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Common configuration for optical interferometry
The Michelson interferometer is a common configuration for optical interferometry and was invented by the American physicist Albert Abraham Michelson in
Michelson_interferometer
Measurement method using interference of waves
single-beam interferometer (not requiring a splitting aperture as the Arago interferometer did) in 1856. In 1881, the American physicist Albert A. Michelson, while
Interferometry
1887 investigation of the speed of light
Michelson used a prototype experimental device to make several more measurements. The device he designed, later known as a Michelson interferometer,
Michelson–Morley_experiment
American physicist (1852–1931)
concentrated on developing an improved interferometer. In 1887, he and Edward Morley carried out the famous Michelson–Morley experiment, which failed to detect
Albert_A._Michelson
Type of array used for astronomical observations
The Michelson stellar interferometer is one of the earliest astronomical interferometers built and used. The interferometer was proposed by Albert A.
Michelson stellar interferometer
Michelson_stellar_interferometer
Technique to analyze the infrared spectrum of matter
spectrum of wavelengths to be measured. The light shines into a Michelson interferometer—a certain configuration of mirrors, one of which is moved by a
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy
vibrations than a "double-path interferometer" such as the Michelson interferometer or the Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Although travelling along the
Common-path_interferometer
Relativistic effect due to rotation
giant ring interferometer be constructed to measure the rotation of the Earth; a similar suggestion was made by Albert Abraham Michelson in 1904. They
Sagnac_effect
Astronomical interferometer / Michelson stellar interferometer Classical interference microscopy Bath interferometer (common path) Cyclic interferometer Diffraction-grating
List of types of interferometers
List_of_types_of_interferometers
Array used for astronomical observations
the first uses of optical interferometry was applied by the Michelson stellar interferometer on the Mount Wilson Observatory's reflector telescope to measure
Astronomical_interferometer
Device to determine relative phase shift
mechanics. The Mach–Zehnder interferometer is a highly configurable instrument. In contrast to the well-known Michelson interferometer, each of the well-separated
Mach–Zehnder_interferometer
52.210°N 0.101°E / 52.210; 0.101 The Long Michelson Interferometer was a radio telescope interferometer built by Martin Ryle and co-workers in the late
Long_Michelson_Interferometer
measurements or topography. The basic configuration is the same as a Michelson interferometer. What distinguishes the Linnik configuration is the use of measurement
Linnik_interferometer
Gravitational-wave detector in Italy
interferometer is a large-scale scientific instrument near Pisa, Italy, for detecting gravitational waves. The detector is a Michelson interferometer
Virgo_interferometer
Topics referred to by the same term
the Moon Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment, science Michelson interferometer, most common configuration for optical interferometry Michelson–Morley experiment
Michelson
European space mission to measure gravitational waves
assemblies pointed at the other two spacecraft. These form Michelson-like interferometers, each centred on one of the spacecraft, with the test masses
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna
The Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment (1925) is a modified version of the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Sagnac-Interferometer. It measured the Sagnac
Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment
Michelson–Gale–Pearson_experiment
a number of ways but the stable fringe pattern found in the Michelson type interferometers is caused by the separation of the original source into two
Fringe_shift
A delay line interferometer (DLI) can be a Mach–Zehnder interferometer or Michelson interferometer based on two-beam interference, in which one beam is
Delay_line_interferometer
Scientific instrument for testing lenses
A Twyman–Green interferometer is a variant of the Michelson interferometer principally used to test optical components. It was introduced in 1918 by Frank
Twyman–Green_interferometer
Spectroscopy based on time- or space-domain data
introduces a time delay—the Fourier-transform spectrometer is just a Michelson interferometer with a movable mirror. The beams interfere, allowing the temporal
Fourier-transform spectroscopy
Fourier-transform_spectroscopy
The N-slit interferometer is an extension of the double-slit interferometer also known as Young's double-slit interferometer. One of the first known uses
N-slit_interferometer
Proposed gravitational wave observatory
relative displacements are measured by a Fabry–Pérot Michelson interferometer. The DECi-hertz Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (DECIGO) is a proposed
Deci-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory
Deci-hertz_Interferometer_Gravitational_wave_Observatory
Optical device with parallel mirrors
In optics, a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI), or etalon, is an optical cavity made from two parallel reflecting surfaces (mirrors). Optical waves can
Fabry–Pérot_interferometer
Autocorrelation functions realized in optics
