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A multi-mode interferometer (MMI), also known as a multimode interference coupler, is a micro-scale structure in which light waves can travel, such that
Multi_mode_interferometer
Measurement method using interference of waves
etalons. Single-mode lasers employ etalons to suppress all optical cavity modes except the single one of interest. The Twyman–Green interferometer, invented
Interferometry
Topics referred to by the same term
information criterion Methimazole, a drug used to treat hyperthyroidism Multi mode interferometer Modified Mecalli Index Miss May I, a metalcore band from Ohio
MMI
Telescope in the Atacama Desert, Chile
large coherent interferometric instrument (the VLT Interferometer or VLTI), for extra resolution. This mode is used for observations of relatively bright sources
Very_Large_Telescope
Gravitational-wave detector in Italy
interferometer is a large-scale scientific instrument near Pisa, Italy, for detecting gravitational waves. The detector is a Michelson interferometer
Virgo_interferometer
Optical device with parallel mirrors
thus changing the operation of the laser from multi-mode to single-mode. Stable Fabry–Pérot interferometers are often used to stabilize the frequency of
Fabry–Pérot_interferometer
Relativistic effect due to rotation
Sagnac effect manifests itself in a setup called a ring interferometer or Sagnac interferometer. A beam of light is split and the two beams are made to
Sagnac_effect
Gravitational wave observatory site
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory designed to detect cosmic gravitational
LIGO
Way to produce very short laser bursts
cavity (see Fabry–Pérot interferometer), is much smaller than the intermode frequency separation. In a simple laser, each of these modes oscillates independently
Mode_locking
Trace radiation from the early universe
The E-modes arise from Thomson scattering in a heterogeneous plasma. E-modes were first seen in 2002 by the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI)
Cosmic_microwave_background
European space mission to measure gravitational waves
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a planned European space mission to detect and measure gravitational waves—slight ripples in the fabric
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna
Radio observatory in Lima, Peru
Installation of a Fabry–Perot Interferometer at JRO (MeriHill Observatory). 2011. Deployment of a Mobile Fabry-Perot Interferometer at Nasca. JRO directors
Jicamarca_Radio_Observatory
Effort to find civilizations not from Earth
is designed to allow multiple observers simultaneous access to the interferometer output at the same time. Typically, the ATA snapshot imager (used for
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence
Astronomical observatory in Hawaii
at 10 μm. Several back-end instruments allowed the interferometer to operate in a variety of modes, operating in H, K, and L-band near infrared, as well
W._M._Keck_Observatory
Distance over which a propagating wave maintains a certain degree of coherence
have shorter lengths, with one source claiming up to 20 cm, although multi-mode diodes will have even shorter coherence lengths. Singlemode fiber lasers
Coherence_length
Gravitational wave detector in Germany
detection (also called 'DC readout') Output Mode Cleaner (OMC): An additional cavity at the output of the interferometer in front of the photodiode. Its purpose
GEO600
Collapsed core of a massive star
with kilonovae and short gamma-ray bursts. In 2017, the LIGO and Virgo interferometer sites observed GW170817, the first direct detection of gravitational
Neutron_star
Structure used in waveguides
Dielectric mirror – Mirror made of dielectric materials Fabry–Pérot interferometer – Optical device with parallel mirrors Fiber Bragg grating – Type of
Distributed_Bragg_reflector
Physical structure guiding light waves
to their geometry (planar, strip, or fiber waveguides), mode structure (single-mode, multi-mode), refractive index distribution (step or gradient index)
Waveguide_(optics)
Military aircraft multimode radar family
The AN/APG-76 radar is a pulse Doppler Ku band multi-mode radar developed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman. The first radar of the radar family AN/APG-76
AN/APG-76_radar_family
Telescope for optical astronomy
diffraction-limited modes. In its focal plane area, long-slit and multi-slit masks can be installed for single-object and multi-object spectroscopy.
