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Neurons that are part of the olfactory system
addition, sister mitral cells are reciprocally connected by gap junctions. The mitral to granule and mitral to periglomerular cell synapse was the first
Mitral_cell
Neural structure
rather mostly dendrites of mitral cells and GABAergic granule cells are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells, which in turn output
Olfactory_bulb
Abnormally-thickened heart valve
Mitral valve prolapse murmur at mitral area Heart sounds of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. Auscultating
Mitral_valve_prolapse
Sensory system used for smelling
mitral and tufted cells, which help determine odor concentration based on the time certain neuron clusters fire (called 'timing code'). These cells also
Olfactory_system
Term
congregate at the olfactory nerve before passing axons to the dendrites of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Sensory receptors in the mouth and nose are polarized
Retronasal_smell
other cell types, such as dentate granule cells and mitral cells. The specific morphology and function of basal dendrites vary based on species, cell type
Basal_dendrite
Study of flavor perception and how it affects cognition and memory
increasing its signal-to-noise ratio by way of lateral inhibition due to mitral cells stemming from the glomerular layer. This input then reaches the olfactory
Neurogastronomy
Structure in the brain's olfactory bulb
terminals of the olfactory nerve and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by a heterogeneous population
Glomerulus_(olfaction)
Sense that detects smells
25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular
Sense_of_smell
Neuron in the olfactory bulb
epithelium found in areas of the nose able to sense smell. Both tufted cells and mitral cells are projection neurons. Projection neurons send the signals from
Tufted_cell
Primary cell of the nervous system
Chen WR, Zecevic D (July 2004). "Voltage imaging from dendrites of mitral cells: EPSP attenuation and spike trigger zones". The Journal of Neuroscience
Neuron
Action potential generated in the dendrite of a neuron
neurotransmitters. For example, Mitral cells seem to serve both as projection neurons and as local interneurons. If the axonal output of a mitral cell is shut down by
Dendritic_spike
Therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient
Weruaga, Eduardo (2026-06-01). "Genetically modified bone marrow cells halt mitral cell loss by modulating inflammation and protecting against DNA damage"
Cell_therapy
Type of olfactory cell
cells mediate lateral inhibition in the olfactory system together with granule cells. They have inhibitory synapses on mitral cells and tufted cells.
Periglomerular_cell
Distortion of the perception of smell
layer, mitral cell layer, internal plexiform layer, and granule layer. The terminals of the receptor axons synapse with the dendrites of mitral and tufts
Dysosmia
Smelling of an odor not actually there
(or troposmia) Odorant-binding protein Odorant receptor Olfactory bulb mitral cell Olfactory receptor neuron Olfactory tubercle "That stinks! 1 in 15 Americans
Phantosmia
Ion channel enzyme pump found in the membrane of all animal cells
activity mode of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells and probably other neuron types. This suggests that the pump might not
Sodium–potassium_pump
Neurobiological terminology
to the study, subthreshold membrane potential oscillations present in mitral cells, which are neurons in the olfactory system, are said to influence the
Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations
Subthreshold_membrane_potential_oscillations
Type of dendrite found at the apex of cortical pyramidal cell pathways
apical dendrites of mitral cells, which are the principal projection neurons in the olfactory bulb. Cell bodies of mitral cells are located in a distinct
Apical_dendrite
Specialised epithelial tissue in the nasal cavity that detects odours
dendrites of mitral cells in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Analogous to neural glial cells, the supporting cells are non-neural cells in the olfactory
Olfactory_epithelium
Neural phenomenon
the cell is activated to fire an action potential. These sodium channels on the dendrites are abundant in certain types of neurons, especially mitral and
Neural_backpropagation
Type of neuron with a very small cell body
single long apical dendrite that expands into the granule cell layer and enters the mitral cell body layer. The dendrite branches terminate within the outer
Granule_cell
Enzyme involved in Kreb's cycle
complex nucleus Biological process glycolytic process olfactory bulb mitral cell layer development thalamus development generation of precursor metabolites
OGDH
Small bilateral neuronal structure in the brain of vertebrates
ventral habenula, respectively. In some fish (lampreys and teleosts), mitral cell (principal olfactory neurons) axons project exclusively to the right
Habenula
American neuroscientist
M. and Laurent, G. (1999) Odor- and context-dependent modulation of mitral cell firing in behaving rats. Nature Neuroscience, 2(11): 1003-1009. Nusser
Leslie_M._Kay
Species of mammal
are simpler. Monotremes differ from placental mammals in that their mitral cells are distributed throughout the outer plexiform layer of the olfactory
Platypus
Part of the ethmoid bone in the skull
