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Very small scale structure of material
Microstructure is the very small-scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope
Microstructure
How trading mechanisms and market design shape prices, liquidity, and transaction costs
Market microstructure is a branch of finance concerned with the details of how exchange occurs in markets. While the theory of market microstructure applies
Market_microstructure
The use of microstructures in 3D printing, where the thickness of each strut scale of tens of microns ranges from 0.2mm to 0.5mm, has the capabilities
Microstructures in 3D printing
Microstructures_in_3D_printing
Structure composed of thin alternating layers of different materials
In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae.
Lamellar_structure
Lebanese-American author (born 1960)
New York University University of Massachusetts Amherst Thesis The Microstructure of Dynamic Hedging (1998) Doctoral advisor Hélyette Geman Website fooledbyrandomness
Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb
ductile iron that enjoys high strength and ductility as a result of its microstructure controlled through heat treatment. While conventional ductile iron was
Austempered_Ductile_Iron
Relationship between materials which compose a rock
In geology, texture or rock microstructure refers to the relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed. The broadest textural classes
Texture_(geology)
Preparation and study of ceramics with optical instruments
and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Ceramography can be thought of as the metallography of ceramics. The microstructure is the structure level of
Ceramography
Plate-like microstructure in steels
Bainite is a plate-like microstructure that forms in steels at temperatures of 125–550 °C (depending on alloy content). First described by E. S. Davenport
Bainite
Armor inspired by natural microstructures
composition, and most importantly, the microstructures commonly found in nature's natural defense mechanisms. These microstructures have been evolved by organisms
Bioinspired_armor
Mathematical model
Mesoscale Microstructure Simulation Project (MMSP) is a collection of C++ classes for grid-based microstructure simulation. The MICRostructure Evolution
Phase-field_model
When crystallite boundaries are more corrosive than their interiors
(grains fall out) and/or loses its strength. The photos show the typical microstructure of a normalized (unsensitized) type 304 stainless steel and a heavily
Intergranular_corrosion
German manufacturer of semiconductor products
higher performance, system level sensors and microstructures, wireless, RF and bus addressable microstructures. In August 2002, SMI acquired the IC Sensors'
Elmos_Semiconductor
American economist
O'Hara's research focuses on issues in market microstructure, and she is the author of Market Microstructure Theory as well as numerous journal articles
Maureen O'Hara (financial economist)
Maureen_O'Hara_(financial_economist)
Type of polymer with both thermoplastic and elastic properties
percent per year. The styrene-butadiene materials possess a two-phase microstructure due to incompatibility between the polystyrene and polybutadiene blocks
Thermoplastic_elastomer
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
act as a barrier to further oxidation. The chemical composition and microstructure of a passive film are different from the underlying metal. Typical passive
Corrosion
Process of heating something to alter it
processes, such as hot forming or welding. Metallic materials consist of a microstructure of small crystals called "grains" or crystallites. The nature of the
Heat_treating
German research institute
The Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle (Saale) is a research institute in Germany focused on novel materials with useful functionalities
Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics
Max_Planck_Institute_of_Microstructure_Physics
Substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object
Various different materials classified by microstructure. Clockwise from top-left: steel kitchen container (metals), terracotta flowerpots (ceramics),
Material
Steel alloyed with a variety of elements
austenitic microstructure to martensitic microstructure. TRIP steels use relatively high carbon content to create the austenitic microstructure. Relatively
Alloy_steel
Palaeozoic lophophorates with small conical shells
marginal accretion. The orthothecid shell has an internal layer with a microstructure of transverse bundles, and an external layer comprising longitudinal
Hyolitha
Type of synthetic microstructure
science, vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VANTAs) are a unique microstructure consisting of carbon nanotubes oriented with their longitudinal axis
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays
Vertically_aligned_carbon_nanotube_arrays
Solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks
kerogen from the rock matrix without altering its chemical composition or microstructure. Kerogen is formed during sedimentary diagenesis from the degradation
Kerogen
Response of rock to deformation
geological shear is related to the study of structural geology, rock microstructure or rock texture and fault mechanics. The process of shearing occurs
Shear_(geology)
Austrian-Swiss materials scientist
processing–microstructure maps". Acta Materialia. 49 (6): 1051–1062. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00367-0. Kurz, W. (July 2001). "Solidification Microstructure-Processing
Wilfried_Kurz
Tiny device in which chemical reactions take place
A microreactor or microstructured reactor or microchannel reactor is a device in which chemical reactions take place in a confinement with typical lateral
Microreactor
Titanium alloy
Ti-6Al-4V is heat treated to vary the amounts and microstructure of α and β phases in the alloy. The microstructure will vary significantly depending on the exact
Ti-6Al-4V
Mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements
composition) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions, forming a microstructure of different crystals within the metal). Examples of alloys include
Alloy
Facility in Nanjing, China
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure (LSSMS, Chinese: 固体微结构物理国家重点实验室) is located in Nanjing University, China. It is a key laboratory in physics, associated
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University
Laboratory_of_Solid_State_Microstructure,_Nanjing_University
Natural changes in the human female reproductive system
The microstructure of the uterus lining changes throughout the cycle.
