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Solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks
Kerogen is solid, insoluble organic matter in sedimentary rocks. It consists of a variety of organic materials, including dead plants, algae, and other
Kerogen
Naturally occurring combustible liquid
ways to kerogen. Combination happened in a similar fashion as phenol and formaldehyde molecules react to urea-formaldehyde resins, but kerogen formation
Petroleum
Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen
containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced. In addition to kerogen, general composition
Oil_shale
Oil produced from oil shale rock fragments
dissolution. These processes convert the organic matter within the rock (kerogen) into synthetic oil and gas. The resulting oil can be used immediately
Shale_oil
Graphical plots used to assess the origin and maturity of kerogen and hydrocarbons
technology at the TU Delft) and used to assess the origin and maturity of kerogen and petroleum. The diagram cross-plots the hydrogen:carbon atomic ratio
Van_Krevelen_diagram
Cracking process in petroleum geology
describe the cracking process which results in the conversion of organic kerogens into hydrocarbons. Catagenesis is the second stage of maturation of organic
Catagenesis_(geology)
Fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock
original proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and other organic molecules to kerogen, which at the higher temperatures found at greater depths of burial is
Shale
Organic component of coal used to assess the thermal maturity of sedimentary rocks
Vitrinite is one of the primary components of coals and most sedimentary kerogens. Vitrinite is a type of maceral, meaning organic components of coal analogous
Vitrinite
Subsurface pool of hydrocarbons
contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of
Petroleum_reservoir
Temperature below which a liquid loses its ability to flow
proportion of plant material. That type of crude oil is mainly derived from a kerogen Type III. ASTM D97, Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils.
Pour_point
Oil shale resources that are economically recoverable
as the chemical composition of different oil shales, as well as their kerogen content and extraction technologies, vary significantly. The economic feasibility
Oil_shale_reserves
muds Oil shale – Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen Oolite – Sedimentary rock formed from ooids Phosphorite – Sedimentary rock
List_of_rock_types
Fuel formed naturally from dead plants and animals
organic matter to chemically alter, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, which is found in oil shales, and then with more heat into liquid and
Fossil_fuel
Type of solid, amorphous organic matter
insoluble components. The distinction between pyrobitumen and residual kerogen in a mature source rock is based on microscopic evidence of fluid flow
Pyrobitumen
River in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, United States
of kerogen is challenged, and in doubt, as currently there is no economically feasible technology to convert solid rock into a permeable oil. Kerogen is
Green River (Colorado River tributary)
Green_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)
Fringe theory about the origin of petroleum
inclusion of biological material in the oil; these chemicals are released by kerogen during the production of hydrocarbon oils, as these are chemicals highly
Abiogenic_petroleum_origin
Fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy
as rock-forming particles, or other organic materials such as coal or kerogen. The taxonomy of fossils is not a valid lithological basis for defining
Geological_formation
Offshore oil field in Saudi Arabia
type II kerogen that has excellent source rock potential. The carbon isotope ratios between the oils (avg. δ 13C = - 26.6‰) and the kerogen (avg. δ 13C
Safaniya_Oil_Field
Light crude oil in petroleum-bearing formations
"shale oil", tight oil should not be confused with oil shale (shale rich in kerogen) or shale oil (oil produced from oil shales). Therefore, the International
Tight_oil
Matter with biological processes
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Life
Ridge of erosion-resistant rock in South Africa
especially iron pyrite and uraninite, as well as carbon rich materials such as kerogen, or bitumen, which occurs in small balls less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in size
Witwatersrand
Resource extraction industry
shale—a fine-grained sedimentary rock, containing significant amounts of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds), from which liquid hydrocarbons
Oil_shale_industry
Branch of geology
shales–fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing significant amounts of kerogen, and belonging to the group of sapropel fuels. Oil shale formation takes
Oil_shale_geology
Physico-chemical changes in sediments occurring after their deposition
deposition above, its organic content is progressively transformed into kerogens and bitumens. The process of diagenesis excludes surface alteration (weathering)
Diagenesis
Ratio of usable energy from a resource
elements to heat the underground layers of shale to produce oil from the kerogen. The resulting EROI is typically around 1.4–1.5. Economically, oil shale
Energy_return_on_investment
Rock which has generated hydrocarbons
plays.[citation needed] Source rocks are classified from the types of kerogen that they contain, which in turn governs the type of hydrocarbons that
Source_rock
Type of sedimentary rock
miles) depth, and temperature, 90–120 °C (194–248 °F), it will form kerogen. Kerogen can be heated, and yield up to 10–150 US gallons (0.038–0.568 m3) of
Mudrock
the German name of the Kukruse manor. Zalessky described oval bodies of kerogen in kukersite which by his conclusion were the remains of an extinct microorganism
