Covalent binding of substrate normally requires high catalyst loading (for proline-catalysis typically 20–30 mol%). Noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen-bonding
Organocatalysis
Proline 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.28) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-proline Fe(IV)=O Fe(II) cis-3-hydroxy-L-proline The
Proline_3-hydroxylase
Drug discovery
succinyl-L-proline. The optimal acyl chain length for mercaptoalkanoyl derivates of proline was found to be 3-mercaptopropanoyl-L-proline, 5 times greater
Discovery and development of ACE inhibitors
Discovery_and_development_of_ACE_inhibitors
Association football club in Uganda
Proline FC, or short Proline, is a Ugandan professional football based in Kampala, currently competing in the Ugandan regional leagues. The team was founded
Proline_FC
Organic compound
imino acids. Also the direct biosynthetic precursor to the amino acid proline is the imino acid (S)-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). Secondary amino
Imino_acid
Chemical compound
known as testosterone 17β-(1-((5-(aminosulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-L-proline), is an androgen and anabolic steroid which is under development by Evestra
EC586
Chemical compound
two naturally occurring milk peptides: isoleucine-proline-proline (IPP) and valine-proline-proline (VPP). These lactotripeptides are derived from casein
Lactotripeptides
Chemical compound
Nitrosoproline is a nitroso derivative of the amino acid proline. v t e
Nitrosoproline
Chemical compound
into proline. L-P5C + NADH H+ H+ L-proline + NAD+ In proline degradation, the enzyme proline dehydrogenase produces P5C from proline, and
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic_acid
D-proline dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.13, D-Pro DH, D-Pro dehydrogenase, dye-linked D-proline dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name D-proline:acceptor
D-proline_dehydrogenase
Class of enzymes
metabolism of arginine and proline. However, recent data show that it is unlikely since neither 4-oxo-L-proline nor cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline are metabolites of
4-oxoproline_reductase
Human gene and protein
Proline-Rich Protein 23A is a protein that is encoded by the Proline-Rich 23A (PRR23A) gene. The human PRR23A gene is on chromosome 3 at position 3q23
PRR23A
Enzyme
interconvert the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds with the amino acid proline. Proline has an unusually conformationally restrained peptide bond due to its
Prolyl_isomerase
Set of biochemical processes
α-ketoglutarate family of amino acid synthesis (synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) begins with α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the Citric
Amino_acid_synthesis
name of this enzyme class is L-proline:NAD(P)+ 5-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include proline oxidase, L-proline oxidase, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_reductase
Asymmetric catalyst derived from proline
derived from proline. It finds many uses in organic reactions such as the CBS reduction, Diels-Alder reactions and (3+2) cycloadditions. Proline, a naturally
CBS_catalyst
L-proline amide hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.101, S-stereoselective piperazine-2-tert-butylcarboxamide hydrolase, LaaA, L-amino acid amidase) is an enzyme with
L-proline_amide_hydrolase
Index of enzymes associated with the same name
L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase may refer to: Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase Procollagen-proline dioxygenase Proline 3-hydroxylase This
L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase
L-proline,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen_oxidoreductase
Class of enzymes
Hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.29, HIF hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name hypoxia-inducible factor-L-proline, 2-oxoglutarate:oxygen
Hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase
Hypoxia-inducible_factor-proline_dioxygenase
Organic compound
is an organic compound with the formula C10H14N2O2. It is made of two proline amino acids. Cycloprolylproline is found naturally in the fungus Aspergillus
Cycloprolylproline
Amino acids containing a secondary amine
can be classified to cyclic acids, such as proline, and acyclic N-substituted amino acids. In nature, proline, hydroxyproline, pipecolic acid and sarcosine
Secondary_amino_acid
In enzymology, a D-proline reductase (dithiol) (EC 1.21.4.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5-aminopentanoate + lipoate ⇌ {\displaystyle
D-proline_reductase_(dithiol)
Human neurodegenerative disease
effects seen in patients. The P102L mutation, which causes a substitution of proline to a leucine in codon 102, has been found in the prion protein gene (PRNP
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome
Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRH2 gene. ENSG00000275679, ENSG00000272803 GRCh38: Ensembl release
Proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 2
Proline-rich_protein_HaeIII_subfamily_2
Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens
Splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFPQ gene. SFPQ has been shown to interact with PTBP1, NONO
SFPQ
Form of milk produced immediately following the delivery of newborn
system, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, complement, and proline-rich polypeptides (PRP). A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides
Colostrum
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline rich 35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRR35 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000161992 – Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed
PRR35
Chemical compound
