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The Offline Private Key Protocol (OPKP) is a cryptographic protocol to prevent unauthorized access to back up or archive data. The protocol results in
Offline_private_key_protocol
an offline private key protocol. The offline private key can also function as a token in two-factor authentication. The idea is that a digital key to
Paper_key
Cryptographic key-wrapping algorithm
wrapped key. This has been specified as a new AES mode in RFC 5297. Authenticated encryption Deterministic encryption Key management Offline private key protocol
Key_wrap
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with algorithms based on mathematical
Public-key_cryptography
Cryptographic protocol
cryptographic protocol that provides encryption for instant messaging conversations. OTR uses a combination of AES symmetric-key algorithm with 128 bits key length
Off-the-Record Messaging protocol
Off-the-Record_Messaging_protocol
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
The Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP) is an augmented password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol, specifically designed to work around existing
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
also say they offer the protocol for optional "Secret Conversations", as did Skype for its "Private Conversations". The protocol combines the Double Ratchet
Signal_Protocol
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secured communications over a computer network, such as the Internet. The protocol is widely used in applications
Transport_Layer_Security
American audio streaming and media service provider
streaming service and marketplace would be offline by July 15. In July 2026, SoundCloud acquired Nina Protocol and allowed artists to opt into merging their
Nina_Protocol
Cryptographic method
keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If it is an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property
Key_exchange
Standard for cryptographic certificates
public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS, the secure protocol for
X.509
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
and publish the public key bound to a given user. This is done using the CA's own private key, so that trust in the user key relies on one's trust in
Public_key_infrastructure
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
prevents an offline attack, and thus enables the user or system administrator to be alerted to any password-cracking attempt. The recovered key may then
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
Secure network protocol suite
two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs). IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication
IPsec
Software company
peer-to-peer protocol for distributed files and offline applications. To support the project and spur adoption, they developed a Filecoin protocol and token
Protocol_Labs
Entity that issues digital certificates
key by the named subject of the certificate. This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or on assertions made about the private key
Certificate_authority
Suite of IETF specifications
using offline dictionary attacks. NSEC5 has been proposed to allow authoritative servers to sign NSEC responses without having to keep a private key that
Domain Name System Security Extensions
Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions
Networking protocol for real-time communication
each server's private key to avoid spoofing. Replication follows eventual consistency semantics, allowing servers to function even if offline or after data-loss
Matrix_(protocol)
Decentralized social network
internet connection, and became interested in creating an offline-friendly secure gossip protocol for social networking. The word scuttlebutt is slang for
Secure_Scuttlebutt
Global system of connected computer networks
uses the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that comprises private, public, academic
Internet
Mexican software company
October 2020 that they adopted the Signal protocol, in both their app and SDK, to keep information private, though security researchers have demonstrated
Bridgefy
Feature in Microsoft Windows
not available to an offline attacker who does not possess the Syskey passphrase/floppy. In Windows 2000, the user's RSA private key is not only stored
Encrypting_File_System
Multiparty cryptographic process
malicious contributions from impacting the value of the private key. The distributed key generation protocol specified by Gennaro, Jarecki, Krawczyk, and Rabin
Distributed_key_generation
Email handling protocol
The JSON Meta Application Protocol (JMAP) is a set of related open Internet Standard protocols for handling email. JMAP is implemented using JSON APIs
JSON Meta Application Protocol
JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol
Digital verification standard
leak information via signatures. For example, an offline private key could be leaked from a perfect offline device that only released innocent-looking signatures
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Windows API for cryptography
Windows secrets and EFS certificates offline". WoOT 2010. Usenix. "Windows Password Recovery – DPAPI Master Key analysis". Passcape.com. Retrieved 2013-05-06
Data_Protection_API
Deadly viral disease, transmitted through animals
no. 4 (1970): 378–389. Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app. Rabies at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions
Rabies
Virtual private network application
client's view of its private networks in sync with other members of these networks. When a member of a network goes online or offline, the server instructs
LogMeIn_Hamachi
Malicious software used in ransom demands
protocol carried out between the attacker and the victim. [attacker→victim] The attacker generates a key pair and places the corresponding public key
Ransomware
Instant messaging client
the XMPP protocol) for instant messaging support with users on Facebook.[citation needed] One can send messages to contacts who are offline; they will
MSN_Messenger
Physical computing device
traces Secure key backup On the other hand, device performance in a PKI environment is generally less important, in both online and offline operations,
Hardware_security_module
Computer network protocol
The Local Mail Transfer Protocol (LMTP) is an alternative to (Extended) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol for situations where the receiving side does not
Local_Mail_Transfer_Protocol
Type of digital signature in cryptography
(under the same private key). The identity of the signer is nevertheless preserved. One of the possible applications can be an offline e-cash system. Traceable
Ring_signature
Open source encrypted chat application
long-term identity keys, an intermediate-term signed pre-key, and a one-time use pre-key. The approach is similar to the encryption protocol adopted for encrypted
Cryptocat
Camarillo, G.; Blanco, G. (August 2007). The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) P-Profile-Key Private Header (P-Header). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5002. RFC 5002.
