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1980 book by Roger Lass
On Explaining Language Change is a 1980 book by Roger Lass in which the author examines various aspects of language change. The book was reviewed by Suzanne
On_Explaining_Language_Change
Modification or development of a language
Language change is the process of alteration in the features of a single language, or of languages in general, over time. It is studied in several subfields
Language_change
Contact language from mutually intelligible dialects of the same language
J. Milroy, 1992, Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell Croft, 2000, Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. Harlow: Longman
Koiné_language
AI whose outputs can be understood by humans
explanation (explaining how many voters had at least one approved project, at least 10000 CHF in approved projects), and group explanation (explaining how the
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable_artificial_intelligence
Scientific intergovernmental body
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations (UN). Its job is to "provide governments at all
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change
Study of language change over time
of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical
Historical_linguistics
Type of machine learning model
A large language model (LLM) is an AI model (typically a neural network) trained on a vast amount of text for natural language processing tasks, especially
Large_language_model
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system
Climate_change
West Germanic language
Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca. The language is named
English_language
Northwest Semitic language
Hebrew is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the
Hebrew_language
Structured system of communication
effects on language structure. One source of language change is contact and the resulting diffusion of linguistic traits between languages. Language contact
Language
Language family native to Eurasia
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the north of the Indian subcontinent, most of the European continent, and the Iranian plateau
Indo-European_languages
systems, unique cultures may be lost. Climate change could make it more likely that endangered languages disappear. Humans have a climate niche. This is
Effects_of_climate_change
Languages of India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages
Languages_of_India
American comedy game show
Game Changer is an American comedy panel game show on Dropout created and hosted by Sam Reich which started in 2019. The show follows players, typically
Game_Changer_(game_show)
Branch of the Indo-European language family
more intent on explaining the similarities between the two groups not in terms of a linguistically "genetic" relationship, but by language contact and
Balto-Slavic_languages
International environmental treaty
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change
Emissions, effects and responses of Bangladesh related to climate change
Climate change is a critical issue in Bangladesh. The country is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's
Climate_change_in_Bangladesh
Scientific study of language
applications. Theoretical linguistics is concerned with explaining the universal and fundamental nature of language and developing a general framework for describing
Linguistics
Changing between languages during a conversation
code-switching or language alternation is the process of shifting from one linguistic code (a language or dialect) to another, depending on the social context
Code-switching
List of U.S.-backed regime change operations
half of the 19th century, the U.S. government initiated actions for regime change mainly in Latin America and the southwest Pacific, including the Spanish–American
United States involvement in regime change
United_States_involvement_in_regime_change
Language of the Basque people
change also occurs in parts of Sardinia, Italy and the Romance languages of the Balkans where no Basque substrate can be reasonably argued for. (On the
Basque_language
Large language model developed by Google
announced on December 6, 2023. It powers the Gemini chatbot, and was named after the Gemini zodiac sign. Google announced Gemini, a large language model (LLM)
Gemini_(language_model)
Romance language
italiana, pronounced [ˈliŋɡwa itaˈljaːna]) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. It is a standardised form of literary Florentine
Italian_language
Column in New York Times Magazine
On Language is a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology, new or unusual usages, and
On_Language
American linguist (born 1956)
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-12090-4. —— (2001). Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-35677-1
William_Croft_(linguist)
American linguist (born 1937)
Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts Language and Time: A Historian's View On Explaining Language Change English Phonology and Phonological Theory
Roger_Lass
Brittonic language
Welsh (Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. Welsh is spoken
Welsh_language
General-purpose programming language
series have added new syntax to the language, and made a few (considered very minor) backward-incompatible changes. As of May 2026[update], Python 3.14
Python_(programming_language)
Language for controlling a computer
A programming language is an engineered language for expressing computer programs, typically allowing software to be written in a human readable manner
Programming_language
Model of language change
Wellentheorie), is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features spreads from its region
Wave_model
Generative linguistics framework
W. (2000). Explaining Language Change. New York, Longman. Kalmar, I. (1985). Are There Really No Primitive Languages? Literacy, Language, and Learning
Principles_and_parameters
Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change
anthropogenic global warming that has led to a scientific consensus on climate change. Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the
Climate_change_denial
Impacts of climate change on Australia and responses
widespread drought have focused government and public attention on the effects of climate change in Australia. Rainfall in southwestern Australia has decreased
Climate_change_in_Australia
Japonic language
entered the language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese. Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first
Japanese_language
Linguistics term for language forms that change little over time
feature of a language or dialect is one that has changed relatively little across the language's history, or which is relatively resistant to change. It is
Conservative and innovative language