Large_Binocular_Telescope
neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG). The first-generation Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) was based on these lasers, operating
Lightwave Electronics Corporation
Lightwave_Electronics_Corporation
Quantum error correcting code
universal linear interferometer, which can enact any unitary transformation on a given state, and a PNR detector. An m {\displaystyle m} input mode GBS device
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill code
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill_code
American surface-to-air missile
Indeed, the missile's radio-frequency tracking system uses a two-antenna interferometer that can measure phase interference of electromagnetic waves in one
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
RIM-116_Rolling_Airframe_Missile
Astronomical radio interferometer in Hawaii, USA
telescopes arranged as an interferometer for submillimeter wavelength observations. It is the first purpose-built submillimeter interferometer, constructed after
Submillimeter_Array
Optical device which splits a beam of light in two
part of many optical experimental and measurement systems, such as interferometers, also finding widespread application in fibre optic telecommunications
Beam_splitter
Astrophysical phenomenon
J. S.; Challis, P.; Marion, G. H.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Rest, A. (2014). "Multi-color Optical and Near-infrared Light Curves of 64 Stripped-envelope Core-Collapse
Supernova
cryogenic systems to keep the amplifiers cool. Often, experiments are interferometers which only measure the spatial fluctuations in signals on the sky,
List of cosmic microwave background experiments
List_of_cosmic_microwave_background_experiments
Multi-user facility for fluid physics experiment in the Columbus module of ISS
convertible interferometers with active alignment: Holographic interferometer; Wollaston - shearing interferometer; Schlieren mode combined with shearing mode; Electronic
Fluid_Science_Laboratory
Type of laser diode
transmission notch of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. When configured properly, these lasers operate on a single longitudinal mode with coherence lengths in excess
Distributed-feedback_laser
Quantum process reducing the variance of spin along a particular axis
classical interferometers. Spin squeezed states for an ensemble of spins have been defined analogously to squeezed states of a bosonic mode. Spin squeezed
Spin_squeezing
Transmitting information over optical fiber
different transverse modes, limits the performance of multi-mode fiber. Because single-mode fiber supports only one transverse mode, intermodal dispersion
Fiber-optic_communication
Process in quantum computing
qubit is stored in several physical qubits. In the case of a linear interferometer, there is not interaction between the logical qubits. However, the dynamics
Quantum_error_correction
Radio telescope observatory in New South Wales, Australia
the antenna and the main dish to be easily varied, it was used as an interferometer with the main dish. Phase instability due to an exposed cable meant
Parkes_Observatory
Method of detecting gravitational waves
interferometric gravitational-wave search refers to the use of extremely large interferometers built on the ground to passively detect (or "observe") gravitational
Ground-based interferometric gravitational-wave search
Ground-based_interferometric_gravitational-wave_search
Proposed gravitational wave detector
the two arms of each interferometer, unlike 90° in a traditional L-shaped layout. 2L configuration uses 2 pairs of interferometers located in two far separated
Einstein_Telescope
Canadian physicist (1936–2023)
800 Hz, and could complement a 4-km laser interferometer. To improve bandwidth and sensitivity of the multi-mode bar detector then limited by its electronics
Jean-Paul_Richard
2015 detection made by LIGO interferometers
other interferometers of a similar size, such as the Virgo, GEO 600 and planned KAGRA and INDIGO detectors. In practice at least two interferometers would
First observation of gravitational waves
First_observation_of_gravitational_waves
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
1920, Albert A. Michelson and Francis G. Pease mounted a six-meter interferometer on the front of the 2.5-meter telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory
Betelgeuse
Device that emits light via optical amplification
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Spaser Fabry–Pérot interferometer Ultrashort pulse laser Taylor, Nick (2000). Laser: The Inventor, The