non-proteinogenic amino acid involved in both the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine (via ornithine), as well as in the biosynthesis of antibiotics
Glutamate-5-semialdehyde
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline-rich membrane anchor 1, also known as PRiMA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRIMA1 gene. PRiMA functions to organize acetylcholinesterase
PRIMA1
Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-proline Fe(IV)=O Fe(II) 3-hydroxyproline The
Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase
Procollagen-proline_3-dioxygenase
Prodrug
ethyl ester, is promoted as a nootropic and is a prodrug of cyclic glycine-proline. Other names include the brand name Noopept (Russian: Ноопепт), developmental
Omberacetam
Class of enzymes
enzymology, a proline–tRNA ligase or proline—tRNA ligase (accepted enzyme name) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-proline + tRNAPro
Proline–tRNA_ligase
Organic ring compound (C4H4NH)
aminotransferase, followed by cyclisation by ornithine cyclodeaminase to form proline. Proline can be used as precursor of aromatic pyrroles in secondary natural
Pyrrole
Chemical compound
features a L-proline amino acid derivative linked through amide group with an eight-carbon aminothio sugar. The two units 4-propyl-L-proline and the amino-octose
Lincomycin
Intravenous medication used in anesthesia
Caesium D-Alanine D-Serine GABA Glycine Hypotaurine Ivermectin L-Alanine L-Proline L-Serine L-Threonine MDL-27531 Milacemide Picolinic acid Propofol Quisqualamine
Propofol
Chemical data page
Standard temperature and pressure. Reliability of data general note. ^a 205-702-2 EINECS for Proline ^a CID 6148988 from PubChem ^a CID 6137 from PubChem
Proline_(data_page)
Chemical reaction in organic chemistry
annulation products most often involve the use of a proline catalyst. Studies report the use of L-proline as well as several other chiral amines for use as
Robinson_annulation
Chemical compound
white solid. It arises in nature by dehydrogenation of the amino acid proline. It also arises by carboxylation of pyrrole. The ethyl ester of this acid
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic_acid
Class of enzymes
Prolyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.5, proline aminopeptidase, Pro-X aminopeptidase, cytosol aminopeptidase V, proline iminopeptidase) is an enzyme. This
Prolyl_aminopeptidase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, a critical step in the de novo biosynthesis of proline, ornithine and arginine. Mutations in this gene lead to hyperammonemia
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1
Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_18_family,_member_A1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline rich 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRR13 gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U
Proline_rich_13
Chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid
metabolism of fuels. Being a major degradative aminoacid pathway, lysine, proline and threonine are the only three amino acids that do not always undergo
Transamination
Type of protein secondary structure
protein secondary structure which occurs in proteins comprising repeating proline residues. A left-handed polyproline II helix (PPII, poly-Pro II, κ-helix)
Polyproline_helix
Colostrinin (also known as CLN, proline-rich polypeptides or PRP) is a mixture of proline-rich polypeptides extracted from colostrum from sheep and cows
Colostrinin
Chemical compound
(abbreviated Aze or Azc) is a plant non-protein amino acid homologue of proline with the molecular formula C4H7NO2. Aze is a heterocyclic, 4 membered ring
Azetidine-2-carboxylic_acid
Process in cheesemaking
Many of these elements are specific to the type of cheese. For instance, proline is more abundant in Emmental than in any other type of cheese and gives
Cheese_ripening
Pharmaceutical compound
(2). 2021. Prenetidum orenetide L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline GABAA receptor antagonist "Ovoca Bio shares plummet as female libido treatment
Orenetide
Visual representation of allowable protein conformations
combinations of ψ and φ (see Pro plot in gallery). The residue preceding proline ("pre-proline") also has limited combinations compared to the general case. The
Ramachandran_plot
Bass guitar line
produced from 1992 onwards the first Corvette models were called Corvette Proline and made in Germany. Later these configurations became the Corvette Standard
Warwick_Corvette
German chemist (born 1968)
induced by proline. The development is based on the Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction. Subsequently, he developed the first proline-catalyzed
Benjamin_List
Main protein structure of fibrous collagen
repetitious amino acid sequence glycine-X-Y, where X and Y are frequently proline or hydroxyproline. Collagen folded into a triple helix is known as tropocollagen
Collagen_helix
Chemical reaction which adds an –OH group to an organic compound
effects of oxygen. Proline hydroxylation is also a vital component of hypoxia response via hypoxia inducible factors. In some cases, proline may be hydroxylated
Hydroxylation
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline-rich protein 23C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the proline-rich 23C (PRR23C) gene. PRR23C Homo sapiens is located on the long arm of
PRR23C
Reaction in organic chemistry
amines, usually derived from proline. In the reaction between cyclohexanone and β-nitrostyrene sketched below, the base proline is derivatized and works in
Michael_addition_reaction
Protein structural motif
propagation. However, once the native turn does form, interactions between prolines and tryptophan residues (seen in image at right) in the region help to
Beta_hairpin
Pharmaceutical compound
potential of thymosin-beta4 and its derivative N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) in cardiac healing after infarction". American Journal of Cardiovascular
