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This is a list of scale model sizes, listing a variety of size ratios for scale models. Super Series - 1:1400 Scale, Modern Brands website (accessed 2017-06-21)
List_of_scale_model_sizes
Physical representation of an object
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes
Scale_model
Statistical law in machine learning
learning, a neural scaling law is an empirical scaling law that describes how neural network performance changes as key factors are scaled up or down. These
Neural_scaling_law
Topics referred to by the same term
Model scaling may refer to: Applying a scale ratio to create a scale model, a physical representation of an object Scaling up a neural network; see neural
Model_scaling
Scales used by rail transport models
Rail transport modelling uses a variety of scales (ratio between the real world and the model) to ensure scale models look correct when placed next to
Rail transport modelling scales
Rail_transport_modelling_scales
System property to handle growing work
applications do not scale horizontally. Network function virtualization defines these terms differently: scaling out/in is the ability to scale by adding/removing
Scalability
Language models designed for reasoning tasks
inference as a method to scale performance, complementing traditional scaling approaches based on training data size, model parameters, and training compute
Reasoning_model
Machine learning calibration technique
In machine learning, Platt scaling or Platt calibration is a way of transforming the outputs of a classification model into a probability distribution
Platt_scaling
Geometric transformation
geometry, uniform scaling (or isotropic scaling) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a scale factor that
Scaling_(geometry)
Theoretical physicist and artificial intelligence researcher
Kaplan would serve as the company's "Responsible Scaling Officer", overseeing its responsible scaling policy (RSP). In this role, Kaplan determines the
Jared_Kaplan
Degradation of AI models trained on synthetic data
data, exact collapse can be shown. In the case of a linear regression model, scaling laws and bounds on learning can be obtained. In the case of a linear
Model_collapse
As transistors become smaller, their power density remains constant
In semiconductor electronics, Dennard scaling, also known as MOSFET scaling, is a scaling law which states roughly that, as transistors get smaller, their
Dennard_scaling
Artificial intelligence model paradigm
capabilities of foundation models often scale predictably with the size of the model and the amount of the training data. Specifically, scaling laws have been discovered
Foundation_model
Family of computer vision models
is compound scaling, which uniformly scales all dimensions of depth, width, and resolution using a single parameter. EfficientNet models have been adopted
EfficientNet
Model railroad gauge
O scale (or O gauge) is a scale commonly used for toy trains and rail transport modelling. Introduced by German toy manufacturer Märklin around 1900,
O_scale
Model railroad scale of 1:87
HO or H0 is a rail transport modelling scale using a 1:87 scale (3.5 mm to 1 foot). It is the most popular scale of model railway in the world. The rails
HO_scale
Network whose degree distribution follows a power law
rise to scaling. There have been several attempts to generate scale-free network properties. Here are some examples: The Barabási–Albert model, an undirected
Scale-free_network
Varney Scale Models was founded in 1936 by Gordon Varney, an early pioneer in manufacturing HO scale model trains. The development of a reliable 6-volt
Varney_Scale_Models
V-scale, Vscale, or V scale (with V standing for virtual reality) is a scale of model railroading utilizing self-defining three-dimensional models and
V_scale_(model_railroading)
Type of machine learning model
corpus). Scaling laws are empirical statistical laws that predict LLM performance based on such factors. One particular scaling law ("Chinchilla scaling") for
Large_language_model
Method used to normalize the range of independent variables
scaling is applied is that gradient descent converges much faster with feature scaling than without it. It's also important to apply feature scaling if
Feature_scaling
Psychometric measurement scale
Strongly agree A seven level Likert scale adds "slightly agree" and "slightly disagree". Likert scaling is a bipolar scaling method, measuring either positive
Likert_scale
Topics referred to by the same term
Manufacturer Something which has undergone a scale transformation Scale model#Scales Scaling (geometry) Scale (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists
Scaled
Scale model size standard
The 1:64 scale is a traditional scale for models and miniatures, in which one unit (such as an inch or a centimeter) on the model represents 64 units on
1:64_scale
Large language model with ternary weights