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem
SIP_extensions_for_the_IP_Multimedia_Subsystem
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
Kerberos (protocol) Keyfile PassMap Password fatigue Password notification e-mail Password psychology Password synchronization Pre-shared key Random password
Password
Smart payment card standard
performed on-line.[citation needed] Offline data authentication is a cryptographic check to validate the card using public-key cryptography. There are three
EMV
Data transfer program by Samsung and Google
Samsung Galaxy]". Microsoft Store. Retrieved 2024-02-20. "Share files offline with Quick Share". Android Help. Retrieved 10 December 2025.[dead link]
Quick_Share
Central part of the general packet radio service
GSNs should have a Gn interface and support the GPRS tunneling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN, namely gateway GPRS support node and serving
GPRS_core_network
Type of public-key encryption
corresponding private keys. To operate, the PKG first publishes a master public key, and retains the corresponding master private key (referred to as master key).
Identity-based_encryption
Electronic money corporation founded by David Chaum in 1990
to build the system for offline payments, with their results published in the CRYPTO '88 proceedings. The original protocol required real-time bank verification
DigiCash
Privacy-focused cryptocurrency
a blockchain-based cryptocurrency which is private, untraceable, fungible, and decentralized. The protocol is open source and based on CryptoNote v2,
Monero
Process of establishing confidence in user identity
public key, the other is a private key. A public key is issued by a Certification Authority and is available to any user or server. A private key is known
Electronic_authentication
Australian email service provider
– a new open email protocol. Fastmail also provides for two-factor login using a YubiKey. While associating one or more YubiKeys with a Fastmail account
Fastmail
Mail sent using electronic means
messages on a local computer and reading them even when offline. The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple
Decentralized microblogging software
want to fork the project. It was also announced that the website might go offline, since its hosting was due to expire. The Twister core had been at version
Twister_(software)
Concept in computer science
Sybil-resistance in Proof of Personhood Protocols". arXiv:2008.05300 [cs.CR]. Ford, Bryan; Strauss, Jacob (April 2008). An Offline Foundation for Online Accountable
Consensus_(computer_science)
End-to-end encrypted email service
plans. Proton Mail uses a combination of public-key cryptography and symmetric encryption protocols to offer end-to-end encryption. When a user creates
Proton_Mail
Web browser developed by Google
developers typically relating to the building of web applications, including offline support. Google phased out Gears as the same functionality became available
Google_Chrome
MAILBOX
either a MSA or a MTA, two variations of the SMTP protocol. The email client which uses the SMTP protocol creates an authentication extension, which the
Email_client
American computer scientist and cryptographer (born 1955)
is the first known proposal for a blockchain protocol. Complete with the code to implement the protocol, Chaum's dissertation proposed all but one element
David_Chaum
Decentralized digital cryptocurrency
hacks. Cold storage protects bitcoins from such hacks by keeping private keys offline, either through specialized hardware wallets or paper printouts.