slight modifications this method could be effective in delivery of stem cells to the brain as well. A recent Australian study has shown that the bacterium
Cribriform_plate
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the brain, and have an absence of a mitral cell (neurons involved in the olfactory pathway) layer, with mitral cells instead being scattered about. Phenotypically
Eomesodermin
Medical condition
into the valve structure. This may potentially cause mitral regurgitation (MR) or more rarely mitral stenosis (MS), which may produce the classic symptoms
Mitral_annular_calcification
Recollection of odors
repeated stimulus), which involves adaptation of cells in the olfactory system. Receptor neurons and mitral cells located in the olfactory system adapt in response
Olfactory_memory
Smell sense organ above the roof of the mouth
Bhatnagar KP, Kennedy RC, Baron G, Greenberg RA (May 1987). "Number of mitral cells and the bulb volume in the aging human olfactory bulb: a quantitative
Vomeronasal_organ
Area of the brain involved in the sense of smell
fibres from the olfactory tract. It receives input from mitral cells and tufted cells. These cells do not pass through the thalamus. The primary olfactory
Primary_olfactory_cortex
Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates
release of calcium from the cell's internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The rise in calcium causes the cell's myofilaments to slide past
Cardiac_muscle
Sensory neuron that detects odorants
Unusually for neurons, ORNs are continually replaced throughout life from stem cells in the olfactory epithelium. A major advance in the molecular study of olfaction
Olfactory_receptor_neuron
Organ found in humans and other animals
stages of the disease. Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. Auscultating
Heart
Antibody in molecular biology and neuroscience
neuronal cell types are not recognized by NeuN antibodies, such as Purkinje cells, stellate and Golgi cells of the cerebellum, olfactory Mitral cells, retinal
NeuN
Human traits which lost their original function through evolution
Kennedy, Ray C.; Baron, Georg; Greenberg, Richard A. (1987). "Number of mitral cells and the bulb volume in the aging human olfactory bulb: A quantitative
Human_vestigiality
superior alveolar artery middle temporal gyrus midline nuclei miosis mitral cell modiolus molar monaminergic neurons mononeuropathy multiplex mons pubis
Index_of_anatomy_articles
Membrane protein produced by neurons
embryonic development, it is strongly expressed in the olfactory bulb by Mitral cells. LOTUS is an endogenous antagonist of the Nogo receptor (NgR1) and Paired
Lateral olfactory tract usher substance
Lateral_olfactory_tract_usher_substance
Electrophysiological recordings from olfactory bulb mitral cells of a recently lambed ewe show these cells respond preferentially to general lamb odors, and
Olfactory_imprinting_in_sheep
Genetic disorder involving connective tissue
serious complications involve the heart and aorta, with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm. The lungs, eyes, bones, and the covering
Marfan_syndrome
Adaptive immune gene selection
code for cell surface proteins that facilitate an organism's immune response to pathogens as well as its ability to avoid attacking its own cells. These
Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection
Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection
Steroid lactone, mostly found in skin venom glands of toads
concentrations RBG has a toxic effect on mitral cells. It was also found that because RBG exerted the same effect on mitral cells as ouabain, the mechanism of action
Resibufogenin
Cranial nerve I, for smelling
nerve. The ORN axons of each glomerulus synapse with apical dendrites of mitral cells, the primary projection neurons of the olfactory bulb, which create and
Olfactory_nerve
Cells that assist in the subcellular organization of both neural axon growth and migration
guideposts cells were proposed to play a role in axonal guidance. In this migrational pathway, olfactory neurons move from the nasal cavities to the mitral cells
Guidepost_cells
American neuroscientist (1933–2022)
neurons: the mitral and granule cell. This predicted previously unknown dendrodendritic interactions between the mitral and granule cells, subsequently
Gordon_M._Shepherd
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
keratinocytes. The cell-cell adhesion of fibroblasts is thought to be necessary for wound healing. Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause mitral valve prolapse
DCHS1
Controlling biological cells with light
the dorsal section of the olfactory bulb. Longer photostimulation of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb led to observations of longer lasting neuronal
Optogenetics
French surgeon
the "father of modern mitral valve repair". He is most well-known for the development and popularization of a number of mitral valve repair techniques
Alain_Carpentier
Bloody mucus from coughing
family history history of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, mitral stenosis, etc. history of cigarette smoking, occupational diseases by exposure
Hemoptysis
Enlargement of the heart muscle
behind the mitral valve. It is only when the deeper portion of the septal bulge is resected that flow is redirected anteriorly away from the mitral valve,
Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy
Part of the brain involved in smell