in fine-tuning an existing model down to 1.58 bits. Some researchers point out that the scaling laws of large language models favor the low-bit weights
1.58-bit_large_language_model
Modelling scale of 1:160, 1:150 (Japan), 1:148 (UK)
N scale is a popular model railway scale. Depending upon the manufacturer (or country), the scale ranges from 1:148 to 1:160. Effectively the scale is
N_scale
Large language model developed by Google
"PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways". arXiv:2204.02311 [cs.CL]. Anadiotis, George (12 April 2022). "Google sets the bar for AI language models with
PaLM
Modelling trains hobby
Railway modelling (British English) or model railroading (US and Canada) is a hobby in which rail transport systems are modelled at a reduced scale. The
Rail_transport_modelling
Set of related ordination techniques used in information visualization
known as Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Torgerson Scaling or Torgerson–Gower scaling. It takes an input matrix giving dissimilarities between pairs
Multidimensional_scaling
Features that do not change if length or energy scales are multiplied by a common factor
all along the curve. Some fractals may have multiple scaling factors at play at once; such scaling is studied with multi-fractal analysis. Periodic external
Scale_invariance
Approximate power law relating animal metabolic rate to mass
3⁄4 exponent. Before Kleiber's observation of the 3/4 power scaling, a 2/3 power scaling was largely anticipated based on the "surface law", which states
Kleiber's_law
Scientific field studying cities as complex systems
literature on urban scaling was motivated by the success of scaling theory in biology, itself motivated in turn by the success of scaling in physics. Crucial
Urban_scaling
Informative representation of an entity
number or Reynolds number scaling (see Similitude). In the pre-computer era, the UK economy was modelled with the hydraulic model MONIAC, to predict for
Model
Railway modelling has long used a variety of scales and gauges to represent its models of real subjects. In most cases, gauge and scale are chosen together
List of narrow-gauge model railway scales
List_of_narrow-gauge_model_railway_scales
Topics referred to by the same term
distribution Feature scaling, a method used to normalize the range of independent variables or features of data Scale (analytical tool) Scale (map), the ratio
Scale
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
galaxies and supernovae. The model assumes that general relativity is the correct theory of gravity on cosmological scales. It emerged in the late 1990s
Lambda-CDM_model
Modeling scale
The 1:12 scale is a common scale (ratio) for models and miniatures. In this scale, one unit of length on the model corresponds to twelve units on the
1:12_scale
Model railroad gauge
OO gauge or OO scale (also, 00 gauge and 00 scale) is the most popular standard gauge model railway standard in the United Kingdom, outside of which it
OO_gauge
Scale for models and miniatures
1:32 scale is a traditional scale for models and miniatures, in which one unit (such as an inch or a centimeter) on the model represents 32 units on the
1:32_scale
measured between the inner faces of the rails. Model railway gauges are covered in rail transport modelling scales. For ridable miniature railways and minimum-gauge
List_of_track_gauges
Compute-Optimal Large Language Models". arXiv:2203.15556 [cs.CL]. Table 20 and page 66 of PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways Archived 2023-06-10
List_of_large_language_models
American data annotation company
Retrieved July 5, 2025. Chatterjee, Poulomi (January 16, 2023). "Scale AI was Scaling Till Clienteles Refused to Buy it Anymore". Analytics India Magazine
Scale_AI
Technique in neural networks for learning joint representations of text and images
Tan, Mingxing; Le, Quoc V. (2020-09-11). "EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks". arXiv:1905.11946 [cs.LG]. Radford
Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training
Contrastive_Language–Image_Pre-training
Size of die-cast model cars
1:43 scale is a popular size of die-cast model cars in Europe, Asia and the US. It has its origins in the British / European O scale for model trains
1:43_scale
Engineering model
Invariance with respect to monotonic transformations of the function (scaling) Invariance with respect to orthogonal transformations of the search space
Surrogate_model
Scale for models and miniatures
The 1:200 scale is a modeling scale used in the model building hobby. A vehicle or building made in the 1:200 scale, fits 200 times inside its real-life
1:200_scale
Scale models of the Bastille were produced between 1789 and 1790 by the businessman Pierre-François Palloy using stones from the demolition of the Bastille
Scale_models_of_the_Bastille
Model railway scale