Mikhail_Zalessky
Process breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler ones
chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such
Cracking_(chemistry)
Class of chondritic meteorites
insoluble complex material. That is similar to the description for kerogen. A kerogen-like material is also in the ALH84001 Martian meteorite (an achondrite)
Carbonaceous_chondrite
Study of pollen and other acid-resistant microoscopic organic material
chitinozoans and scolecodonts, together with particulate organic matter (POM) and kerogen found in sedimentary rocks and sediments. Palynology does not include diatoms
Palynology
Kingdom of organisms
Carboniferous period of Earth's history. Terrestrial plants also form type III kerogen, a source of natural gas. Structural resources and fibres from plants are
Plant
Oil reserves located in the United States
shale does not actually contain oil, but a waxy oil precursor known as kerogen. There is significant commercial production of oil from oil shale in the
Oil reserves in the United States
Oil_reserves_in_the_United_States
Heavy organic molecular substances that are found in crude oil
today widely recognised as dispersed, chemically altered fragments of kerogen, which migrated out of the source rock for the oil, during oil catagenesis
Asphaltene
Dehydrogenated plant fragments found in coal or oil shale
or anthracite. Macerals found in kerogen source rocks are often observed under the microscope to determine the kerogen maturity of the sedimentary formations
Maceral
Geological basin
residue referred to as kerogen. Continuous accumulation and increased pressure combined with heat are applied on the kerogen which then transforms into
Persian_Gulf_Basin
II kerogen in coaly deltaic shales of the Middle Jurassic and in marine shales of the Upper Jurassic; Mixed source rocks bearing Type II/III kerogen in
Economy_of_Seychelles
Process for extracting oil from oil shale
industrial process for unconventional oil production. This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution
Shale_oil_extraction
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Water
Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Diatomaceous_earth
Fossil that requires the use of a microscope to see
of proteins which convert to the organic material kerogen as the cell breaks down after death. Kerogen is insoluble in mineral acids, bases, and organic
Microfossil
Geologic formation in Nigeria
Formation is cited to be a primary source rock, providing Type II/III kerogen, and a potential target in deep water offshore and possibly beneath currently
Akata_Formation
Poisonous and flammable gas
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Hydrogen_sulfide
Highly viscous liquid fossil fuel
deposit Oil shale – Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen Steam-assisted gravity drainage – Technology used to produce heavy crude
Heavy_crude_oil
process (Shell ICP) is an in situ shale oil extraction technology to convert kerogen in oil shale to shale oil. It is developed by the Shell Oil Company. Shell's
Shell in situ conversion process
Shell_in_situ_conversion_process
Chemical compound with formula NaCl
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Sodium_chloride
Earth scientist who works in geological aspects of oil discovery and production
occur in a certain order, e.g. a seal to trap gas must be in place before kerogen cracking. Maturation: the process of alteration of a source rock under
Petroleum_geologist
Experimental shale oil extraction technology
is an experimental in situ shale oil extraction technology to convert kerogen in oil shale to shale oil. The name stands for Chevron's Technology for
Chevron_CRUSH
Geographical feature in Kemer, Antalya, Turkey
origins, in equal part: an organic thermogenic gas, related to type III kerogen occurring in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic organic-rich sedimentary rocks, an
Yanartaş
River basin in southwestern Wyoming, United States
in the Phosphoria Formation as a high sulfur content making it Type-IIS kerogen. This is important to note because sulfur rich oils have been known to
Greater_Green_River_Basin
Process to convert wet biomass into crude-like oil
catagenesis of kerogens to fossil fuels. In recent decades it has been found that water under pressure causes more efficient breakdown of kerogens at lower
Hydrothermal_liquefaction
Photosynthetic process in some plants
inorganic carbon (PIC) Primary production marine Black carbon Blue carbon Kerogen Metabolic pathways Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Calvin cycle Reverse Krebs
C4_carbon_fixation
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Thioformaldehyde
External skeleton of an organism
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Exoskeleton
Life that does not originate on Earth
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Extraterrestrial_life
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Nacre
Hard, brittle internal structure found in all members of the family Sepiidae
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Cuttlebone
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Simplest carboxylic acid (HCOOH)
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Formic_acid
organics become kerogen by the end of diagenesis. Generally, δD of kerogen spans a wide range. Many factors contribute to the kerogen we observe in geologic
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry
Part of the body of a gastropod or snail
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Gastropod_shell
Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Silicate
Potassium compound and alternative to salt
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Potassium_chloride
Type of unconventional oil deposit
temperatures, and producing a giant pressure cooker effect that converted the kerogen in the deeply buried organic-rich shales to light oil and natural gas.