Laser
Physical phenomenon
characteristic interference pattern. Importantly, this three-photon interferometer isolates genuine three-photon interference: it exhibits no two-photon
Three-photon_interference
Process to photograph fluid flow
laminar to turbulent flow. Laser schlieren deflectometry Mach–Zehnder interferometer Moire deflectometry Schlieren Schlieren imaging Shadowgraph Harvard
Schlieren_photography
Type of stellar collision
widely accepted after multi-messenger event GW170817 was observed in 2017. On 17 August 2017, the LIGO and Virgo interferometers observed GW170817, a gravitational
Neutron_star_merger
NASA Earth observation satellite (2004–present)
methane and nitrogen oxides. TES's laser A, which was used for retrieving interferometer control, began operating below peak in 2007 but was resurrected to replace
Aura_(satellite)
Fundamental principle of physics
[Interference]. On the other hand, few opticians would regard the Michelson interferometer as an example of diffraction. Some of the important categories of diffraction
Superposition_principle
Branch of astronomy using gravitational waves
are several ground-based laser interferometers which span several miles/kilometers, including: the two Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
Gravitational-wave_astronomy
background polarization or by a proposed space-based gravitational-wave interferometer called the Big Bang Observer. Other tests at high redshift are constraints
Tests_of_general_relativity
Gravitational wave observatory unit, india
Narendra Modi "welcomed the commencement of construction of a Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in India." The three lead institutions
Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations
Indian_Initiative_in_Gravitational-wave_Observations
Gravitational-wave signal detected in 2017
degrees. In particular, the absence of a clear detection by the Virgo interferometer implied that the source was localized within one of its blind spots
GW170817
Proposed ground-based gravitational wave observatory
ground-based gravitational wave observatory. It will consist of two L-shaped interferometers, similar to the LIGO detectors, but with significantly increased arm
Cosmic Explorer (gravitational wave observatory)
Cosmic_Explorer_(gravitational_wave_observatory)
Michele Besso Michele Mosca Michele Parrinello Michelson interferometer Michelson stellar interferometer Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment Michelson–Morley
Index_of_physics_articles_(M)
NASA-operated orbital observatory (1991-2011)
make-up. The instrument consists of two parts, the telescope and the interferometer which consists of an optical bench and support electronics. The telescope
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite
Technology used to provide broadband to the end consumer via fiber
limiters, optical connects, route diversity, polarization diversity, interferometers, and coherent communication. WDMs are optical components in which power
Passive_optical_network
European space observatory for astrometry (2013–2025)
"Gaia" was originally derived as an acronym for Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics. This reflected the optical technique of interferometry
Gaia_(spacecraft)
Branch of physics
systems to each other (e.g. using evanescent coupling of the optical modes) allows multi-mode phenomena like synchronization to be studied. So far many theoretical
Cavity_optomechanics
Fiber-optic communications technology
operate on single-mode optical fiber cables which have a core diameter of 9 μm. Certain forms of WDM can also be used in multi-mode optical fiber cables
Wavelength-division multiplexing
Wavelength-division_multiplexing
Soviet/Russian air-to-surface missile
The L-111E seeker of the anti-radar version has a unique antenna, an interferometer array of seven spiral antennas on a steerable platform. The seekers
Kh-31
Europe-US-Canada-India-Australian radio astronomy and cosmology collaboration
the Earth. These differences between the IPTA and the ground-based interferometers allow them to probe a completely different range of gravitational-wave
International Pulsar Timing Array
International_Pulsar_Timing_Array
1991 American crewed spaceflight to deploy the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite
Experiment (HALOE); High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI); Wind Imaging Interferometer (WlNDII); Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); Solar/Stellar
STS-48