16 mm to 1 foot or 1:19.05 is a popular scale of model railway in the UK which represents narrow gauge prototypes. The most common gauge for such railways
16_mm_scale
Model railroad gauge
In railway modelling, G scale or G gauge, also called large scale (45 mm (1.772 inches)), is a track gauge which is often used for outdoor garden railways
G_scale
Scale for models and miniatures
1:48 scale is a scale commonly used in diecast models, plastic models made from kits, and construction toys. It is especially popular with manufacturers
1:48_scale
Psychometric model for analyzing categorical data
the Rasch model, item locations are often scaled first, based on methods such as those described below. This part of the process of scaling is often referred
Rasch_model
Physical scale model tested in a large geotechnical centrifuge
T^{*}=L^{*2}\,} For model tests involving both dynamics and diffusion, the conflict in time scale factors may be resolved by scaling the permeability of
Geotechnical centrifuge modeling
Geotechnical_centrifuge_modeling
Common scale used in modeling
1:144 scale is a scale used for some scale models such as micro/mini armor. 1:144 means that the dimensions of the model are 1/144 (0.00694) the dimensions
1:144_scale
Type of large language model
"Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models". arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361. Hoffmann, Jordan (2022). "Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models"
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
Mathematical Earth system model
Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) is an Earth system modeling software that integrates atmospheric, oceanographic, and cryospheric modeling across
Model for Prediction Across Scales
Model_for_Prediction_Across_Scales
Traditional scale for models and miniatures
1:18 scale is a traditional scale (ratio) for models and miniatures, in which 18 units (such as inches or centimeters) on the original is represented
1:18_scale
Dynamic scaling (sometimes known as Family–Vicsek scaling) is a litmus test that shows whether an evolving system exhibits self-similarity. In general
Dynamic_scaling
Model railway scale
concessions in scaling down the prototype make for reliable running. This factor explains the continued popularity of EM as a scale for finescale modellers working
4_mm_scale
Series of large language models developed by Google AI
Shane; Dai, Zhuyun; Suzgun, Mirac; Chen, Xinyun (2024). "Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models". Journal of Machine Learning Research. 25 (70): 1–53
T5_(language_model)
Visual examples of techniques for image scaling
each scaling algorithm. https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/195767 enlarged 4x, cropped at x:420, y:210, w:170, h:200 File:Image-before-scaling.png outer
Comparison gallery of image scaling algorithms
Comparison_gallery_of_image_scaling_algorithms
Scale reproduction of a ship
Ship models or model ships are scale models of ships. They can range in size from 1/6000 scale wargaming miniatures to large vessels capable of holding
Ship_model
Study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior
proportions during growth, called allometry. Isometric scaling is often used as a null hypothesis in scaling studies, with 'deviations from isometry' considered
Allometry
Scale-free network generation algorithm
The Barabási–Albert (BA) model is an algorithm for generating random scale-free networks using a preferential attachment mechanism. Several natural and
Barabási–Albert_model
Scale used for scale models
1:72 scale is a scale used for scale models, most commonly model aircraft, where one inch on the model equals six feet (which is seventy-two inches) in
1:72_scale
forecasting models based on economic data including national income and product accounting data. In contrast with typical textbook models, these large-scale macroeconometric
Large-scale macroeconometric model
Large-scale_macroeconometric_model
Akaa Solar System Scale Model is located at the center of the city of Akaa, Finland. The Sun is located at the school campus of Toijalan Yhteiskoulu in
Akaa_Solar_System_Scale_Model
Power management technique in computers
poor overclocking). Dynamic frequency scaling almost always appears in conjunction with dynamic voltage scaling, since higher frequencies require higher
Dynamic_frequency_scaling
Number specifying how a quantum operator changes under dilations
theory is scale invariant, scaling dimensions of operators are fixed numbers, otherwise they are functions of the distance scale. In a scale invariant
Scaling_dimension
Type of toy
alloys based more on lead or iron. The most common die-cast vehicles are scale models of automobiles, aircraft, military vehicles, construction equipment,
Die-cast_toy
Model for generating observable data in probability and statistics
ISBN 978-0-19-921465-5 "Scaling up—researchers advance large-scale deep generative models". Microsoft. April 9, 2020. "Generative Models". OpenAI. June 16,