Bitcoin
Email with proof of receipt
originally proposed by Markowitch and Kremer, that involves an online or offline TTP in addition to the sender and receiver. There is also a multi-party
Certified_email
Open source security software project
encrypted chat protocol. Formerly called Gibberbot, the app is built on Google's open-source Talk app and modified to support the Jabber XMPP protocol. This app
Guardian_Project_(software)
Retired telecommunications software service/application
control Skype's protocol for enterprise and carrier applications. While the specific detection methods used by these companies were often private, Pearson's
Skype
Storage operating system
and protocols. Similarly to NetApp Storage Encryption (NSE), NVE can store encryption keys locally or on a dedicated key manager like IBM Security Key Lifecycle
ONTAP
Cloud storage and file synchronization service
share files. In addition to a web interface, Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and macOS computers, and Android and iOS smartphones
Google_Drive
Protocol for real-time Internet chat and messaging
one-on-one communication via private messages and chat and data transfer, including file sharing. IRC is an application layer protocol that works on a client–server
IRC
BitTorrent, FTP and HTTP client
(originally named SimpleBT client from versions 0.11 to 0.37) is a cross-protocol BitTorrent, HTTP and FTP client written in C++ for Microsoft Windows and
BitComet
Form of computer communication over the internet or locally
other project involved with closed protocols or formats. Some approaches allow organizations to deploy their own, private instant messaging network by enabling
Instant_messaging
Code Search Koders Krugle These search engines work across the BitTorrent protocol. BTDigg Isohunt - discontinued Mininova - discontinued The Pirate Bay TorrentSpy
List_of_search_engines
Gateway that unifies access to enterprise applications
Hossein (2006). Handbook of Information Security, Key Concepts, Infrastructure, Standards, and Protocols. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & sons. p. 7. ISBN 9780471648307
Intranet_portal
Peer-to-peer Internet platform for censorship-resistant communication
parts of the data without requiring the owner's private keys. FCPLib FCPLib (Freenet Client Protocol Library) aims to be a cross-platform natively compiled
Hyphanet
1999 Microsoft operating system version
protocol Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Enterprise Certificate Authority support Terminal Services and support for the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
Windows_2000
Video-sharing platform
background and offline video playback on mobile devices. YouTube Premium was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscription
YouTube
Virtual keyboard app for Android and iOS
The functionality is expected to come to the iOS app at a later time. Offline voice recognition was added in March 2019. On February 12, 2020, a new
Gboard
Recovering passwords stored by computer systems
hash of the password makes it possible to perform an unlimited number of offline guesses. Hash files might be obtained by third parties by court-ordered
Password_cracking
2016 science fiction TV series
have several protocols to protect the timeline: Protocol 1: The mission comes first. Protocol 2: Leave the future in the past. Protocol 3: Don't take
Travelers_(TV_series)
UK-based SSL certificate provider
transferred the private keys for 23,000 HTTPS certificates via email (a non-secure protocol) to an executive at DigiCert. The fact that these private keys had been
Trustico
Indian digital public infrastructure branding
COVID-19 vaccination rollout via CoWIN highlighted digital divide issues, as offline registration option was unavailable initially. CoWIN required smartphone
India_Stack
Mowbray's website was confusing voters. Mowbray subsequently took his website offline. During a media interview, Mowbray confirmed that he had created the vote-splitting
2026 New Zealand general election
2026_New_Zealand_general_election
Email service provided by Google
mobile app, or through third-party email clients via the POP and IMAP protocols. Users also have the option to connect non-Gmail e-mail accounts to their
Gmail
Website providing torrent files and magnet links
Bay facilitates the connection among users of the peer-to-peer torrent protocol, which are able to contribute to the site through the addition of magnet
The_Pirate_Bay
Free online crowdsourced encyclopedia
content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of "mirror sites" exist that
Wikipedia
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
standard email protocols (i.e., IMAP/SMTP). All bote-mails are transparently end-to-end encrypted and signed by the sender's private key, thus removing
I2P
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
Box" which was commercialized in 1973. It protected offline devices with a secure PIN generating key, and was a commercial success. Banks and credit card
Data_Encryption_Standard
Non paper-based authority or certificate
multi-show unlinkability. However, this property is primarily relevant in offline settings. Brands credentials offer a mechanism that provides analogous
Digital_credential
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
The IAF said that "85% of Iran's petrochemical exports" had been taken offline by now. At least 34 people, including six children, were killed in US-Israeli
2026_Iran_war
Numeric passcode for authentication
authenticating a user accessing a system. The PIN has been the key to facilitating the private data exchange between different data-processing centers in
Personal identification number
Personal_identification_number
Cipher machine
Rockex, or Telekrypton, was an offline one-time tape Vernam cipher machine known to have been used by Britain and Canada from 1943. It was developed by
Rockex
Storage of digital data readable by computers
long-unused files from fast hard disk storage to libraries or jukeboxes. Offline storage is computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under
Computer_data_storage
American financial services company
firewall and DNS server changes, expanded offline payment capabilities so merchants could still accept payments in offline mode, and put in place additional measures
Block,_Inc.