Hypothetical black hole formed soon after the Big Bang
the latter perspective having been strengthened by both LIGO/Virgo interferometer gravitational wave and JWST observations. Early constraints on PBHs
Primordial_black_hole
Paradigm of quantum computer
splitters, phase shifters and their combinations such as Mach–Zehnder interferometers with phase shifts to implement arbitrary quantum operators. If using
Linear optical quantum computing
Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Device that emites acoustic radiation
surfaces (reflectors)of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. A spontaneously emitted photon inside this interferometer can force excited atoms to decay a photon
Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Sound_amplification_by_stimulated_emission_of_radiation
Radio telescope array
PF; Baker, LA; Davis, MM; Giovanelli, R (1995). "Multi-feed Systems for the Arecibo Gregorian". Multi-Feed Systems for Radio Telescopes. Vol. 75. pp. 90–98
Deep_Synoptic_Array
Spectroscopic technique
typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman spectroscopy
Raman_spectroscopy
Physics phenomenon
partial overlap of the corresponding quantum wave functions in Hardy's interferometer. In the earliest tests of Bell's theorem, the entangled particles were
Quantum_entanglement
Software used in gravitational-wave astronomy
S2CID 53979477. Jennifer Chu (16 October 2017). "LIGO and OSG launch multi-messenger astronomy era". Science Node. Retrieved 1 February 2018. "Syracuse
PyCBC
Imaging technique
the interferometer, and the frequency of this modulation is controlled by the speed of scanning. Therefore, translating one arm of the interferometer has
Optical_coherence_tomography
Gravitational wave of a "mass gap" collision
Factsheet - Lowest mass ratio to date - Strongest evidence of higher order modes" (PDF). LIGO. Retrieved 26 June 2020. Greco, G.; et al. (2020). "Handling
GW190814
Means of studying the interaction of light and matter
resonators, which are two-dimensional microwave analogues of the Fabry–Pérot interferometer, in which the capacitance and inductances are distributed. Coplanar
Circuit quantum electrodynamics
Circuit_quantum_electrodynamics
Volunteer computing project
continuous gravitational-wave (CW) sources using data from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detector instruments in Washington
Einstein@Home
Magnified visualization through ultrasound
of painted art and other art and culture heritage objects. Acoustic interferometer Scanning near-field ultrasound holography Ultrasound biomicroscopy Capacitive
Acoustic_microscopy
Gravitational-wave observation
holes. Gravitational-wave astronomy List of gravitational wave observations Multi-messenger astronomy "The event unfolded at an almost unimaginable distance
GW190521
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
Lämmerzahl, C.; Everitt, C. W. F.; Hehl, F. W. (eds.), Gyros, Clocks, and Interferometers: Testing Relativistic Gravity in Space (Lecture Notes in Physics 562)
General_relativity
Simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures
accomplished with a fixed filter, tunable filter, spectrograph, an interferometer, or other devices. For a fixed filter approach, it is not efficient
Chemical_imaging
"AN/APS-147". RadarTutorial.eu. Retrieved 27 August 2025. "AN/APS-153(V) Multi-Mode Radar" (PDF). Telephonics.com. Retrieved 4 November 2025. Hoffman, J R;
List of military electronics of the United States: A–G
List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States:_A–G
International physics organization
Methods Direct detection Laser interferometers Resonant mass detectors Proposed: Atom interferometers Indirect detection B-modes of CMB Pulsar timing array
LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration
Brightest star in the constellation Orion
as 61,515±11,486 L☉. A 2018 study using the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer measured the angular diameter as 2.526 mas. After correcting for limb
Rigel
Device that amplifies an optical signal
Operations exploiting Semiconductor Optical Amplifier based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Wavelength Converter and Phase Conjugation System". Optics and Photonics
Optical_amplifier
Technique in quantum optics
Hanbury Brown, R.; Twiss, R. Q. (1956). "A test of a new type of stellar interferometer on sirius". Nature. 175 (4541): 1046–1048. Bibcode:1956Natur.178.1046H
Single-photon_source
Retrieved 2007-01-23. "PAPER a precursor to HERA". "Degree Angular Scale Interferometer". Astro.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010