Ac-SDKP
Amino acid
Pseudoproline (also pseudo-proline, ψ-Pro) derivatives are artificially created dipeptides to minimize aggregation during Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of
Pseudoproline
Group of sports betting games
Sport Select, also known as Pro-Line or ProLine in Atlantic Canada, British Columbia, and Ontario, and Mise-O-Jeu in Quebec, is a group of sports betting
Sport_Select
Amino acids not naturally encoded in the genome
levo conformation, with the exception of glycine, which is achiral, and proline, whose amine group is a secondary amine and is consequently frequently
Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids
Amino acids required in diet since they can not be synthesized in body
catabolic distress. These six are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline, and tyrosine. Six amino acids are non-essential (dispensable) in humans
Essential_amino_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline rich 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRR11 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000068489 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl
Proline_rich_11
chemical reaction 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid + NADH H+ H+ L-proline + NAD+ The three substrates of this enzyme are 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic
Pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase
Pyrroline-2-carboxylate_reductase
Enzyme
5-oxo-L-proline + 2 H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-oxo-L-proline, and
5-oxoprolinase (ATP-hydrolysing)
5-oxoprolinase_(ATP-hydrolysing)
Medical condition
when oxygen is present due to the post translational hydroxylation of two proline residues within the HIF1α protein. pVHL is an E3 ligase that ubiquitinates
Von_Hippel–Lindau_disease
Seed of the coffee plant
acids). Further, diketopiperazines, e.g. cyclo(proline-proline), cyclo(proline-leucine), and cyclo(proline-isoleucine), are generated from the corresponding
Coffee_bean
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline rich 5 like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRR5L gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135362 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38:
Proline_rich_5_like
Pharmaceutical compound
Sung J, Ju SY, Park S, Jung WK, Je JY, Lee SJ (August 2025). "Lysine-Proline-Valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation
KPV_tripeptide
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Proline rich 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRR9 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000203783 – Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl
PRR9
Ugandan footballer (born 1993)
From 2011 up to 2014 Yusuf Mukisa played for Proline FC as a defender. After the 2013/2014 season Proline FC was relegated, Yusuf was released and later
Yusuf_Mukisa
Mexican surfer (born 2002)
World Tour Sponsors Quiksilver, TPatterson Surfboards, Oakley, Futures, Proline, Nixon Major achievements 2023 ISA World Surfing Games Champion 1x US Open
Alan_Cleland
Ugandan footballer (born 1995)
University, Kampala City Council, Proline FC, Al Nasr and currently in Jomo Cosmos FC in South Africa. He joined Proline FC in 2016 from Kampala City Council
Daniel_Isiagi_Opolot
chemical reaction L-ornithine ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } L-proline + NH4+ This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically ammonia
Ornithine_cyclodeaminase
Proline-rich protein 30 (PRR30 or C2orf53) is a protein in humans that is encoded for by the PRR30 gene. PRR30 is a member in the family of Proline-rich
Proline-rich_protein_30
Protein domain
Apart from binding preferentially to proteins that are proline-rich, with particular proline-motifs, [AP]-P-P-[AP]-Y, some WW domains bind to phosphoserine-
WW_domain
Reaction in organic chemistry
the enolizable ketone or aldehyde has a substituent at the α-position, proline and similar-amino acid organocatalysts may be used to achieve the Mannich
Mannich_reaction
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(angiotensin-1-7 with c-terminal proline substituted for D-Ala), or D-Pro (angiotensin-1-7 with c-terminal proline submitted for D-proline). Mas1 proto-oncogene
MAS1
Ugandan footballer (born 1997)
for Erith and Belvedere F.C., Cranes United FC, Kampala City Council, Proline Football Club and currently in Bright Stars FC. While in Hope Doves he
Nelson_Senkatuka
Class of enzymes
is involved in the ultimate formation of the non-essential amino acid proline from the amino acid ornithine. Ornithine aminotransferase forms the initial
Ornithine_aminotransferase
Type of dihedral angle
Heffernan R, Paliwal K, Yang Y, Zhou Y (August 2018). "Detecting Proline and Non-Proline Cis Isomers in Protein Structures from Sequences Using Deep Residual
Torsion_angle
Family of digestive enzymes
either is bound to a C-terminal proline, although large-scale mass spectrometry data suggest cleavage occurs even with proline. Trypsin is considered an endopeptidase
Trypsin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
humans is encoded by the TMEM171 gene. TMEM171 is also known as PRP2 or proline-rich protein 2. It has 11,526 base pairs and 4 exons and is located on
TMEM171
PROLINE
PROLINE
PROLINE
PROLINE
Boy/Male
Muslim
Name of a lion
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Mirror
Girl/Female
English
Hardy tree.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian, Czechoslovakian, French, German, Hebrew, Latin, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish
God is My Strength; God's Able-bodied One; Heroine of God; Female Version of Gabriel
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Boy/Male
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Indian, Sanskrit
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PROLINE
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PROLINE