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Water-oxidizing enzyme in photosynthesis
The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), also known as the water-splitting complex, is the active site of a water-oxidizing enzyme involved in the photo-oxidation
Oxygen-evolving_complex
First protein complex in light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis
addition of an oxygen molecule designated O6 between Mn1 and Mn4, suggesting that this may be the site on the oxygen evolving complex, where oxygen is produced
Photosystem_II
Coordination complex containing an oxo ligand
of tungsten mirrors that of molybdenum. The active site for the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) is a Mn4O5Ca centre with several
Transition_metal_oxo_complex
Structural units of protein involved in photosynthesis
the oxygen-evolving complex and ultimately from water. Kok's S-state diagram shows the reactions of water splitting in the oxygen-evolving complex. PSII
Photosystem
The oxygen evolving complex in photosynthesis is the premier example. There is no interest in generating oxygen by water oxidation since oxygen is readily
Water_oxidation_catalysis
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models". Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models Based in part on the article Manganese: Oxygen-Evolving Complex &
Manganese
Chemical reaction
cytochromes, and plastocyanin. Oxidized photosystem II oxidizes the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), which converts water into O2 and protons. Since the active
Water_splitting
Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)
catalyzed by a manganese-containing enzyme complex known as the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) or water-splitting complex found associated with the lumenal side
Oxygen
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion; this oxygen-evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents
Photosynthesis
German chemist and biophysicist
photosynthetic reaction centres, hydrogenase enzymes, and the oxygen-evolving complex using a variety of biophysical techniques. He has been recognized
Wolfgang_Lubitz
absorbed by the manganese ions of the oxygen-evolving complex triggers inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex. Further inhibition of the remaining
Photoinhibition
Generation of molecular oxygen through a biochemical or chemical reaction
cofactor contained in photosystem II, known as the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) or the water-splitting complex. Manganese is an important cofactor, and calcium
Oxygen_evolution
Use of manganese by organisms
Manganese is also important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a part of photosystem II contained
Manganese_in_biology
Topics referred to by the same term
ensheathing cells, in animals Oxford English Corpus, in linguistics Oxygen evolving complex, in plants .OEC, a fluid physics software file format Odd Eye Circle
OEC
Essential elements required by organisms
species Examples of complexed proteins or structures used by plants B H3BO3 Rhamnogalacturonan II Cl Cl- Oxygen evolving complex Cu Cu2+ Ascorbate oxidase
Micronutrient
Electrochemical principle that enables cellular respiration
and oxygen by the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC, also known as WOC, or the water-oxidizing complex). To generate one molecule of diatomic oxygen, 10 photons
Chemiosmosis
Process used by obligate anaerobes
anoxygenic photosynthesis do not have a region analogous to the oxygen-evolving complex of PSII. The electron transport chain of purple non-sulfur bacteria
Anoxygenic_photosynthesis
American bioinorganic chemist
the function of non-heme iron enzymes, and the mechanism of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Kovacs completed her undergraduate degree at Michigan State
Julie_Kovacs
Topics referred to by the same term
catalysis, photogeochemical oxidation, and the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title
Photooxidation
Membrane enclosed compartments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
lumen of the thylakoids is also the site of water oxidation by the oxygen evolving complex associated with the lumenal side of photosystem II. Lumenal proteins
Thylakoid
Protein that contains a metal ion cofactor
hemoglobin. In metalloproteins, metal ions are usually coordinated by nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur centers belonging to amino acid residues of the protein. These
Metalloprotein
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
electrons in P680 are replenished by oxidizing water through the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). This results in release of O2 and H+ into the lumen, for
Electrochemical_gradient
Inorganic compound
heme-containing enzymes. It is used as an irreversible inhibitor of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosynthesis on account of its similar structure to water
Hydroxylamine
Artificial process that uses sunlight energy to drive chemical synthesis
catalysts. Water oxidation is a more complex chemical reaction than proton reduction. In nature, the oxygen-evolving complex performs this reaction by accumulating
Artificial_photosynthesis
Family of protein complexes
cofactors involved in the energy conversion process. The PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) provides electrons to re-reduce the PSII reaction center
Cytochrome_b559
catalyzed by a manganese-containing enzyme complex known as the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) or water-splitting complex found associated with the lumenal side