measured experimentally by placing a slow detector at the output of a Michelson interferometer. The detector is illuminated by the input electric field E ( t
Optical_autocorrelation
infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier transform spectrometer based on the Michelson interferometer, associated with an integrated
Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer
Infrared_atmospheric_sounding_interferometer
Potential for two waves to interfere
observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment and Young's interference experiment. Once the fringes are obtained in the Michelson interferometer, when one of
Coherence_(physics)
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
motion of the aether relative to the Earth. Michelson designed an instrument called the Michelson interferometer to accomplish this. The apparatus was sufficiently
Theory_of_relativity
Distance over which a propagating wave maintains a certain degree of coherence
displacement twice (as in a Michelson interferometer). In transmissive applications, such as with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, the light traverses the
Coherence_length
Interferometer which uses the wave-like nature of atoms
In this sense, atom interferometers are the matter wave analog of double-slit, Michelson-Morley, or Mach-Zehnder interferometers typically used for light
Atom_interferometer
Gravitational wave observatory site
experiment. The primary interferometer consists of two beam lines of 4 km length which form a power-recycled Michelson interferometer with Gires–Tournois
LIGO
US Navy astronomical interferometer
of the telescopes completed in 2020. NPOI is an example of the Michelson Interferometer design, with the principal science managed by NRL. NPOI is one
Navy Precision Optical Interferometer
Navy_Precision_Optical_Interferometer
manufactured by the Watson Company in Great Britain. It is a variant of Michelson interferometer that can be installed on a conventional microscope. It consists
Watson_interferometer
A Mirau interferometer works on the same basic principle as a Michelson interferometer. The difference between the two is in the physical location of the
Mirau_interferometer
Type of common-path interferometer
diffraction interferometer (PDI) is a type of common-path interferometer. Unlike an amplitude-splitting interferometer, such as a Michelson interferometer, which
Point diffraction interferometer
Point_diffraction_interferometer
Northern Hemisphere at 45 MHz - 214 MHz using the 2-element Long Michelson Interferometer), discovering some of the most interesting astronomical objects
Cambridge_Interferometer
Interferometric arrangement
of types of interferometers Lawson, Peter R. "Principles of Long Baseline Stellar Interferometry." Course notes from the 1999 Michelson Summer School
Fizeau_interferometer
Measure of interference in a wave system
in an interferometer. In linear optical interferometers[clarification needed] (like the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, and Sagnac
Interferometric_visibility
Phenomenon resulting from the superposition of two waves
superimposed to produce the interference pattern. The Michelson interferometer and the Mach–Zehnder interferometer are examples of amplitude-division systems. In
Wave_interference
interleaver: 1) Step-phase Michelson interferometer, and 2) Birefringent crystal networks. The former is based on Michelson interferometer combined with Gires-Tournois
Optical_interleaver
Japanese underground gravitational wave detector
section of the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. KAGRA is a Michelson interferometer with 3-km arm length and is designed to eventually be able to observe
Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector
Kamioka_Gravitational_Wave_Detector
Aspect of relativity in physics
≈10−30 to 10−32. A more sensitive class of detector uses a laser Michelson interferometer to measure gravitational-wave induced motion between separated
Gravitational_wave
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
Ulluriajjuaq ("large star"). In 1920, Albert A. Michelson and Francis G. Pease mounted a six-meter interferometer on the front of the 2.5-meter telescope at
Betelgeuse
Martin–Puplett interferometer measures the difference between the powers of two input beams. It is similar to a Michelson interferometer, except in a Martin
Martin–Puplett_interferometer
Phenomena in optics
at an equal angle. They are also observed in Fabry-Pérot and Michelson interferometers. They can be observed by introducing a converging lens between
Haidinger_fringe
Quantum states light can be in
quantities in laser interferometers, such as in Sagnac interferometers measuring rotation changes and in Michelson interferometers observing gravitational
Squeezed_states_of_light
British physicist (1872-1960)
Southampton (1912–32) whose research focussed on soap films, the Michelson Interferometer and the Echelon Spectroscope. Stansfield was born in Bradford,
Herbert_Stansfield
Subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies
the Sun at 175 MHz for the first time in mid-July 1946 with a Michelson interferometer consisting of two radio antennas with spacings of some tens of
Radio_astronomy
on any form which is rigidly printable, e.g. Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, Young's interferometer, etc. PLCIs are often found in products that are mass-produced
Planar lightwave circuit interferometer
Planar_lightwave_circuit_interferometer
NASA engineer and physicist (born 1965)
Johnson Space Center. White and his team claim that this modified Michelson interferometer will detect distortion of spacetime, a warp field effect. In May