Instant messaging smartphone service
setup, the application generates a key pair and sends the public key to the server while keeping the private key on the user's device. The application
Threema
New features added in Windows XP
from the logon screen. The user's RSA private key is backed up using an offline public key whose matching private key is stored in one of two places: the
Features_new_to_Windows_XP
Information used by computer systems to represent an external agent
the public domain, it can be used by others to piece together a person's offline identity. Furthermore, this information can be compiled to construct a
Digital_identity
German audio streaming service
subscription tier named SoundCloud Go, that allows users to remove ads and listen offline for $US5 per month through the site. The original version, which was renamed
SoundCloud
Free software
(since version 0.6.0). The core of the Retroshare software is based on an offline library, into which two executables are plugged: a command-line interface
RetroShare
Operating system
combining VPN connections, the Tor network, DNSCrypt, and additional routing protocols including WireGuard, OpenVPN, Shadowsocks, V2Ray, Xray, Hysteria2, Mieru
Kodachi_OS
Multimedia delivery method
with multimedia from a remote server over the Internet, it also includes offline multimedia between devices on a local area network. For example, using
Streaming_media
IEEE standard for Shortest Path Bridging
multipath routing. SPB is designed to replace the older Spanning Tree Protocols: IEEE 802.1D STP, IEEE 802.1w RSTP, and IEEE 802.1s MSTP. These block
IEEE_802.1aq
Open source social media service
registrations before opening it up as a private beta. However, the instance has since been discontinued and is offline as of 17 December 2024. In February
Mastodon_(social_network)
Decentralized hacktivist collective
2003 on the imageboard 4chan representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an "anarchic", digitized "global
Anonymous_(hacker_group)
Conversational software
Loebner Prize and The Chatterbox Challenge; although the latter has been offline since 2015, its materials remain accessible via web archives. Pre-dating
Chatbot
Country in East Asia
By May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima nuclear accident
Japan
undergone rapid growth to become a significant store of value both on- and offline. From the mid-2010s, some businesses began accepting bitcoin in addition
History_of_bitcoin
Canadian technology company
presence, message receipts, chat rooms, disclaimers, ethical walls, and offline message support. It is designed with feature parity between its desktop
Global_Relay
Checking software against expectations
specific behavior in order to make some kind of decisions. This is related to offline runtime verification and log analysis. Exploratory testing is an approach
Software_testing
2010–2014 Bitcoin exchange based in Japan
(Block 150951) that sent a total of BTC 2,609 to invalid addresses. As no private key could ever be assigned to them, these bitcoins were effectively lost
Mt._Gox
Cryptocurrency project
assets and fiat currencies. It began developing World ID, an open-source protocol it describes as a digital passport for confirming someone is a unique human
World_(blockchain)
Computer security vendor
encrypted PIN and ATM messages, and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key. He commercially released the "Atalla Box" in 1973
Utimaco_Atalla
travel, tourism, insurance
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
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OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
OFFLINE PRIVATE-KEY-PROTOCOL
travel, tourism, insurance