Dioxygen in biological reactions
Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions
American chemist
to synthesize a dimanganese complex where the Mn atoms had the same separation as that found in the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) while also having a similar
Vincent_L._Pecoraro
Photosystem II primary donor
oxidize water during oxygenic photosynthesis. P680+ recovers its lost electron by oxidizing water via the oxygen-evolving complex, which regenerates P680
P680
American scientist
spectrometer to study the molecular structure of the manganese-containing oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Understanding of the OEC could improve our understanding
R._David_Britt
hydroxide binds carbon dioxide: LnM−OH + CO2 ⇌ LnMO−O−CO2H The oxygen evolving complex (OEC) consists of a Mn-Ca-O-OH cluster that is responsible for
Transition metal hydroxide complexes
Transition_metal_hydroxide_complexes
Study of the role of metals in biology
react with oxygen is the oxygen evolving complex present in plants. This system is part of the complex protein machinery that produces oxygen as plants
Bioinorganic_chemistry
Advanced X-ray spectroscopy technique
"The Electronic Structure of Mn in Oxides, Coordination Complexes, and the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II Studied by Resonant Inelastic X-ray
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering
Resonant_inelastic_X-ray_scattering
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
or Great Oxygenation Event, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Revolution, Oxygen Crisis, or Oxygen Holocaust, was a time interval during the Earth's
Great_Oxidation_Event
Cluster of three or more metals
Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (May 2011). "Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å" (PDF). Nature. 473 (7345):
Metal_cluster_compound
significant, as it allowed for photosynthetic oxygen evolution of plants. The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is a critical component of photosystem II
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems
Evolution_of_metal_ions_in_biological_systems
Fourth era of the Archean Eon
developments in complex life and continental formation. This era saw the rise of oxygen in the atmosphere after oxygenic photosynthesis evolved in cyanobacteria
Neoarchean
Metalloprotein that binds with oxygen
Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transportation of oxygen in red blood cells. Almost all vertebrates contain hemoglobin, with the
Hemoglobin
Biogeochemical cycle
for plant growth, playing an essential role as a catalyst in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II, a photosynthetic pathway. Soil fungi in particular
Manganese_cycle
British-American chemist
Synthetic model of the asymmetric [Mn3CaO4] cubane core of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Mukherjee, S.; Stull, J. A.; Yano, J.; Stamatatos
George_Christou
German physicist
his collaborations have captured structural intermediates in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II during water oxidation. Stimulated X-ray emission
Uwe_Bergmann
Oxygen needed to remove organics from water
Biochemical oxygen demand (also known as BOD or biological oxygen demand) is an analytical parameter representing the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed
Biochemical_oxygen_demand
Hypothesis that complex extraterrestrial life is improbable and extremely rare
planet with oxygen producing photosynthesis should have complex life. The importance of Earth's magnetic field to the development of complex life has been
Rare_Earth_hypothesis
form, photosynthesis is adding water to CO2 to produce sugars and oxygen, but a complex chemical pathway is involved, facilitated along the way by a range
Evolution_of_photosynthesis
Records of Earth's development
enriching the atmosphere with oxygen. Life remained mostly small and microscopic until about 580 million years ago, when complex multicellular life arose,
History_of_Earth
Species of bacterium
cyanobacteria have evolved a number of mechanisms to ensure that oxygen doesn't interfere with the oxygen-sensitive enzyme complex responsible for nitrogen
Crocosphaera_watsonii
Organism that consists of more than one cell
have formed, but anything even as complex as a sponge would not have been possible. This theory suggests that the oxygen available in the atmosphere of early
Multicellular_organism
South Korean chemist (born 1948)
of Bis(μ-oxo)dimanganese(IV) [Mn2O2(salpn)2], a Model for the Oxygen Evolving Complex in Photosystem II". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132
Choy_Jin-ho
Australian-trained New Zealand chemistry academic
(1988). A new model for the oxygen-evolving complex in photosynthesis. A trinuclear. mu. 3-oxomanganese (III) complex which contains a. mu.-peroxo group
David_Weatherburn
Deep layer of the ocean between 4000 and 9000 meters
molecular oxygen, resulting in a death trap for organisms unable to quickly return to the oxygen-enriched water above or to survive in the low-oxygen environment
Abyssal_zone
Plastid protein involved in photosynthesis
cofactors involved in the energy conversion process. The PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) oxidises water to provide protons for use by PSI, and consists
Ycf9_protein_domain
Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
key nutrients and metals which prevented large, complex life with high energy requirements from evolving. Euxinic conditions would have also decreased the