Menstrual_cycle
Type of steel with a ferritic–martensitic microstructure
(DP steel) is a high-strength steel that has a ferritic–martensitic microstructure. DP steels are produced from low or medium carbon steels that are quenched
Dual-phase_steel
Type of cast iron
be produced with a wide range of properties through control of their microstructure. The common defining characteristic of this group of materials is the
Ductile_iron
Nickel-based superalloy
industries. Inconel 718 is an age-hardenable austenitic alloy. The microstructure of IN718 is made up of a face-centered cubic (FCC) matrix with large
Inconel_718
Study of metals using microscopy
a hexagonal-closed packed crystal structure, such as Ti or Zr) the microstructure can be revealed without etching using crossed polarized light (light
Metallography
Scanning electron microscopy technique
accurate and detailed analysis of the microstructure. Second, it can be used to study complex microstructures, such as those found in composite materials
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
Heat treatment that alters the properties of a material
completed, then grain growth (the third stage) occurs. In grain growth, the microstructure starts to coarsen and may cause the metal to lose a substantial part
Annealing_(materials_science)
Membrane in a liquid electrolyte battery
possess a porous microstructure. While specific processing parameters (such as temperature and rolling speed) influence the final microstructure, generally
Separator_(electricity)
Method of casting in manufacturing
Due to the high level of control and broad range of possible porous microstructures that freeze-casting can produce, the technique has been adopted in
Freeze-casting
Inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat
examination, and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Evaluation and characterization of ceramic microstructures are often implemented on similar spatial
Ceramic
Form of food
Food powder (also called powdery food) is the most common format of dried solid food material that meets specific quality standards, such as moisture content
Food_powder
Process for producing pictures with a microscope
an electron micrograph. A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure. A wealth of information can be obtained from a simple micrograph like
Micrograph
Form of iron
austenitization, the austempering process can yield different and desired microstructures. A higher austenitization temperature can produce a higher carbon content
Austenite
Temperature at which a metal softens
temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect
Forging_temperature
Research of materials
impact material performance, from the constituent chemical elements, its microstructure, and macroscopic features from processing. Together with the laws of
Materials_science
Array of bubbles
continuum mechanics, which assumes a material to have no underlying microstructure and be uniform and semi-infinite throughout. Bubble rafts assemble bubbles
Bubble_raft
British physicist
experimental physicist, Managing Director at the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle and an Alexander von Humboldt Professor at the Institute
Stuart_Parkin
Lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite
below 727 °C (1,341 °F) (the eutectoid temperature). Pearlite is a microstructure occurring in the vast majority of structural steels. The eutectoid composition
Pearlite
Food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk
The microstructure of yogurt is affected by its fat and protein content and its processing conditions. In low-fat formulations, the microstructure is a
Yogurt
Processes relevant to the sol-gel process
Mechanics of gelation describes processes relevant to sol-gel process. In a static sense, the fundamental difference between a liquid and a solid is that
Mechanics_of_gelation
Type of optical fiber waveguide
Microstructured optical fibers (MOF) are optical fiber waveguides where guiding is obtained through manipulation of waveguide structure rather than its
Microstructured_optical_fiber
Process of heat treating used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys
temperature is avoided, so as not to destroy the very-hard, quenched microstructure, called martensite. Precise control of time and temperature during the
Tempering_(metallurgy)
Chemical element with atomic number 56 (Ba)
steel and cast iron to reduce the size of carbon grains within the microstructure. Barium compounds are added to fireworks to impart a green color. Barium
Barium
Steel microstructure characterized by long needle-like grains
Acicular ferrite is a microstructure of ferrite in steel that is characterised by needle-shaped crystallites or grains when viewed in two dimensions. The
Acicular_ferrite
Alloys with high proportions of several metals
"the four core effects of HEAs" and are behind a lot of the particular microstructure and properties of HEAs. The four core effects are high entropy, severe