List_of_radio_telescopes
Industrial Engineering method
contact, frictionless actuation, high force and low inertia, and laser interferometer for sub micron position feedback. On the other hand, a typical 6 degrees
High performance positioning system
High_performance_positioning_system
Quantum state
J_{l}]\leq N} holds, which is relevant for linear interferometers, a very large class of interferometers used in experiments. For the Dicke state | D N /
Dicke_state
Astronomical radio observatory
Maryland and University of Chicago Cosmic Background Imager a 13 element interferometer operating in Llano de Chajnantor since 1999. IRAM 30 Meter Telescope
Large Latin American Millimeter Array
Large_Latin_American_Millimeter_Array
Properties of the Exoplanet Host Star epsilon Eridani Using the Navy Optical Interferometer" (2012, ApJ, 744, 138B)". The Astrophysical Journal. 748 (1): 72. arXiv:1112
List of nearest stars by spectral type
List_of_nearest_stars_by_spectral_type
Type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber
moves, the fringes move along the fiber by translating mirrors in an interferometer. As the mirrors have a limited range, they must be reset every period
Fiber_Bragg_grating
Infrared microscopy technique
a Michelson interferometer acting as Fourier-transform spectrometer. In nano-FTIR, the sample stage is placed in one of the interferometer arms, which
Nano-FTIR
Series of NASA satellites
seek to develop new areas of science. Constellation-X and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) have been referred to by NASA as the Einstein Great
Great_Observatories_program
Reconstruction of quantum states based on measurements
tomography system functions as an amplifier. The system can be seen as an interferometer with such a high intensity reference beam (the local oscillator) that
Quantum_tomography
Indian inventions
Jagadish Chandra Bose. Shearing interferometer – Invented by M.V.R.K. Murty, a type of Lateral Shearing Interferometer utilises a laser source for measuring
List of Indian inventions and discoveries
List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries
American engineer & educator (1931–2011)
1972). A. E. Siegman, "An antiresonant ring interferometer for coupled laser cavities, laser output coupling, mode locking, and cavity dumping," IEEE J. Quantum
Anthony_E._Siegman
Technique for amplifying ultrashort laser pulses
Zubarev, I G; Mironov, A B; Michailov, S I; Okulov, A Yu (1980). "Laser interferometer with wavefront reversing mirrors". Sov. Phys. JETP. 52 (5): 847. Bibcode:1980ZhETF
Chirped_pulse_amplification
Asensio, M.-C.; Avila, J. (April 5, 2011). "Nanometre multi-axis manipulator with interferometer control". Diamond Light Source Proceedings. 1 (MEDSI-6):
Nano-ARPES
Continuously computed dead reckoning
rotation. The phase shift between the two beams can be measured by an interferometer and is proportional to the rate of rotation (Sagnac effect). In practice
Inertial_navigation_system
Telescope in La Palma, Spain
A Coudé focus was planned as a later addition, to feed an optical interferometer with another telescope, but this was never built. A chopping f/35 secondary
William_Herschel_Telescope
NASA program
MetaFilm Sailcraft Jordan Wachs: Spectrally-Resolved Synthetic Imaging Interferometer Ryan Weed: Radioisotope Positron Propulsion In addition, nine projects
NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
NASA_Institute_for_Advanced_Concepts
New class of galactic astronomical transients - LPTs
detection has been enabled by a new generation of wide-field radio interferometers capable of imaging at cadences of seconds to minutes: Murchison Widefield
Long_period_radio_transient
Tool measuring EM radiation at 0.3–300-GHz frequency
Sounder. The Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis is an interferometer/imaging radiometer capable of resolving soil moisture and salinity over
Microwave_radiometer
Networks connecting quantum processors
telecommunication equipment. This fiber can be either single-mode or multi-mode, with single-mode allowing for more precise communication. At the sender, a
Quantum_network
Digital imaging circuit
an array of analytical instrumentation including spectrometers and interferometers. Digital color cameras, including the digital color cameras in smartphones
Charge-coupled_device
Technology development overview
atmospheric sounding interferometer Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – Payload imaging sensor Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER
MULTI MODE-INTERFEROMETER