Conservative_and_innovative_language
Protocol between IDEs and programming language-specific servers
programming language, a programmer might want to rename a method read. The programmer could either manually edit the respective source code files and change the
Language_Server_Protocol
Type of website edited collaboratively
edit summary is a short piece of text which summarizes and perhaps explains the change, for example "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed table formatting to not
Wiki
Process of words becoming part of a language grammar
however, mostly in Indo-European studies, remain an instrument for explaining language change. It was not until the 1970s, with the growth of interest in discourse
Grammaticalization
Group of West Germanic languages
this convergence explained the striking similarity of the two languages while also explaining the issues in chronology. This view has been dismissed as improbable
Anglo-Frisian_languages
Level of respect towards a language variety in a speech community
The terms and conditions of prestige assigned to a language variety are subject to change depending on speaker, situation and context. A dialect or variety
Prestige_(sociolinguistics)
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
between word-final *-ō, *-ǭ and *-ōn, which each has a distinct pattern of reflexes in the later Germanic languages: The distinct reflexes of nasal -ǭ
Proto-Germanic_language
Indo-Aryan language
not change form depending on the number of the noun. Romani grammar is also closer to Bengali grammar than to that of western Indo-Aryan languages. As
Bengali_language
Overview of the history of the French language
history of a language is typically divided into "external history", describing the ethnic, political, social, technological, and other changes that affected
History_of_French
Letter that is not pronounced
Hebrew language had a sound change of all the mater lectionis aleph letters into silent ones (see Canaanite shift). Due to that sound change, in Hebrew
Silent_letter
North Germanic language
[ˈtænˀsk] , dansk sprog [ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔwˀ]) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 5.5 million people, principally
Danish_language
Branch of the Indo-European language family
IE branch. Albanoid is also used to explain Albanian-like pre-Romance features found in Eastern Romance languages. The relation between Albanian and Messapic
Albanoid_languages
Gallo-Romance language of Switzerland
these three languages can be explained through their relative geographic isolation, which shielded them from certain linguistic changes. By contrast
Romansh_language
Emissions, effects, and responses of Germany related to climate change
Climate change is leading to long-term effects on agriculture in Germany, more intense heatwaves and Cold waves, flash and coastal flooding, and reduced
Climate_change_in_Germany
Process of learning a second language
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native
Second-language_acquisition
Group of languages
The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of Indo-European languages (the others being the North
West_Germanic_languages
Romance language
Catalan (català) is a Western Romance language that is native to the eastern Iberian Peninsula. It shares official status with Spanish in three autonomous
Catalan_language
Ancestor of the Indo-European languages
Germanic and other Indo-European languages and demonstrated that sound change systematically transforms all words of a language. From the 1870s, the Neogrammarians
Proto-Indo-European_language
Language assessment rubric
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages
Extinct language of prehistoric Greece
also be explained as linguistic exchange between Greek and Anatolian languages across the Aegean Sea without necessarily originating from a change of language
Pre-Greek_substrate
Emissions, impacts and responses of Vietnam related to climate change
global climate change, which has drawn wide attention from the international community. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental
Climate_change_in_Vietnam
Eastern South Slavic language
general grammar and syntax changes in the 18th and 19th centuries. The present-day written Bulgarian language was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century
Bulgarian_language
Indo-Aryan language
is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world, with
Punjabi_language
Ugric language
the polite ön form while all other customers are addressed in the less polite te form. During the first early phase of Hungarian language reforms (late
Hungarian_language
Stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable form of contact language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing
Creole_language
Indo-European language
changes associated with the languages. Other languages in or near the former Roman area either came on the scene later (Turkish, the Slavic languages
Albanian_language
climate change was a specifically capitalist problem. Over 73,000 people speaking 87 different languages across 77 countries were asked 15 questions on climate
Public opinion on climate change
Public_opinion_on_climate_change
Topic in Aristotelian philosophy
Aristotelian thought, categories of questions that explain "the why's" of something that exists or changes in nature. The four causes are the: material cause
Four_causes
Semitic language
justified in recognizing a separate language are merely changes that tend to arise over time in any living language. In 1819–1821 Ulrich Friedrich Kopp
Aramaic
1936 book by A. J. Ayer
Language, Truth and Logic is a 1936 book about meaning by the philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer, in which the author defines, explains, and argues for the
Language,_Truth,_and_Logic
Use of computational tools for the study of linguistics
avoid constructing an overly general grammar. Explaining language universals. Braine, M.D.S. (1971). On two types of models of the internalization of
Computational_linguistics
extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Central Semitic language
fifth–most spoken language in the world and the fourth–most used language on the Internet in terms of users. It also serves as the liturgical language of around
Arabic
Interaction of societies and governments with current climate change
The politics of climate change results from different perspectives on how to respond to climate change. Global warming is driven largely by the emissions
Politics_of_climate_change
and 11th centuries), when Brittonic languages were displaced by Old English. Debate continues over whether this change was due to mass migration or to a
Celtic language decline in England
Celtic_language_decline_in_England
Any significant alteration in societal order