High-entropy_alloy
Chemical compound
yogurt, although it also has beneficial effects on the physical gel microstructure. Sodium citrate is a component in Benedict's qualitative solution, often
Trisodium_citrate
Any metal shaping process occurring above its recrystallization temperature
face-centered-cubic austenite microstructure is deformed instead of the strong body-centered-cubic ferrite microstructure found at lower temperatures Usually
Hot_working
Trade name of age-hardenable aluminium alloy
Duralumin's remarkable strength and durability stem from its unique microstructure, which is significantly influenced by heat treatment processes. Solid
Duralumin
Academic journal
established in 1982 by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Inc. (Chicago) as Food Microstructure and published biannually. The title was changed to Food Structure in
Food_Structure
Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell
Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (from Ancient Greek erythros 'red' and kytos 'hollow vessel', with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern
Red_blood_cell
Academic journal
Materials Science and Engineering: A — Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the section
Materials Science and Engineering A
Materials_Science_and_Engineering_A
Field of science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metals
Vanadium (~0.005%), resulting in the formation of nanomaterials in its microstructure and characterised by exhibiting properties such as superplasticity and
Metallurgy
Iron-carbon alloy
effect of bismuth. Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It
Cast_iron
South African scientist
paleontologist known for her expertise and developments in the study of the microstructure of fossil teeth and bones of extinct and extant vertebrates. She was
Anusuya_Chinsamy-Turan
Heat treatment in ferrous materials
most notably steel and ductile iron. In steel it produces a bainite microstructure whereas in cast irons it produces a structure of acicular ferrite and
Austempering
Feminist science academic
neurobiology. She is the author of Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition (1998), Psychosomatic: Feminism and the Neurological Body
Elizabeth_A._Wilson
Extinct order of brachiopods
to contract. The microstructure of the Orthid shell can be divided into two types: punctate and impunctate. Punctate microstructure refer to a state that
Orthida
Deformation mechanism in steel
cracks (WECs), first reported in 1996, are cracks that can form in the microstructure of bearing steel, leading to the development of a network of branched
White_etching_cracks
Research institution in Germany
Circuits and Systems (IMS) Microengineering and Microsystems (IMM) Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS) Microsystems and Solid State Technologies
Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications
Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Telecommunications
Microstructure of natural materials
A Bouligand structure is a layered and rotated microstructure resembling plywood, which is frequently found in naturally evolved materials. It consists
Bouligand_structure
Shock-wave related deformation and heating of rocks during collisions
Shock metamorphism or impact metamorphism describes the effects of shock-wave related deformation and heating during impact events. The formation of similar
Shock_metamorphism
Part of the eye
The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a part of the choroid of the eye. It is a layer of capillaries immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane
Capillary_lamina_of_choroid
Area of the prefrontal cortex of primates
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC or DLPFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain. It is one of the most recently derived parts
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex
French laboratory in Metz
The Laboratory of study of microstructures, mechanics and material sciences (French: Laboratoire d'étude des microstructures et de mécanique des matériaux)
Laboratory of Microstructure Studies and Mechanics of Materials
Laboratory_of_Microstructure_Studies_and_Mechanics_of_Materials
Property of materials that causes them to change their shape during magnetization
Magnetostriction is a property of magnetic materials that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization. The variation
Magnetostriction
Igneous rock composed of crystals visible to the naked eye
A phanerite is an igneous rock whose microstructure is made up of crystals large enough to be distinguished with the unaided human eye. In contrast, the
Phanerite
Alloy steel
welding processes, filler metal selection and joint design to account for microstructure changes, distortion and stress concentration. The need to develop improved
HY-80
German polymath (1646–1716)