Boring_Billion
Second era of the Phanerozoic Eon
break-up of Pangaea. The Mesozoic is the middle of the three eras since complex life evolved: the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic. The Mesozoic is commonly
Mesozoic
Scientific study
have reported a wide array of phenotypic and genotypic changes in the evolving populations. These have included changes that have occurred in all 12 populations
E. coli long-term evolution experiment
E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment
Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve; they use water as a reducing agent, thereby producing oxygen as a waste product. The oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved
Timeline_of_Earth
important active sites are still poorly defined. This includes the oxygen evolving complex and nitrogenase. In an effort to understand these enzymes, small
Enzyme_mimic
First era of the Phanerozoic Eon
are simple, sub-horizontal feeding traces. As more complex organisms evolved, their more complex behaviour was reflected in greater diversity and complexity
Paleozoic
2000 book by Peter Ward and Donald E. Brownlee
and survival of complex life rare as well. They also suggest that animal life, having taken hundreds of millions of years to evolve, unlike bacteria
Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe
Rare_Earth:_Why_Complex_Life_Is_Uncommon_in_the_Universe
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen. The hydrogen ions are used to react with carbon dioxide to produce complex organic compounds such as carbohydrates
Cyanobacteria
Period of major evolutionary diversification of animal life
support for oxygen as a driver of the Cambrian evolutionary radiation. The shortage of oxygen might well have prevented the rise of large, complex animals
Cambrian_explosion
Geologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
covers the time from the appearance of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere to just before the proliferation of complex life on the Earth during the Cambrian Explosion
Proterozoic
Organisms that use light and inorganic carbon to produce organic materials
performs oxygenic photosynthesis. Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria use PSI- and PSII-like photosystems, which are pigment protein complexes for capturing
Photoautotroph
Star in the constellation Sagittarius
Sagittarius, an extremely rare star on the WO oxygen sequence. It is a luminous and very hot star, highly evolved and close to exploding as a supernova. WR
WR_102
Aerobic respiration enzyme
site of oxygen reduction. Cytochrome c, which is reduced by the preceding component of the respiratory chain (cytochrome bc1 complex, Complex III), docks
Cytochrome_c_oxidase
American biophysicist and biochemist (1957–2021)
Maintains a Protonated Internal Water Network in the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolving Complex". ACS Publications. "Bridgette Barry Obituary - Sandy Springs,
Bridgette_Barry
Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell
consist mainly of hemoglobin, a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules (O2) in the lungs or
Red_blood_cell
Compound with a metal center bound to ligands
A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and
Coordination_complex
Atmosphere containing reducing agents
cellular activities, allowing life to thrive and evolve into ever more complex forms. The increased oxygen in the atmosphere also eventually created the
Reducing_atmosphere
Scientific hypothesis about Earth
self-regulating complex system involving the biosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrospheres and the pedosphere, tightly coupled as an evolving system. The hypothesis
Gaia_hypothesis
Species of cephalopod
total oxygen uptake. The octopus' respiratory pigment, hemocyanin, also assists in increasing oxygen uptake. Octopuses can maintain a constant oxygen uptake
Common_octopus
Equipment which allows the user to breathe at hypoxic altitudes
to breathe more effectively at an altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient atmospheric air is insufficient for the task or to sustain
High-altitude breathing apparatus
High-altitude_breathing_apparatus
Organ that allows fish to breathe underwater
organs that allow fish to breathe underwater. Most fish exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide using gills on both sides of the pharynx (throat). Gills
Fish_gill
Physiological responses to immersion of air-breathing vertebrates
conserve oxygen, release of red blood cells stored in the spleen, and, in humans, heart rhythm irregularities. Although aquatic animals have evolved profound
Diving_reflex
Complex where conversion of light energy to chemical energy takes place
the letter Z. Dioxygen in biological reactions (oxygen in biological processes) Light-harvesting complex Photosynthesis Photosystem Phycobilisome Photosynthetic
Photosynthetic reaction centre
Photosynthetic_reaction_centre
Chemical element with atomic number 26 (Fe)
to nitrogen (N2) and water to oxygen: 4 FeO2− 4 + 34 H 2O → 4 [Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 20 OH− + 3 O2 The pale-violet hexaquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]3+ is an acid such
Iron
First geological period of the Paleozoic Era
waters. There is a complex relationship between oxygen levels, the biogeochemistry of ocean waters, and the evolution of life. Newly evolved burrowing organisms
Cambrian
Chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen
reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as
Combustion
Astrobiological hypothesis regarding early photosynthetic organisms
waters and deep sea oxygen minimum zones, or adapt a symbiotic life among aerobes (whose colonies would sometimes consume enough free oxygen to create pockets
Purple_Earth_hypothesis
British-American chemist (born 1948)
March 1999). "A Functional Model for O-O Bond Formation by the O 2 -Evolving Complex in Photosystem II". Science. 283 (5407): 1524–1527. doi:10.1126/science
Robert_H._Crabtree
Metalloprotein
proteins, such as hemoglobin, occur in living organisms and function in oxygen transfer in cellular respiration.[citation needed] The globin is thought
Respiratory_pigment
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
believed that molecular oxygen was not a significant fraction of Earth's atmosphere until after photosynthetic life forms evolved and began to produce it
Precambrian
Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants
of the earth to one in which modern aerobic organisms eventually evolved. This oxygen liberated by cyanobacteria then oxidized dissolved iron in the oceans
Timeline_of_plant_evolution
featured much higher oxygen levels (up to 35%) that allowed larger insects, such as Meganeura, along with arachnids, to evolve. Insects were once believed
Respiratory_system_of_insects
United Launch Alliance second stage proposal that could be used as a propellant depot
The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) was a proposed liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen upper-stage produced by United Launch Alliance (ULA). During
Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage
Advanced_Cryogenic_Evolved_Stage
Microbiological and biochemical method for identification
bacterium contains cytochrome c oxidase (also known as Complex IV) and can therefore use oxygen for energy production by converting O2 to H2O2 or H2O with
Oxidase_test
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
single-celled, others have evolved various forms of multicellularity, ranging from simple colonies of cells to large, complex organisms like giant kelp
Protist
Respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen
respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2) in its electron transport chain. In aerobic organisms, electrons are
Anaerobic_respiration
Coordination complexes with perchlorate as ligand
complexes are coordination complexes with one or more perchlorate ligands. Perchlorate can bind to metals through one, two, three, or all four oxygen
Transition metal perchlorate complexes
Transition_metal_perchlorate_complexes
Complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other
miles away from land. Fish have evolved retia mirabilia multiple times to raise the temperature (endothermy) or the oxygen concentration of a body part above
Rete_mirabile
Multi-layered sheet of microorganisms
today, in which free oxygen is a vital component. At around the same time they may also have been the birthplace of the more complex eukaryote type of cell
Microbial_mat
evolution of the most complex eukaryotic cells, from which all multicellular organisms are built. The boundary between oxygen-rich and oxygen-free layers in
History_of_life
Royal Air Force station in Cumbria, England
Oxygen Corporation ‘Air Separation Plant’ sits to the northwest of the main building complex. The site was operated independently by British Oxygen and
RAF_Spadeadam
Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breathe in a hostile environment
The more complex reservoir cannula is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small
Breathing_apparatus
South American orthohantavirus species
for several days and is characterized by fluid buildup in the lungs, low oxygen levels in the blood, elevated or irregular heart rate, low blood pressure
Andes_virus
Change in the heritable traits of populations
Escherichia coli evolving the ability to use citric acid as a nutrient in a long-term laboratory experiment, Flavobacterium evolving a novel enzyme that
Evolution
Process of forming the first eukaryotic cell
ability to use oxygen in its respiration. This enabled it – and the archaeal cells that included it – to survive in the presence of oxygen, which was poisonous
Eukaryogenesis
Landlocked body of water which has a high concentration of salts
state), primarily prevents oxygen from penetrating the deeper layers and create the hypoxic (low oxygen) or anoxic (no oxygen) zones. This separation eventually
Salt_lake
Prototypical agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
segments are encased in nucleoproteins to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that are surrounded by a viral envelope that contains spikes emanating
Sin_Nombre_virus
Physiological phenomenon in fish hemoglobin
Kepp O, Cossins AR (March 2005). "Evolution of oxygen secretion in fishes and the emergence of a complex physiological system". Science. 307 (5716): 1752–7
Root_effect
Diving mode and decompression technique
nervous syndrome (HPNS), compression arthralgia, dysbaric osteonecrosis, oxygen toxicity, inert gas narcosis, high work of breathing, and disruption of
Saturation_diving
Extinct genus of sponges
Otavia may have actually contributed to carbon burial and to the rising in oxygen levels during the Neoproterozoic. Furthermore, Otavia antiqua fossils are
Otavia
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
Male
Norse
 Old Norse name composed of the name of the god Thor and the word leikr "game, play (involving weapons)," hence "Þórr's contender."