On the whole, social change is usually a combination of systematic factors along with some random or unique factors. Many theories attempt to explain
Social_change
1991 single by Scorpions
socioeconomic reforms in the Soviet Union. "Wind of Change" was released as the album's third single on 21 January 1991 by Mercury and Vertigo Records. The
Wind of Change (Scorpions song)
Wind_of_Change_(Scorpions_song)
11th–19th c. language of the Mediterranean basin
Portuguese lexicon to be substituted by the languages of the peoples in contact. The theory is one way of explaining the similarities between most of the European-based
Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca
Language family of the Arctic and sub-Arctic
Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages are a language family native to the northern portions of the North American continent, and a small part of northeastern Asia. Languages in
Eskaleut_languages
Language that has no demonstrable genetic relationship with other languages
A language isolate, sometimes called an isolated language, is a language that has no demonstrable genealogical relationship with any other language. That
Language_isolate
Concept regarding strength of impact of climate change
monitored. Language barriers may also play a role in the difference of health outcomes amongst varying ethnic groups as a result of climate change. Reduced
Climate_change_vulnerability
Finnic language
[ˈsuo̯mi] or suomen kieli [ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland
Finnish_language
Proposed language family including Basque and Aquitanian
The Vasconic languages (from Latin vasco 'Basque'), also called Euskarian or Basque-Aquitanian, are a putative language family that includes Basque and
Vasconic_languages
East Slavic language
[ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔwɐ]) is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians. Written
Ukrainian_language
Design language introduced by Microsoft
Design Language (or MDL), also known as Metro, is a design language created by Microsoft, and is based on flat design style. This design language is focused
Metro_(design_language)
and biodiversity will be affected. Climate change will also cause human activities such as land-use change, urbanisation and soil degradation to further
Climate_change_in_Greece
Language spoken in Korea
is the native language of the Korean people, who make up the majority of the language's 81 million speakers. It is the national language of both North
Korean_language
Celtic language native to Cornwall
Cornish (Kernewek or Kernowek [kəɾˈnuːək]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Cornish people and their homeland, Cornwall
Cornish_language
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
syllables, but has become grammaticalised due to changes in the syllable structure of the languages affected. The term "consonant gradation" refers to
Consonant_gradation
Ngbandi-based creole of the Central African Republic
in Fact and Fiction: On the One-Hundredth Anniversary of its Conception". In McWhorter, John H. (ed.). Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and
Sango_language
West Germanic language spoken in South Africa
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia, and to a lesser extent Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and also Argentina, where a group
Afrikaans
impacts of climate change on human health, biomes and ecosystem services. Economic analysis also looks at the economics of climate change mitigation and the
Economic analysis of climate change
Economic_analysis_of_climate_change
Australian web series
Pauline Hanson's Please Explain is an Australian animated conservative political satire web series that is produced by Stepmates Studios, a Melbourne-based
Pauline Hanson's Please Explain
Pauline_Hanson's_Please_Explain
West Germanic language
language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the majority and official (or co-official) language
German_language
In many languages, the colors described in English as "blue" and "green" are colexified, i.e., expressed using a single umbrella term. To render this
Blue–green distinction in language
Blue–green_distinction_in_language
Nguni language of southern South Africa
Bantu language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe. Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately
Xhosa_language
System of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language
distinction makes it difficult to explain language change and grammaticalization, which can be viewed as changes in performance rather than competence
Linguistic_competence
Relationship between language and human evolution
grammaticalization theory might explain language change today, it does not satisfactorily address the more difficult challenge of explaining the initial transition
Origin_of_language
Intentionally devised human language
set of rules for explaining language, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language. A legend recorded
Constructed_language
Type of linguistic change
Language convergence is a type of linguistic change in which languages come to resemble one another structurally as a result of prolonged language contact
Language_convergence
Ancient Chinese divination text
assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Based on a comparison of the language of the Zhou yi with dated bronze inscriptions, the American
I_Ching
Extinct Semitic language of Mesopotamia
Akkadian: 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑(𒌝), romanized: Akkadû(m)) is an extinct East Semitic language that is attested in ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa, Babylonia)
Akkadian_language
Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka
SING-(g)ə-LEEZ), is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about
Sinhala_language
Season of television series
2026 by host Vijay Sethupathi. Star Vijay and JioHotstar dropped a promo explaining the commoners role. This time a pre-show will be held to select the commoners
Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 10
Bigg_Boss_(Tamil_TV_series)_season_10
Extinct East Germanic language
an-stem and ōn-stem endings. The concept of "strong" and "weak" declensions that is prevalent in the grammar of many other Germanic languages is less significant
Gothic_language
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language of God
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Language of Bihar
Girl/Female
Biblical
Wells, explaining.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Langdale, Cumbria, named in Old Norse as ‘long valley’, from lang ‘long’ + dalr ‘valley’.Possibly an Americanized form of Norwegian Langdal, Langdalen, Langdahl, habitational names from any of numerous farmsteads named Langdal(en), having the same etymology as 1.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Language
Male
French
French form of Latin Leo, LÉON means "lion."