are the outcome of a combination of an infinite number of possible microstructures and of their powers. In the life sciences and paleontology, he revealed
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Stainless steel that has both austenitic and ferritic phases
post-build heat treatment is used to obtain a balanced ferrite–austenite microstructure. After heat treatment, such parts have shown corrosion behaviour in
Duplex_stainless_steel
Upper-eyelid morphology with a visible supratarsal crease
Retrieved 1 August 2026. Cheng, J.; Xu, F.; Li, Y. (June 2001). "Anatomic Microstructure of the Upper Eyelid in the Oriental Double Eyelid". Plastic and Reconstructive
Double_eyelids
Academic discipline concerned with the exchange of money
formal study of the financial markets themselves, especially market microstructure and market regulation. It is built on the foundations of microeconomics
Financial_economics
Steel known for strength and toughness
alloying elements are dissolved, and a homogeneous microstructure is achieved. Homogeneous microstructure thus achieved improves the overall mechanical behavior
Maraging_steel
Plastic polymer/filler blend
distribution of the microstructure. PP and PE form lamellar crystallites separated by amorphous regions that can grow into a variety of microstructures ranging from
Thermoplastic_olefin
Concept in economics
orders. Kyle's lambda is named from Albert Kyle's famous paper on market microstructure. Practitioners sometimes model market impact as proportional to the
Market_impact
American material scientist
computational contributions to material science, especially the study of microstructure. Bhattacharya received a B.Tech degree from the Indian Institute of
Kaushik_Bhattacharya
Precipitation-hardening aluminium alloy
original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-21. Hatch, John (1984). "Microstructure of Alloys". Aluminum: Properties and Physical Metallurgy. ASM International
6061_aluminium_alloy
Species of butterfly
produced by pigments, but is structural coloration produced by the microstructure of the wing scales. They refract the light and give rise to blue and
Papilio_palinurus
Japanese swordsmith based in Tokyo
Campe. ISBN 978-3-89986-044-3. Madeleine Durand-Charre (9 March 2013). Microstructure of Steels and Cast Irons. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 28.
Yoshindo_Yoshihara
Tooth enamel defects
enamel. They are called tufts due to their wavy look within the enamel microstructure. Biomechanically, enamel tufts are closed cracks or defects which, in
Enamel_tufts
3D printing technique
direct metal laser sintering samples has been attributed to a very fine microstructure. Additionally, industry pressure has added more superalloy powders to
Selective_laser_melting
Fundamental anatomical unit of compact bone
Alexander V.; Chrenek, Peter (2008). "Sex-related variation in compact bone microstructure of the femoral diaphysis in juvenile rabbits". Acta Vet Scand. 50 (1):
Osteon
Metal heat treatment process
while the core remains soft and tough as a ferritic and/or pearlite microstructure. This manufacturing process can be characterized by the following key
Carburizing
Oogenus of dinosaur egg
Macroelongatoolithus specimens are extremely variable in size, shape, and microstructure, even in eggs laid by a single individual. For example, within a single
Macroelongatoolithus
Substance engineered for biological medical use
biological materials, this hierarchical organization is inherent to the microstructure. One of the first examples of this, in the history of structural biology
Biomaterial
Comedic work based on taboo subject matter
section Histoire et théorie de la traduction – Recherches sur les microstructures, in: Grassin, Jean-Marie (ed.), DITL Archived 8 November 2018 at the
Dark_humor
Type of steel used in Middle Eastern swordmaking
toughness, with a pearlitic microstructure, and the 15N20 steel is known for high toughness with a ferritic microstructure. The mechanical properties of
Damascus_steel
Tin- and lead-based alloy in plain bearings
Microstructure of babbitt
Babbitt_(alloy)
Solution of nitric acid and alcohol
for etching of metals. It is especially suitable for revealing the microstructure of carbon steels. The alcohol can be methanol or ethanol. Mixtures of
Nital
American economist
natural selection in markets. In finance, his work focuses on market microstructure and asset pricing. In decision theory, he works on modeling decision
David_Easley
Hard, brittle internal structure found in all members of the family Sepiidae
can also be used in the process of pewter casting, as a mould. The microstructure of the cuttlebone consists of two components, horizontal septa and vertical
Cuttlebone
Surface micromachining builds microstructures by deposition and etching structural layers over a substrate. This is different from Bulk micromachining
Surface_micromachining
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