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File transfer protocol
The Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol for distributing files from a central server across a peer-to-peer network
Peer Distributed Transfer Protocol
Peer_Distributed_Transfer_Protocol
Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture
Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed computing or networking architecture in which participants share part of their own resources
Peer-to-peer
Transmission of computer files
Secure Shell (SSH) protocol HTTP can support file transfer BitTorrent, Gnutella and other distributed file transfers systems use peer-to-peer In Systems Network
File_transfer
Content-addressable, peer-to-peer hypermedia distribution protocol
InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a protocol, hypermedia and file sharing peer-to-peer network for sharing data using a distributed hash table to store provider
InterPlanetary_File_System
Peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
BitTorrent is a communication protocol for peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P), which enables users to distribute data and electronic files over the Internet
BitTorrent
This article lists communication protocols that are designed for file transfer over a telecommunications network. Protocols for shared file systems—such as
Comparison of file transfer protocols
Comparison_of_file_transfer_protocols
Peer-to-peer file-sharing protocol
Transport Protocol (μTP, sometimes uTP) is an open User Datagram Protocol-based (UDP-based) variant of the BitTorrent peer-to-peer file-sharing protocol intended
Micro_Transport_Protocol
Protocol for distributed hash table
In computing, Chord is a protocol and algorithm for a peer-to-peer distributed hash table. A distributed hash table stores key-value pairs by assigning
Chord_(peer-to-peer)
Protocol Distributed Multi-Link Trunking Distributed Split Multi-Link Trunking DTP Dynamic Trunking Protocol Econet Ethernet FDDI Fiber Distributed Data
List of network protocols (OSI model)
List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)
underlying protocol layers which meet the requirements described in the specification are possible. Comparison of file transfer protocols Internet protocol suite
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
Application layer protocol
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol suite for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
HTTP
Distributed file system protocol
Network File System (NFS) is a distributed file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer
Network_File_System
Type of cyber-attack
services and those that flood services. The most serious attacks are distributed. A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack occurs when multiple systems flood
Denial-of-service_attack
File-sharing server
Modern BitTorrent clients may implement a distributed hash table and the peer exchange protocol to discover peers without trackers; however, trackers are
BitTorrent_tracker
Authentication protocol for the point-to-point protocol
Protocol (LEAP) method was developed by Cisco Systems prior to the IEEE ratification of the 802.11i security standard. Cisco distributed the protocol
Extensible Authentication Protocol
Extensible_Authentication_Protocol
Networking protocol for clock synchronization
The protocol is usually described in terms of a client–server model, but can as easily be used in peer-to-peer relationships where both peers consider
Network_Time_Protocol
Protocol for high-speed data transfers
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT), is a high-performance data transfer protocol designed for transferring large volumetric datasets over high-speed
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol
UDP-based_Data_Transfer_Protocol
Peer-to-peer Internet platform for censorship-resistant communication
mid-2023: Freenet) is a peer-to-peer platform for censorship-resistant, anonymous communication. It uses a decentralized distributed data store to keep and
Hyphanet
Unit of information transmitted over a computer network
telecommunications, a protocol data unit (PDU) is a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network. It is composed of protocol-specific
Protocol_data_unit
Computer network protocol
The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open standard application layer protocol for message-oriented middleware. The defining features of AMQP
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol
Multi-source interconnected computing
Distributed data store Distributed file system Distributed computing Peer-to-peer Balda, Braveem (April 2015). "Security Enhancement in Distributed Networking"
Distributed_networking
Model of communication of seven abstraction layers
exchange of protocol data units (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as peer-to-peer networking (also known as peer-to-peer communication)
OSI_model
Computer file operation
the context of sending files between distributed clients, such as with a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing protocol like BitTorrent, the term file sharing
Upload
Communications protocol for message-oriented middleware
signalling for VoIP, video, file transfer, gaming and other uses. Unlike most commercial instant messaging protocols, XMPP is defined in an open standard
XMPP
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
Freenet/Hyphanet is a censorship-resistant distributed data store. I2P is an anonymous peer-to-peer distributed communication layer designed to run any traditional