Oil_sands
Type of Solar System object
ice. The surface of 52872 Okyrhoe has been suggested to be a mixture of kerogens, olivines and a small percentage of water ice. 8405 Asbolus has been suggested
Centaur (small Solar System body)
Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)
organic-rich material (primarily kerogen) to synthetic oil and gas is called the HCCO® Process. The process retorts mined kerogen ore in a closed steel vessel
Red_Leaf_Resources
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Hydrogen_peroxide
Class of molecules formed by ultraviolet irradiation of organic compounds
crude oil Hemolithin – Protein claimed to be of extraterrestrial origin Kerogen – Solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks PAH world hypothesis – Hypothesis
Tholin
Oil-bearing rock formation in Russia
liquid hydrocarbons in form of tight oil and solid hydrocarbons in form of kerogen. These deposits occur at depths of 2,500–3,000 metres (8,200–9,800 ft)
Bazhenov_Formation
Hydrocarbon compound (CH4) in natural gas
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Methane
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Immobilization_(soil_science)
Chemical acid found in vinegar
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Acetic_acid
Place where natural hydrocarbons escape
(such as anhydrite) and mineral transformation (such as kerogen to oil/gas and excess kerogen). There are two types of seep that can occur, depending
Petroleum_seep
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Naphthalene
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Dimethyl_ether
Study of decomposition and fossilization of organisms
pressure, these cross-linked organic molecules typically "cook" and become kerogen or short (<17 C atoms) aliphatic/aromatic carbon molecules. Other factors
Taphonomy
Triatomic oxygen molecule
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Ozone
Natural processes of carbon exchange
stored in the shells of marine organisms. The remaining 20% is stored as kerogens formed through the sedimentation and burial of terrestrial organisms under
Carbon_cycle
Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth
NEOs are inactive comets which include billions of tons of water ice and kerogen hydrocarbons, as well as some nitrogen compounds. Farther out, Jupiter's
Space_colonization
Colourless non-flammable greenhouse gas
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Nitrous_oxide
Solid residue from the shale oil extraction process
remaining organic matter known as char—a carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen. Depending on the extraction process and the amount of remaining organic
Spent_shale
Hypothetical stage in the early evolutionary history of life on Earth
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
RNA_world
Matter composed of organic compounds
of natural organic matter including: organic matter deposits, such as kerogen and coal. soil and sediment organic matter. organic matter infiltrating
Organic_matter
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Hydrogen_fluoride
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Cyclopropenone
Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
conduct photosynthesis in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms. Kerogen cycle Coal is a reservoir of carbon. Biogeochemical cycles always involve
Biogeochemical_cycle
Hydrocarbon compound (HC≡CH)
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Acetylene
Chemical compound
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Ammonium
Finely-ground and macerated remains found in coal deposits
deposits. It replaced the term exinite as one of the four categories of kerogen. Liptinites were originally formed by spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts
Liptinite
Life arising from non-living matter
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Abiogenesis
Geologic formation in the United States
extraction technologies (pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution of kerogen in oil shale). However, the estimates of recoverable oil has been questioned
Green_River_Formation
Internal support structure of an animal
biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena Related Mineral evolution
Endoskeleton
Chemical compound hydrogen phosphide
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Phosphine
Dust floating in space
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Cosmic_dust
Fine grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds
time on Mars. In June 2018, NASA reported that Curiosity had detected kerogen and other complex organic compounds from mudstone rocks approximately 3
Mudstone
Compact notation for chemical compounds
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Chemical_formula
Chemical compound (CH3CH=CH2)
dust Interplanetary medium Interstellar medium Iron–sulfur world theory Kerogen Molecules in stars Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Organic compound
Propylene
Form of natural gas extracted from coal beds
dioxide. Coalbed methane is generally formed due to thermal maturation of kerogen and organic matter, in contrast to coal seams with regular groundwater
Coalbed_methane
exinite maceral found in coal formed from spores and pollen. It is a Type II kerogen. "Coal Macerals Tutorial". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved
Sporinite
Rock formation in the USA
gastropod fragments, and calcispheres. Organic matter in the form of amorphous kerogen coats the argillaceous material. Silty, calcareous mudstones contain more
Haynesville_Shale
KEROGEN
KEROGEN
KEROGEN
KEROGEN
Boy/Male
Hindu
This name refers to Lord Shiva according to Hindu mythology
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Gift of the God
Boy/Male
Tamil
See, Perceive, Vision
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sun light
Girl/Female
German, Swedish
Grace; Favor
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
One of Good Manners; Simple
Girl/Female
Assamese, Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Oriya, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Goddess of Wealth
Boy/Male
Indian
Creature
Boy/Male
Indian
Adorable; New Part
Boy/Male
British, English
From the Riverbank Enclosure
KEROGEN
KEROGEN
KEROGEN
KEROGEN
KEROGEN