Generative_model
Small-scale model used in miniature wargaming
miniature wargaming, players enact simulated battles using scale models called miniature models, which can be anywhere from 2 to 54 mm in height, to represent
Miniature_model_(gaming)
Scale for models and miniatures
1:24 scale is a size for automobile models such as injection-molded plastic model kits or metal die-cast toys, which are built and collected by both children
1:24_scale
Mother ship aircraft designed to launch spacecraft
The Scaled Composites Model 351 Stratolaunch, or "Roc", is a solitary testbed aircraft built by Scaled Composites for Stratolaunch Systems to carry air-launch-to-orbit
Scaled Composites Stratolaunch
Scaled_Composites_Stratolaunch
Size for die-cast models
1:50 scale is a popular size for diecast models from European manufacturers such as Conrad, Tekno, NZG, WSI and LionToys. Typically they produce scale models
1:50_scale
sciences, scaling is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. For example, a scaling technique
Scale_(social_sciences)
Scale for model military vehicles
1:35 scale is the most popular scale for model military vehicles, with an extensive lineup of models and aftermarket parts available from a wide variety
1:35_scale
Best–worst scaling (BWS) techniques involve choice modelling (or discrete choice experiment – "DCE") and were invented by Jordan Louviere in 1987 while
Best–worst_scaling
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
emergent ability of large language models. It is an emergent property of model scale, meaning that breaks in scaling laws occur, leading to its efficacy
Prompt_engineering
Design model
An architectural model is a type of scale model made to study aspects of an architectural design or to communicate design intent. They are made using a
Architectural_model
Small model railroad gauge and scale
Z scale is one of the smallest commercially available model railway scales (1:220), with a track gauge of 6.5 mm / 0.256 in. Introduced by Märklin in 1972
Z_scale
Scale model in Helsinki and Espoo, Finland
Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model is a scale model of the Solar System built in Helsinki and partly in Espoo, Finland in 1992. Its scale is 1:1 000 000 000
Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model
Pajamäki_Solar_System_Scale_Model
Large language model by Meta AI
Llama. After the release of large language models such as GPT-3, a focus of research was up-scaling models, which in some instances showed major increases
Llama_(language_model)
significant contributors to the history and development of the scale-model and model-kit industry, including engineers, artists, designers, draftsmen
List of scale-model industry people
List_of_scale-model_industry_people
Concept in cosmology
to follow a hierarchical model with organization up to the scale of superclusters and filaments. Larger than this (at scales between 30 and 200 megaparsecs)
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Mathematical models for calculating viscosity
components j }}} This implies that the scaling parameter D p {\displaystyle D_{p}} alone is not a true or complete scaling factor unless all fluid components
Viscosity_models_for_mixtures
Scale for model ship kits
1:700 scale is a widely popular scale mainly used by Japanese ship model kit manufacturers, such as Aoshima, Tamiya, Hasegawa, Fujimi and Pit-Road. Manufacturers
1:700_scale
Wargame genre
terrain, and abstract scaling is used to adapt real-world ranges to the limitations of table space. The use of physical models to represent military units
Miniature_wargame
Class of statistical survival models
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes, before some event occurs, to one
Proportional_hazards_model
Theory and technique of psychological measurement
Publications. Davison, M.L. (1992). Multidimensional Scaling. Krieger. Kaplan, D. (2008). Structural Equation Modeling: Foundations and Extensions, 2nd ed. Sage
Psychometrics
Portfolio optimization model in finance
In finance, the Markowitz model ─ put forward by Harry Markowitz in 1952 ─ is a portfolio optimization model; it assists in the selection of the most efficient
Markowitz_model
Distributional regression model
The generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) is a distributional regression model in which a parametric statistical distribution
Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape
Generalized_additive_model_for_location,_scale_and_shape
First formal technique to measure an attitude
scaling such as application of the Rasch model or unfolding models such as the Hyperbolic Cosine Model (HCM) (Andrich & Luo, 1993). The Rasch model has
Thurstone_scale
Model railroad scale (1:64)
S scale (or S gauge) is a model railroad scale modeled at 1:64 scale, S scale track gauge (space between the rails) is 0.883–0.905 in (22.4–23.0 mm).