I2P
Internet ecosystem layer that addresses bottlenecks
swarming peer-to-peer content delivery" (PDF). In Boutaba, Raouf; et al. (eds.). NETWORKING 2005 -- Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance
Content_delivery_network
Highest layer of network communication models
Messenger Protocol POP, Post Office Protocol PNRP, Peer Name Resolution Protocol RDP, Remote Desktop Protocol RELP, Reliable Event Logging Protocol RFB, Remote
Application_layer
This is a list of the IP protocol numbers found in the 8-bit Protocol field of the IPv4 header and the 8-bit Next Header field of the IPv6 header. It is
List_of_IP_protocol_numbers
Concept in computer science
read/write to the files. Many peer-to-peer online real-time strategy games use a modified lockstep protocol as a consensus protocol in order to manage game
Consensus_(computer_science)
BitTorrent-related file format
bandwidth. The torrent protocol addresses this by decentralizing the distribution, leveraging the ability of people to network "peer-to-peer", among themselves
Torrent_file
Private network of connections between trusted peers
customized communication protocol. Two typical darknet types are social networks (usually used for file hosting with a peer-to-peer connection), and anonymity
Darknet
Software architecture
There are three client–server models for the design of distributed applications: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) copies or moves whole files or database tables
Distributed Data Management Architecture
Distributed_Data_Management_Architecture
Large peer-to-peer network by Nullsoft
Gnutella is a peer-to-peer network protocol. Founded in 2000, it was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later
Gnutella
System for exchanging messages between computing systems
communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information. The protocol defines the
Communication_protocol
Rules governing the functioning of cryptocurrency
The bitcoin protocol is the set of rules that govern the functioning of bitcoin. Its key components and principles are: a peer-to-peer decentralized network
Bitcoin_protocol
Peer-to-peer web-based torrent client
YouTube Instant, WebTorrent implements the BitTorrent protocol using WebRTC for peer-to-peer data transfer, allowing users to download and stream torrents without
WebTorrent
The Genealogy Network Transfer Protocol (GNTP) is an unfinished protocol for a peer-to-peer genealogy network that was not completed because of resource
GNTP
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
trusted peers — sometimes called friends (F2F) — using non-standard protocols and ports. Darknets are distinct from other distributed peer-to-peer networks
Computer_network
Computer network protocol for file sharing
Direct Connect (DC) is a peer-to-peer file sharing protocol. Direct Connect clients connect to a central hub and can download files directly from one another
Direct_Connect_(protocol)
Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
top of TCP. Today, TCP remains a core protocol for most Internet communication, ensuring reliable data transfer across diverse networks. TCP is connection-oriented
Transmission_Control_Protocol
This is a glossary of jargon related to peer-to-peer file sharing via the BitTorrent protocol. BitTorrent at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from
Glossary_of_BitTorrent_terms
Computer network with multiple nodes to store information
Examples of limited distributed databases are Google's Bigtable, which is much more than a distributed file system or a peer-to-peer network, Amazon's Dynamo
Distributed_data_store
Decentralised video hosting network
developer known as Chocobozzz as a peer-to-peer alternative to YouTube, initially utilizing the WebTorrent protocol to share videos. He was contacted in
PeerTube
Data distribution using P2P networking technology
Peer-to-peer file sharing is the distribution and sharing of digital media using peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technology. P2P file sharing allows users
Peer-to-peer_file_sharing
Type of data structure
file system (to counter data degradation); Dat protocol; Apache Wave protocol; Git and Mercurial distributed revision control systems (although, strictly
Merkle_tree
Global system of connected computer networks
global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network
Internet
designed for peer-to-peer file sharing using the BitTorrent protocol. The BitTorrent protocol coordinates segmented file transfer among peers connected in
Comparison of BitTorrent clients
Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients
System to identify resources on a network
and distributed name service that provides a naming system for computers, services, and other resources on the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP)
Domain_Name_System
Modular network stack and open-source library
layer. When a peer initiates a new stream to another peer, libp2p uses a mechanism called multistream-select. The peer proposes a protocol identifier (e
Libp2p
Repository within Usenet
facilitated by the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) which allows connection to Usenet servers and data transfer over the internet. Similar to another
Usenet_newsgroup
Protocol for use with Bitcoin transactions
open-source, decentralized peer-to-peer transaction protocol built on top of WEB 2.0. Despite being created to be a protocol for monetary transactions
Colored_Coins
Computer science debate