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Beautiful; Evolving; Musical; Who Increase; Music Tune
Biblical
revolting from God
Surname or Lastname
English and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for someone in charge of oxen, from Middle English oxe ‘ox’ + man ‘man’, or German Ochs + Mann, or Yiddish oks + man.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Lord of Oxen; Bull
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Tamil
Honourable Judge; One who Judges Fairly; Lord of Origen; Lord of Rain
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Evolving
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Evolving
Male
Greek
Short form of Greek Origenes, probably ORIGEN means "mountain-born."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Oxygen; Breathe of Life
Boy/Male
Hindu
One who rules the body origen
Boy/Male
Arabic
Revolving
Boy/Male
Tamil
One who rules the body origen
Boy/Male
Gaelic, Hindu, Indian
Oxen; Bard
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a driver of horses or oxen attached to a cart or plow, or of loose cattle, from a Middle English agent derivative of Old English drīfan ‘to drive’.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
People with this Name are Preferably Intelligent and Very Generous; Highly Knowledgeable in Problem Solving Skills
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi
Involving
Boy/Male
Biblical
Revolting from God.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, German, Indian, Teutonic
Settlement by the Clay Pit; Somebody who Lived on Clay Soils; Occupational; Place Name Involving Clay; Brook Near a Clay-bed; Mortal; Surname; Clay-pit Worker; Clay Settlement
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Revolving; Pearl
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
Boy/Male
French
Little archer.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Sacred knowledge
Boy/Male
British, English
From the High Meadow
Girl/Female
Muslim
Beautiful, Radiant
Girl/Female
Indian
Helper
Boy/Male
Biblical
God; the God of Israel.
Male
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Goronwy. Meaning unknown.
Biblical
wiping away; breaking; fearing; smiting
Female
Slovene
Slovene form of Latin Liliana, LILIJANA means "lily."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Has Many Flowers
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
OXYGEN EVOLVING-COMPLEX
n.
The technical name of oxygen.
n.
Act of revolving.
v. t.
To convert into ozone, as oxygen.
a.
Without oxygen; characterized by the absence of oxygen; as, a nonoxygenous alkaloid.
a.
Combined with oxygen only in part.
a.
Making a revolution or revolutions; rotating; -- used also figuratively of time, seasons, etc., depending on the revolution of the earth.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Devolve
n.
A colorless, tasteless, odorless, gaseous element occurring in the free state in the atmosphere, of which it forms about 23 per cent by weight and about 21 per cent by volume, being slightly heavier than nitrogen. Symbol O. Atomic weight 15.96.
a.
Causing abhorrence mixed with disgust; exciting extreme repugnance; loathsome; as, revolting cruelty.
n.
Chlorine used in bleaching.
n.
A triangle having three acute angles.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Revolve
v. t.
To combine with oxygen or with more oxygen; to add oxygen to; as, to oxidize nitrous acid so as to form nitric acid.
a.
Pertaining to, containing, or resembling, oxygen; producing oxygen.
v. t.
To deprive of oxygen; to deoxidize.
a.
Capable of revolving; rotatory; revolving.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Evolve
v. t.
To combine with oxygen, or subject to the action of oxygen, or of an oxidizing agent.
a.
Evolving; being evolved or produced.