S_scale
Twin-engine turboprop aircraft
retail value. Model 115 A conceptual 85%-scale prototype built by Scaled Composites, it was scrapped by Beech at Mojave Airport in 1990. Model 2000 This initial
Beechcraft_Starship
Statistical data type
[P(Y=1)]=\alpha +\beta _{1}c+\beta _{2}x} is the model and c takes on the assigned levels of the categorical scale. In regression analysis, outcomes (dependent
Ordinal_data
AI Foundation model for tabular data
TabPFN-3 later incorporated related scaling improvements, including row chunking and a reduced key-value cache, into the model architecture and inference pipeline
TabPFN
Changing the speed or duration of an audio signal without affecting its pitch
its pitch. Pitch scaling is the opposite: the process of changing the pitch without affecting the speed. Pitch shift is pitch scaling implemented in an
Audio time stretching and pitch scaling
Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling
Statistical model for pairwise comparisons
The Bradley–Terry model is a probability model for the outcome of pairwise comparisons between items, teams, or objects. Given a pair of items i and j
Bradley–Terry_model
Water tank used to carry out hydrodynamic tests
resistance and scaling laws. His experiments were later vindicated in full-scale trials conducted by the Admiralty and as a result the first ship model basin was
Ship_model_basin
Scale for models and miniatures
1:500 scale is a scale mainly used by Europeans for pre-finished die-cast airliner models, such as German manufacturer Herpa. This scale is also used by
1:500_scale
MODEL SCALING
MODEL SCALING
Male
Yiddish
Pet form of Yiddish Mordche, MOTEL means "devotee of Marduk."Â
Boy/Male
Latin
Swarthy.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Ayilyam | அயீலà¯à®¯à®®
Model state of india
Ayilyam | அயீலà¯à®¯à®®
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old German personal name, Godilo, Godila.German (Gödel) : from a pet form of a compound personal name beginning with the element gÅd ‘good’ or god, got ‘god’.Variant of Godl or Gödl, South German variants of Gote, from Middle High German got(t)e, gö(t)te ‘godfather’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from the Yiddish male personal name Godl, a pet form of God, a variant of biblical Gad.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Model state of india
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Model; Idea
Boy/Male
Muslim
Model, Example
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Model; Example
Boy/Male
Muslim
Sample, Model, Paragon
Surname or Lastname
English (Surrey)
English (Surrey) : unexplained. Compare Moad.
Girl/Female
Hebrew
From the tower.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Enjoyment
Female
Yiddish
(×”Ö¸×דֶעל) Pet form of Yiddish Hode, HODEL means "myrtle tree."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Sample; Model; Paragon
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Model or Pattern
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Wealthy.
Boy/Male
Australian, French
Famous Ruler
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Example; Model; Demo
Boy/Male
Egyptian
To model.
Girl/Female
British, English, German, Russian
Supper
MODEL SCALING
MODEL SCALING
Girl/Female
Christian, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Anointed; Crystal; Gems; Follower of Christ; Ice
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Jewel Adorned by Lord Ram
Boy/Male
English
Abbreviation of names beginning with "Jer", such as Jerad, Jerah, Jerald, Jeralyn, Jeramy, Jeran,...
Girl/Female
Tamil
Hemasri | ஹேமாஂஷà¯à®°à¯€, ஹேமாஂஸரீ, ஹேமாஂஷà¯à®°à¯€Â
One with golden body
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
God Vishnu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Sikh, Telugu
Courage; Bravery
Boy/Male
Tamil
Beautiful, Handsome
Boy/Male
Tamil
Boy/Male
Indian, Traditional
Bold
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Éirinn, EIREANN means "Ireland."
MODEL SCALING
MODEL SCALING
MODEL SCALING
MODEL SCALING
MODEL SCALING
n.
Anything which serves, or may serve, as an example for imitation; as, a government formed on the model of the American constitution; a model of eloquence, virtue, or behavior.
n.
A person who poses as a pattern to an artist.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Model
a.
Of or pertaining to a mode or mood; consisting in mode or form only; relating to form; having the form without the essence or reality.
imp. & p. p.
of Model
n.
Prevailing popular custom; fashion, especially in the phrase the mode.
n.
Something intended to serve, or that may serve, as a pattern of something to be made; a material representation or embodiment of an ideal; sometimes, a drawing; a plan; as, the clay model of a sculpture; the inventor's model of a machine.
n.
Manner of doing or being; method; form; fashion; custom; way; style; as, the mode of speaking; the mode of dressing.
v. t.
To plan or form after a pattern; to form in model; to form a model or pattern for; to shape; to mold; to fashion; as, to model a house or a government; to model an edifice according to the plan delineated.
n.
The scale as affected by the various positions in it of the minor intervals; as, the Dorian mode, the Ionic mode, etc., of ancient Greek music.
v. t.
To model.
n.
Any copy, or resemblance, more or less exact.
a.
Indicating, or pertaining to, some mode of conceiving existence, or of expressing thought.
v. i.
To make a copy or a pattern; to design or imitate forms; as, to model in wax.
n.
That by which a thing is to be measured; standard.
a.
Suitable to be taken as a model or pattern; as, a model house; a model husband.