ability to transfer data between points or nodes. As more of these networks emerged in the mid to late 1970s, the debate about communication protocols became
Protocol_Wars
Peer-to-peer file sharing company
"Swoosh network" or Distributed Network.[citation needed] Red Swoosh utilizes a proprietary, peer-to-peer (P2P) file distribution protocol designed for bandwidth
Red_Swoosh
Computer network built on top of another network
physical links, in the underlying network. For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks are overlay networks because their nodes form
Overlay_network
Hash based data structure
Kademlia is a distributed hash table for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks designed by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières in 2002. It specifies
Kademlia
American engineer
peer discovery and peer membership protocols for accessing peer-to-peer platform resources on a network] [US Patent 7,127,613 - Secured peer-to-peer network
William_Yeager
Web browser software
third-party server. All files and websites are transferred using Dat, a hypermedia peer-to-peer protocol, which allows files to be shared and hosted by
Beaker_(web_browser)
Computer resource made available from one host to other hosts on a computer network
not be confused with file transfer using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), or the Bluetooth IRDA OBject EXchange (OBEX) protocol. Shared access involves
Shared_resource
Free Voice-over-IP software
Blink is a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) client distributed under the Blink license (GNU GPLv3 with an exception to permit the inclusion of commercial
Blink_(SIP_client)
Instant messaging client
WASTE is a peer-to-peer and friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features instant messaging
WASTE
Peer-to-peer distributed application
An anonymous P2P communication system is a peer-to-peer distributed application in which the nodes, which are used to share resources, or participants
Anonymous_P2P
Scheme where multiple sites share a precise reference time or frequency
satellite time and frequency transfer Network methods: Network Time Protocol Precision Time Protocol In a one-way time transfer system, one end transmits
Time_and_frequency_transfer
Peer-to-peer network
The Kad network is a peer-to-peer (P2P) network which implements the Kademlia P2P overlay protocol. The majority of users on the Kad Network are also
Kad_network
Proprietary file sharing between Apple devices
point. The technical details of AirDrop and the proprietary peer-to-peer Wi-Fi protocol called Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL) have been reverse engineered
AirDrop
Software projects developed at universities
Boston) Ceph – distributed object, block, and file storage platform (UC Santa Cruz) Chord – peer-to-peer distributed hash table protocol (MIT) Dataverse
List of software developed at universities
List_of_software_developed_at_universities
Peer-to-peer file sharing application
software, where users distributed it without authorization. LimeWire uses the gnutella network as well as the BitTorrent protocol. On October 26, 2010
LimeWire
Networking features introduced in Windows Vista
includes significant peer-to-peer support with the introduction of new APIs and protocols. A new version of the Peer Name Resolution Protocol (PNRP v2), as well
Windows Vista networking technologies
Windows_Vista_networking_technologies
Distributed data store for digital transactions
by a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a public distributed ledger, where nodes collectively adhere to a consensus algorithm protocol to add
Blockchain
Data transfer program by Samsung and Google
Quick Share is a wireless peer-to-peer data transfer service for Android, ChromeOS and Windows. Originally developed by Samsung Electronics for its own
Quick_Share
Method of database replication
continue to update the database. Distributed access: Masters can be located in several physical sites, i.e. distributed across the network. Consistency:
Multi-master_replication
SFC—System File Checker SFTP—Secure File Transfer Protocol SFTP—Simple File Transfer Protocol SFTP—SSH File Transfer Protocol SGI—Silicon Graphics, Incorporated
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Payment protocol for Bitcoin
The Lightning Network (LN) is a payment protocol built on the bitcoin blockchain. It is intended to enable fast transactions among participating nodes
Lightning_Network
Peer to peer web hosting
computing Distributed data store Distributed hash table Filecoin Freenet I2P Tor InterPlanetary File System Kademlia Namecoin OpenBazaar Peer-to-peer web hosting
ZeroNet
Digital storage media command and control
parts of the system. The distributed object model is based on CORBA. Objects are accessed using the internet inter-ORB protocol (IIOP), with some optional
DSM_CC
Radio nodes organized in a mesh topology
of military protocols. See mobile ad hoc network § Army tactical MANETs. Electric smart meters now being deployed on residences, transfer their readings
Wireless_mesh_network
Network service attack performed by multiple fake identities
validation authority a prime target for attack. Protocols using threshold cryptography can potentially distribute the role of such a validation authority among
Sybil_attack
Wireless networking standard in development
support for BPSK and QPSK modulation. Distributed-tone Resource Units (DRUs) use a separate OFDM tone plan with distributed OFDM subcarriers. Specifically,
Wi-Fi_8