glands mucosa Sustentacular cell Tufted cell Olfactory nerve Olfactory receptor neuron Olfactory bulb glomeruli mitral cells Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone
Olfactory_trigone
Antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from cells
Na+ Dynamics Govern Electrical Activity in Accessory Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells". PLOS Biology. 13 (12) e1002319. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002319. ISSN 1545-7885
Sodium-calcium_exchanger
Group of cells in the wall of the heart
muscle in the upper back wall of the right atrium made up of cells known as pacemaker cells. The sinus node is approximately 15 mm long, 3 mm wide, and
Sinoatrial_node
Type of congenital heart defect
disease differentiated by either stenosis or atresia of the aortic and mitral valve. Mitral atresia and aortic atresia (MA-AA) subtype is the most severe form
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic_left_heart_syndrome
Developmental stage in mice
cochlear nuclei - peak of neurogenesis Finlay and Darlington (1995) 12 mitral cells - peak of neurogenesis Finlay and Darlington (1995) 12 amygdala - peak
Mouse brain development timeline
Mouse_brain_development_timeline
Fragmented portion of a red blood cell
Retrieved 2014-12-08. Images in Clinical Medicine: Hemolytic Anemia after Mitral-Valve Repair, Sarinya Puwanant and Watchara Lohawijarn, N Engl J Med 2012;
Schistocyte
Organelle found on eukaryotic cells
of cilia, such as polycystic kidney disease, congenital heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, and retinal degeneration, called ciliopathies. The primary
Cilium
Medical condition
wall between the right and left ventricles; and 3) Abnormalities of the mitral and/or tricuspid valves. AVCD is caused by an abnormal or inadequate fusion
Atrioventricular septal defect
Atrioventricular_septal_defect
American heart surgeon
O'Gara PT,Michler RE, Kron IL; the CTSN Mitral-Valve Repair versus Replacement for Severe Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370:23-32
Robert_E._Michler
Class of proteins involved in axon guidance
predominantly in the central nervous system in places such as the thalamus and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. They do not bind to DCC or UNC-5 and instead bind
Netrin
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Microglia- and Monocyte/Macrophage-Enriched Cell Populations After Intracerebral Hemorrhage". Front Cell Neurosci. 12 520. doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00520
SALL1
Aspect of heart function
posterior fascicle transmits impulses to the papillary muscles, leading to mitral valve closure. As the left posterior fascicle is shorter and broader than
Cardiac_conduction_system
Connections between dendrites
dendrodendritic synapses with mitral cells to convey odor information from the olfactory bulb. Lateral inhibition from the granule cell spines helps to contribute
Dendrodendritic_synapse
Protein subfamily of calcium-activated potassium channels
neurons, inferior olive neurons, spinal and hypoglossal motoneurons, mitral cells in the olfactory bulb, and cortical neurons. SK channels on dendritic
SK_channel
Lung disorder
standing pulmonary congestion (chronic passive congestion). Occurs with mitral stenosis and left sided heart failure. The lung vessels are congested with
Brown_induration
Medical condition
the heart, it can block blood flow through the mitral valve and cause symptoms of mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation. This may require emergency surgery
Cardiac_myxoma
rheumatic pericarditis 394 Diseases of mitral valve 394.0 Mitral stenosis 394.1 Rheumatic mitral insufficiency 394.2 Mitral stenosis with insufficiency 394.9
List of ICD-9 codes 390–459: diseases of the circulatory system
List_of_ICD-9_codes_390–459:_diseases_of_the_circulatory_system
Chinese neuroscientist
the volatile compound in mouse urine, she found that populations of mitral cells are activated to single volatile compounds. Specifically, she found one
Dayu_Lin
Sudden temporary weakening of the heart muscle
patients with SAM had longer anterior mitral leaflets, thicker septum (16 ±4 mm), and anterior displacement of the mitral valve in LV cavity. Moreover, in
Takotsubo_cardiomyopathy
Part of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber contracts
ventricle (lighter pink, see graphic), which two are connected through the mitral (or bicuspid) valve; and the right atrium above the right ventricle (lighter
Systole
protein deficiency Mitral atresia Mitral regurgitation deafness skeletal anomalies Mitral valve prolapse, familial, autosomal dominant Mitral valve prolapse
List_of_diseases_(M)
Medical condition
pacing preserves left ventricular function, heart failure symptom scores and mitral regurgitation incidence compared to right ventricular pacing. Ventricular
Cardiac_amyloidosis
Species of bacterium
cleanings and surgeries) and colonize the heart valves, particularly the mitral and aortic valves, where it is the most common cause of subacute bacterial
Streptococcus_sanguinis
Network of cells that facilitate rhythmic heart contraction
pacemaker is the heart's natural rhythm generator. It employs pacemaker cells that produce electrical impulses, known as cardiac action potentials, which
Natural_pacemaker
Blockage of a blood vessel by a circulatory mass (embolus)
within the atrium occurs mainly in patients with mitral valve disease, and especially in those with mitral valve stenosis (narrowing), with atrial fibrillation