Harold_G._White
Branch of physics that studies light
precise determinations of distances or angular resolutions. The Michelson interferometer was a famous instrument which used interference effects to accurately
Optics
Fundamental principle of physics
[Interference]. On the other hand, few opticians would regard the Michelson interferometer as an example of diffraction. Some of the important categories
Superposition_principle
Astronomical observatory
Director. NPOI is a successful astronomical interferometer of the venerable and proven Michelson interferometer design. As noted, the majority of interferometric
United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station
United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station
Property in optics
B.; Szabó, G. (1990). "Group refractive index measurement by Michelson interferometer". Optics Communications. 78 (2): 109–112. Bibcode:1990OptCo..78
Refractive_index
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
thermosphere and ionosphere. ICON was equipped with four instruments: a Michelson interferometer, built by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to
Ionospheric Connection Explorer
Ionospheric_Connection_Explorer
Ways in which length, distance or range can be measured
The figure shows schematically how length is determined using a Michelson interferometer: the two panels show a laser source emitting a light beam split
Length_measurement
Supernova remnant in the constellation Cassiopeia
astronomers at Cambridge, based on observations with the Long Michelson Interferometer. The optical component was first identified in 1950. Calculations
Cassiopeia_A
Technique used to measure 3D topography using shifted interference
Serrano-García, David I.; García-Torales, Guillermo (2021-12-01). "Michelson interferometer for phase shifting interferometry with a liquid crystal retarder"
Phase-shifting_interferometry
Energy transfer mechanism which enables planetary cooling
interferometer spectrometer and radiometer (IRIS) instruments developed for the Nimbus program and deployed on Nimbus-3 and Nimbus-4. These Michelson
Outgoing_longwave_radiation
Concept in relativity theory
sometimes called "clock anisotropy experiments", since every arm of a Michelson interferometer can be seen as a light clock having a specific rate, whose relative
One-way_speed_of_light
Canadian space scientist
Fabry-Perot Interferometer (John Nilson, Leroy Cogger, Steven Peteherych). The most notable was introducing “field-widening” to the Michelson interferometer (Ronald
Gordon_G._Shepherd
diameter was finally realized by Michelson & Francis G. Pease (1921) which was applied by their 20 ft (6.1 m) interferometer mounted on the 100 inch Hooker
History_of_the_telescope
Mechanism for regulating the speed of clocks
In 1880 C. Defforges used a Michelson interferometer to measure the sway of the stand dynamically, and interferometers were added to the standard Mendenhall
Pendulum
Optical interferometer
etalon has applications for laser pulse compression and nonlinear Michelson interferometer. Gires–Tournois etalons are closely related to Fabry–Pérot etalons
Gires–Tournois_etalon
Astronomical methodology
was demonstrated on an array of separate optical telescopes as a Michelson Interferometer for the first time, allowing a further improvement in resolution
Astronomical optical interferometry
Astronomical_optical_interferometry
Astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County, California, US
expand on the work of the 20-foot interferometer, Pease, Michelson and George E. Hale designed a 50-foot interferometer which was installed at Mount Wilson
Mount_Wilson_Observatory
Imaging technique
interferometry. The optical setup typically consists of an interferometer (Fig. 1, typically Michelson type) with a low-coherence, broad-bandwidth light source
Optical_coherence_tomography
Gravitational wave detector
adopted a Fabry–Pérot Michelson interferometer (FPMI) with power recycling. It is officially known as the 300m Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Antenna
TAMA_300
Device used to measure gravitational waves
it shortens the other. This is precisely the motion to which a Michelson interferometer is most sensitive.[citation needed] Even with such long arms, the
Gravitational-wave observatory
Gravitational-wave_observatory
Filter that rejects signals inside a certain range
along a single optical path. This principle is the basis for a Michelson interferometer. Smoothing filter is essential in many fields, such as signal and
Band-stop_filter
Gravitational wave detector in Germany
subsequent termination of funding for the project. GEO600 is a Michelson interferometer. It consists of two 600-metre-long (2,000 ft) arms, which the laser
GEO600
using a Mirau interferometer in the objective. Other forms of interferometer used with white light include the Michelson interferometer (for low magnification
White_light_scanner
Canadian engineer
developing a polarizing version of an optical interferometer. The Polarizing Atmospheric Michelson Interferometer, PAMI, developed by Bird et al., was discussed
John_Bird_(scientist)
Locus of points at equal phase in a wave
Shearing interferometer Although an amplitude splitting interferometer such as the Michelson interferometer could be called a wavefront sensor, the term is normally
Wavefront
Measurement of the strength of a gravitational field
The mass includes a retroreflector and terminates one arm of a Michelson interferometer. By counting and timing the interference fringes, the acceleration