Proprietary networking architecture created by IBM
1974. It is a complete protocol stack for interconnecting computers and their resources. SNA describes formats and protocols but, in itself, is not a
Systems_Network_Architecture
Standard in building automation
permit the binding of parts of a distributed application in different nodes; A communication system with a message protocol and models for the communication
KNX
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network, such as the Internet. The protocol is widely used in applications
Transport_Layer_Security
Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering, such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol (FTP) sites via UUCP or mail. Finally, routing
History_of_the_Internet
Streaming communications protocol
adaptive bitrate streaming communications protocol developed by Apple Inc. and released in 2009. Support for the protocol is widespread in media players, web
HTTP_Live_Streaming
Design principle for computer networking
communications method History of the Internet Peer-to-peer – Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture Protocol Wars – Computer science debate The
End-to-end_principle
Distributed version control software system
and protocols Repositories can be published via Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Git
Event-driven network programming framework
instance. The logical protocol is informed of the transport layer instance, and can use it to send messages back and to check for the peer's identity. Note that
Twisted_(software)
Using multiple network connections in parallel to increase capacity and reliability
802.3ax (802.1AX) task force was formed, resulting in the formal transfer of the protocol to the 802.1 group with the publication of IEEE 802.1AX-2008 on
Link_aggregation
Practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information
networks, Internet-based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer-to-peer networking. File sharing technologies, such as BitTorrent, are
File_sharing
Application running at the network layer and above
often implemented using a client–server or peer-to-peer architecture based on application layer network protocols. Each service is usually provided by a server
Network_service
Intentional sharing of corrupted or malicious data in torrent programs
BitTorrent protocol. This practice of uploading fake torrents is sometimes carried out by anti-infringement organisations as an attempt to prevent the peer-to-peer
Torrent_poisoning
Open standard processor interconnection for data centers
interface and includes PCIe-based block input/output protocol (CXL.io) and new cache-coherent protocols for accessing system memory (CXL.cache) and device
Compute_Express_Link
Worldwide computer-based distributed discussion system
explanatory page adds: In addition, Google’s Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) server and associated peering will no longer be available, meaning Google will
Usenet
Collection of compromised internet-connected devices controlled by a third party
communication channels formed by network protocols, such as Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Operating, building, or using
Botnet
Mail sent using electronic means
message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), to send the message content to the local
WebSocket subprotocol registered at IANA
to achieve some goals of other protocols: Full object passing like CORBA. Data synchronization like DDP. Peer-to-peer communication like ZeroMQ. Multi-media
Web Application Messaging Protocol
Web_Application_Messaging_Protocol
Internet protocol
The name alludes to the garlic plant, whose multi-layered structure this protocol resembles. "Garlic routing" was coined by Michael J. Freedman in Roger
Garlic_routing
Roman (2019). Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol (PDF) (Technical report). Springer. Retrieved October 25, 2020. "cardano-node
List_of_cryptocurrencies
Temporary context for interactive information interchange
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is stateless. Session management is the technique used by the web developer to make the stateless HTTP protocol support
Session_(computer_science)
unpaid sources for all of these, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Discretion is needed, as some of these sources take
Sociology_of_the_Internet
Java application-programming interface
remote procedure calls (RPC), with support for direct transfer of serialized Java classes and distributed garbage-collection. The original implementation depends
Java_remote_method_invocation
envelope for encapsulating XML data to be transferred in an interoperable manner that allows for distributed extensibility. A convention for the content
XML_Protocol
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Scandinavian, Swedish
A Rock; Form of Peter; Stone
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Scandinavian, Swedish
Stone; A Rock; Form of Peter; Rock
Surname or Lastname
Southern French (Péré)
Southern French (Péré) : topographic name from a variant of périer ‘pear tree’.Catalan : from the personal name Pere, Catalan equivalent of Peter.English : variant of Pear 1.Hungarian : from the old secular personal name Pere, Pöre.
Male
Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian form of Greek Petros, PEDER means "rock, stone."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Dear.Scottish : habitational name from (Old and New) Deer in Aberdeenshire.Hungarian : variant of Dér, from the secular personal name.