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Sweet Language
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Language
Prangel | பà¯à®°à®¾à®‚ஜல
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language of God
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Tongue; Language
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girven | கீரà¯à®µà¯‡à®¨Â
Language of God
Girven | கீரà¯à®µà¯‡à®¨Â
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, British, Christian, English
Pain; Force; Iniquity
Girl/Female
Tamil
Language
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Child Language
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Language
Biblical
wells; explaining
Boy/Male
Tamil
Girvan | கிரà¯à®µà®¾à®¨
Language of God
Girvan | கிரà¯à®µà®¾à®¨
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beautiful Language
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Shadow of the Merciful (Allah)
Girl/Female
Arabic
Heaven Tree
Girl/Female
Indian
Lovable by All
Boy/Male
Arabic
Capable; Strong
Boy/Male
Bengali, Celebrity, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Traditional
Charity of Money; Treasure of Pity
Boy/Male
Tamil
A brahmin in the epics
Biblical
his dissipation or deprivation; his rupture
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Assamese, French, German, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Spanish, Telugu
Land of Beauty; From the High Tower
Girl/Female
Irish
Nessa was the mother of Conchobhar (Conor) Mac Nessa, king of Ulster. A powerful and beautiful woman, ambitious for her son, she tricked her second husband, Fergus, into giving up his kingdom to his stepson, Conchobhar (Conor), for a year, but Conchobhar (Conor) ruled so wisely and so well that the people chose him to be their permanent king.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Gangadutt | கஂகாதà¯à®¤à¯à®¤
Gift of the ganges
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
ON EXPLAINING-LANGUAGE-CHANGE
prep.
In the service of; connected with; of the number of; as, he is on a newspaper; on a committee.
n.
The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology.
a.
Explaining itself; capable of being understood without explanation.
prep.
Indicating dependence or reliance; with confidence in; as, to depend on a person for assistance; to rely on; hence, indicating the ground or support of anything; as, he will promise on certain conditions; to bet on a horse.
prep.
To the account of; -- denoting imprecation or invocation, or coming to, falling, or resting upon; as, on us be all the blame; a curse on him.
prep.
Denoting performance or action by contact with the surface, upper part, or outside of anything; hence, by means of; with; as, to play on a violin or piano. Hence, figuratively, to work on one's feelings; to make an impression on the mind.
prep.
In addition to; besides; -- indicating multiplication or succession in a series; as, heaps on heaps; mischief on mischief; loss on loss; thought on thought.
imp. & p. p.
of Language
prep.
At or near; adjacent to; -- indicating situation, place, or position; as, on the one hand, on the other hand; the fleet is on the American coast.
prep.
Occupied with; in the performance of; as, only three officers are on duty; on a journey.
v. t.
To communicate by language; to express in language.
prep.
In progress; proceeding; as, a game is on.
n.
The power or explaining.
prep.
In reference or relation to; as, on our part expect punctuality; a satire on society.
prep.
In continuance; without interruption or ceasing; as, sleep on, take your ease; say on; sing on.
n.
The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
a.
Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition.
prep.
Forward, in progression; onward; -- usually with a verb of motion; as, move on; go on.
prep.
At, or in contact with, the surface or upper part of a thing, and supported by it; placed or lying in contact with the surface; as, the book lies on the table, which stands on the floor of a house on an island.