Embolism
Replacement of a valve in the human heart
Umezu M (January 2012). "Assessment of a novel stentless mitral valve using a pulsatile mitral valve simulator". The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 21
Artificial_heart_valve
which are present in dendritic cells, lymphocytes, mitral cells and are also localized in the nucleus of several types of cells in cancer and in brain tissue
ImKTx88
Endogenous tag expressed in different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells
bulb mitral cells, retinal photoreceptor and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Calbindin is expressed by cerebellar Purkinje cells and granule
Neuronal_lineage_marker
Method of analysing cardiac performance
end-diastolic volume and pressure This is a narrowing of the mitral valve orifice when the valve is open. Mitral stenosis impairs LV filling so that there is a decrease
Pressure–volume loop analysis in cardiology
Pressure–volume_loop_analysis_in_cardiology
Irregular beating of the atria of the heart
pressure, coronary artery disease, mitral valve stenosis (e.g., due to rheumatic heart disease or mitral valve prolapse), mitral regurgitation, left atrial enlargement
Atrial_fibrillation
Branch of medicine dealing with the heart
the mitral valve due to mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, or other reasons. Mitral valve repair – Repair, instead of replacement, of the mitral valve
Outline_of_cardiology
Medical condition
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis (IGCM) is a cardiovascular disease of the muscle of the heart (myocardium). The condition is rare; however, it is often
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis
Idiopathic_giant-cell_myocarditis
Medication against high blood pressure
efficacious. Amlodipine is also used to treat congestive heart failure due to mitral valve regurgitation in dogs. By decreasing resistance to forward flow in
Amlodipine
Portion of the forebrain of vertebrates
the bulb the signal is transmitted caudally via the axons of mitral cells, and tufted cells in the lateral olfactory tract. The tract forms on the ventrolateral
Anterior_olfactory_nucleus
Performance of the human heart
blood is efficiently collected and circulated throughout the body. The mitral and tricuspid valves, also known as the atrioventricular, or AV valves,
Cardiac_cycle
Void between celestial bodies
vomiting, as well as damage to the immune system and changes to the white blood cell count. Over longer durations, symptoms include an increased risk of cancer
Outer_space
Perceived cardiac abnormality in which one's heartbeat can be felt
the dissociation of mitral valve and tricuspid valve, and the subsequent atria are contracting against a closed tricuspid and mitral valves, thereby producing
Palpitations
Depression of the ST segment on an electrocardiogram
branch block, WPW, etc.) Hypothermia Tachycardia Reciprocal ST elevation Mitral valve prolapse Central nervous system disease, such as stroke A mnemonic
ST_depression
Fibers in the wall of the heart
specialized conducting fibers composed of electrically excitable muscle cells. They are larger than cardiomyocytes with fewer myofibrils and many mitochondria
Purkinje_fibers
Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissue
non-infectious, and is also called Libman–Sacks endocarditis. It involves either the mitral valve or the tricuspid valve. Atherosclerosis also occurs more often and
Lupus
Restriction in blood supply to tissues
ischemia. Other causes are heart conditions including myocardial infarction, mitral valve disease, chronic atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathies, and prosthesis
Ischemia
Medical condition
is the E/E' ratio, which is the ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling (E) to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E'). Diastolic dysfunction
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Heart_failure_with_preserved_ejection_fraction
Part of the human heart
atria is pumped into the heart ventricles through the atrioventricular mitral and tricuspid heart valves. There are two atria in the human heart – the
Atrium_(heart)
Post-streptococcal inflammatory disease
Different variants of MBL2 gene regions are associated with RHD. RHD-induced mitral valve stenosis has been associated with MBL2 alleles encoding for high production
Rheumatic_fever
American television personality
Fox Television Network. In 1995, Gotti wrote her first book, Women and Mitral Valve Prolapse, which was inspired by and documented her own struggle with
Victoria_Gotti
Part of the cardiac cycle
the left atrium, the mitral valve opens due to a negative pressure differential (suction) between the two chambers. The open mitral valve allows blood in
Diastole
Medical condition
and therefore decreased blood flow out of the heart. Mitral valve stenosis thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing
Stenosis
Circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium)
right coronary artery.[citation needed] The papillary muscles attach the mitral valve (the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle) and the
Coronary_circulation
Type of white blood cell
of white blood cell. Basophils are the least common type of granulocyte, representing about 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells. They are the largest
Basophil
MITRAL CELL
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