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Latin Petrus, PER means "rock, stone."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Pearce.North German : patronymic from Peer.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Distribute Love
Male
Welsh
Welsh form of Greek Petros, PEDR means "rock, stone."
Male
Swedish
Swedish pet form of Greek Petros, PEHR means "rock, stone."
Boy/Male
German Scandinavian Muslim
A rock. Form of Peter.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
One who Distributes
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, German, Dutch, etc.
English, Scottish, German, Dutch, etc. : from the personal name Peter (Greek Petros, from petra ‘rock’, ‘stone’). The name was popular throughout Christian Europe in the Middle Ages, having been bestowed by Christ as a byname on the apostle Simon bar Jonah, the brother of Andrew. The name was chosen by Christ for its symbolic significance (John 1:42, Matt. 16:18); St. Peter is regarded as the founding head of the Christian Church in view of Christ’s saying, ‘Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my Church’. In Christian Germany in the early Middle Ages this was the most frequent personal name of non-Germanic origin until the 14th century. This surname has also absorbed many cognates in other languages, for example Czech Petr, Hungarian Péter. It has also been adopted as a surname by Ashkenazic Jews.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Distributor
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English pe(e)re ‘pear’ (Old English pere, peru, from Latin pirum), a metonymic occupational name for a grower or seller of pears, or a topographic name for someone who lived by a pear tree or pear orchard.English : nickname from Middle English pere ‘peer’, ‘companion’ (Old French pe(e)r, from Latin par ‘equal’).Jewish : Americanization of some like-sounding Ashkenazic surname; e.g. possibly a shortened form of a surname such as Pearl, Pearlman, or Pearlstein.
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Piers, PEERS means "rock, stone."
Boy/Male
Australian, Welsh
Rock; Stone; Welsh Form of Peter
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Pear.Dutch and North German : from a reduced form of the personal name Peter.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Geary 3.North German : from a personal name derived from gÄ“r, gÄr ‘spear’ (see Geary 2).Dutch : reduced form of van den Geer, a topographic name from geer ‘headland’.
Male
English
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, from a name for a "peddler, hawker," who drove a wagon, derived from the Middle English word traunter, TRANTER means "to convey."
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
One with Necklace of Bones
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Mighty
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Brahma's Daughter
Female
Swedish
Swedish variant form of Scandinavian Astrid, ASRID means "divine beauty."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Preferred; Chosen; Favoured
Female
German
Pet form of German Helene, possibly LENI means "torch."
Boy/Male
Tamil
Bright
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Triumphant; Derived from Victoria
Girl/Female
English
French Emmeline, which ultimately derives from the Old German 'amal' meaning labor.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Abhijith | அபீஜீதÂ
One who is victorious
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
PEER DISTRIBUTED-TRANSFER-PROTOCOL
v. i.
To look cautiously or slyly; to peer, as through a crevice; to pry.
a.
Wanting sense or seriousness; trifling; trivolous; as, leer words.
v. t.
To change into another substance; to transmute; as, the alchemists sought to transform lead into gold.
a.
Destitute of a rider; and hence, led, not ridden; as, a leer horse.
v. t. & i.
To transmute; to transform; to metamorphose.
n.
One who, or that which, distributes or deals out anything; a dispenser.
v. t.
To remove from one substance or surface to another; as, to transfer drawings or engravings to a lithographic stone.
v. t.
To dispense; to administer; as, to distribute justice.
n.
The person to whom a transfer in made.
v. t.
To convey from one place or person another; to transport, remove, or cause to pass, to another place or person; as, to transfer the laws of one country to another; to transfer suspicion.
a.
Tending to distribute or be distributed; that distributes; distributive.
v. t.
To transfer or transform the nature of.
imp. & p. p.
of Distribute
v. t.
To entice with a leer, or leers; as, to leer a man to ruin.
n.
A peer.
v. i.
To look narrowly or curiously or intently; to peep; as, the peering day.
v. i.
To peep; to glance obliquely; to leer.
prep.
Through; by means of; through the agency of; by; for; for each; as, per annum; per capita, by heads, or according to individuals; per curiam, by the court; per se, by itself, of itself. Per is also sometimes used with English words.
n.
A nobleman; a member of one of the five degrees of the British nobility, namely, duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron; as, a peer of the realm.
n.
The skin or rind; as, the peel of an orange.