Gravimetry
Obsolete physics theory
negative outcome of the Michelson–Morley experiment, since the speed of light is constant with respect to the interferometer in all frames of reference
Emission_theory_(relativity)
typical optical system for such a purpose is Mach–Zehnder interferometer or Michelson interferometer, forming an optical DPSK demodulator. Delay time depends
Optical_DPSK_demodulator
Experiment measuring the speed of light in moving water
the relative speeds of light in moving water. Fizeau used a special interferometer arrangement to measure the effect of movement of a medium upon the speed
Fizeau_experiment
Soviet physicist (1922–2001)
Institute of Physics Disk laser Nonlinear optics Coherent addition Michelson interferometer Shared with Alexander Prokhorov and Charles Townes. Shared with
Nikolay_Basov
Gerardus Mercator Mercerised cotton – John Mercer Michelson interferometer – Albert Abraham Michelson Mills bomb – William Mills Minié ball, Minié rifle
List of inventions named after people
List_of_inventions_named_after_people
Underground physics laboratory in Japan
2019 and the detector first began observing in 2020. KAGRA is a Michelson interferometer with 3 km arm length. Uniquely among current gravitational wave
Kamioka_Observatory
femtosecond pulse measurement: electronics speed limitations. Michelson interferometer can be regarded as direct space-to-time pulse shaper since position
Femtosecond_pulse_shaping
ESA Earth observation satellite (2002–2012)
water content, biomass, and vegetal health and growth. MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) is a Fourier transforming infrared
Envisat
Method of detecting gravitational waves
gravitational wave. In a typical configuration, the detector is a Michelson interferometer whose mirrors are suspended. A laser is divided into two beams
Ground-based interferometric gravitational-wave search
Ground-based_interferometric_gravitational-wave_search
Infrared microscopy technique
and a Michelson interferometer acting as Fourier-transform spectrometer. In nano-FTIR, the sample stage is placed in one of the interferometer arms, which
Nano-FTIR
Astronomer and physicist from United Kingdom
use. The intensity interferometer has a very poor signal-to-noise ratio compared to the classical "Michelson" stellar interferometer. Twiss decided to
Richard_Q._Twiss
Belongs to a category of experiments
The proposed experimental setup is basically a variation of the Michelson interferometer but for a single photon. Additionally, one of the mirrors has to
Free-orbit experiment with laser interferometry X-rays
Free-orbit_experiment_with_laser_interferometry_X-rays
Concept in quantum optics
averaged over t. In optical interferometers such as the Michelson interferometer, Mach–Zehnder interferometer, or Sagnac interferometer, one splits an electric
Higher_order_coherence
of a/LCI used a Michelson interferometer, the same model used in the famous Michelson–Morley experiment. The Michelson interferometer splits one beam
Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry
Angle-resolved_low-coherence_interferometry
American astronomer
Wilson. His most notable contribution was his adaptation of the Michelson's interferometer technique for measuring close double stars. He used a rotating
John_August_Anderson
American astronomer
longtime assistant to Albert A. Michelson. In 1920, Michelson and Pease were able to use the Michelson stellar interferometer fitted to the 100-inch (2,500 mm)
Francis_G._Pease
optically detectable.[citation needed] 1881 – Albert Abraham Michelson publishes his first interferometer experiments, using the device for the measurement of
Timeline of luminiferous aether
Timeline_of_luminiferous_aether
American physicist (born 1943)
Imager”. • U.S. Patent # 4,391,525 dated July 5, 1983. “Interferometer”. A Michelson Interferometer that is unchirped and inherently insensitive to mechanical
Robert_A._Woodruff
Recording device in geology
Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package. Accelerometer Hydrophone Michelson interferometer Seismometer John M Reynolds (2011). An Introduction to Applied
Geophone
Speed of electromagnetic waves
Technology, NIST) Data Gallery: Michelson Speed of Light (Univariate Location Estimation) (download data gathered by Albert A. Michelson) Subluminal (Applet by
Speed_of_light
Quantum astrophysicist (born 1968)
coherent states. By injecting such states into the kilometre-scale Michelson interferometer of the LIGO detectors, her group greatly improved the sensitivity
Nergis_Mavalvala
Cancelled NASA space telescope
Interferometry Mission, includes the Keck Interferometer and the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer. When originally approved in 1996, the mission
Space_Interferometry_Mission
Optical device which splits a beam of light in two
measurement; and in others in the area of quantum computation Michelson interferometers, notably including the gravitational wave observatories LIGO,
Beam_splitter
The underlying measuring principle corresponds to that of the Michelson interferometer. White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-layer system
Reflectometric interference spectroscopy
Reflectometric_interference_spectroscopy
replacement for VISAR. This device is essentially a displacement interferometer of the normal Michelson variety. As such it requires extremely fast data acquisition
Velocity interferometer system for any reflector
Velocity_interferometer_system_for_any_reflector
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