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Mixed-race group from the South Central Appalachian region of the United States
Melungeon (/məˈlʌndʒən/ mə-LUN-jən) (sometimes also spelled Malungean, Melangean, Melungean, Melungin) is a reclaimed term historically applied to mixed-race
Melungeon
Mixed-race ethnicity in Kentucky and Ohio from the antebellum era
The Carmel Melungeons, also known as Carmelites, Carmel Indians, or Carmel Hill people (pronounced Car'-mul) were a group of Melungeons who migrated to
Carmel_Melungeons
Mythical ethnic identity
American. They’d say they were anything but Melungeon because anything else would be better ... because to be Melungeon was to be discriminated against." In
Black_Irish_(folklore)
Polyphyletic ethnonym in the United States
late 20th century, DNA tests of people from core Melungeon families, as documented in the Melungeon DNA Project coordinated by Jack Goins, have shown
Black_Dutch_(genealogy)
Mixed-race community in West Virginia, US
identified as Melungeon, a mixed-race group based in Kentucky and Tennessee, and attended the Melungeon unions, or joined the Melungeon Heritage Association
Chestnut_Ridge_people
Surname list
associations with such populations. Goins families associated with the Melungeons have been identified through genealogical and genetic research in the
Goins_(surname)
DNA-based genetic test
additional Melungeon research materials with Y-DNA and mtDNA tests, any test will allow comparisons with the results of current and past Melungeon DNA studies
Genealogical_DNA_test
Demographic group in Anglo-America
ancestry, there were also English, French-Canadian, Irish, German, Jewish, Melungeon and even Catholic settlers as well. Many Anglos married into the families
Anglo-Americans
City in Tennessee, United States
Virginia. Among them was a biracial group of settlers who became known as Melungeons. They have been documented as having primarily European and Black African
Sneedville,_Tennessee
Mixed-race ethnic group in North Carolina
shown to have connections with other racial isolate groups, such as the Melungeons and Louisiana Redbones. The Lumbee take their name from the Lumber River
Lumbee
State-recognized tribe and non-profit organization based in Maryland
Tribal Nation Dominickers Lumbee Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina Melungeon Carmel Melungeons Powhatan Renape Nation Ramapough Mountain Indians Redbones "Indian
Piscataway-Conoy Tribe of Maryland
Piscataway-Conoy_Tribe_of_Maryland
United States historic place
institution providing primary education to children of the multi-racial Melungeon communities, who lived in the remote mountainous areas along the Tennessee-Virginia
Vardy_Community_School
First black student to attend Vassar College
Ex-Colored Man, 1912 fictional novel Terminology Tragic mulatto Multiracial Melungeon "New York, State Health Department, Genealogical Research Death Index
Anita_Florence_Hemmings
Bilateral relations
first direct encounter of the United States and Ottoman government.[1] Melungeon is an ethnic group in Appalachia that claimed to have Turkish ancestors
Ottoman Empire–United States relations
Ottoman_Empire–United_States_relations
Topics referred to by the same term
Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta during the Middle Ages Moors, a variant name for Melungeon (racial isolate groups) in colonial North America Sri Lankan Moor, a minority
Moor
Ethnic group
later slave censuses. Beginning about 1767, some of the ancestors of the Melungeons reached the frontier New River area, where they are listed in the 1780s
Atlantic_Creoles
2014 American film
customers direct rude comments at Pearl Grimes, a poor teenager who is a Melungeon. Ave embarrasses the brats then offers Pearl a job at the pharmacy. During
Big_Stone_Gap_(film)
Ethnic group
appearances. Groups that have been described as racial isolates include the Melungeons, Carmelites, Delaware Moors, Brandywine people, Lumbee, Brass Ankles,
Racial isolates in the United States
Racial_isolates_in_the_United_States
Family of free African-American origin from the Colony of Virginia
members of the family passed as white, and others became part of various Melungeon communities. Genetic and genealogical analysis indicate the family to
Gibson_family_(Virginia)
Term for multiracial people
that "the answers largely hid the truth". Afro-Latin Americans Casta Melungeon Mulatto Race and ethnicity in Latin America Romani people Gibson, Charles
Pardo
American record label
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Motown
Region of Ohio
Appalachian studies Asimina triloba Critical pedagogy Hocking Hills Log cabin Melungeon Ohio University Settlement school Shawnee State Park Southern Illinois
Appalachian_Ohio
Ridge in Hancock County, Tennessee, United States
the 1760s. Historically, Newman Ridge has been home to a population of Melungeons. Sneedville, Tennessee U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information
Newman_Ridge
Emigrants from Appalachians
varied heritage of the Appalachian region. With predominately Scots-Irish, Melungeon, English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh. There were also large numbers of
Urban_Appalachians
Laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S.
African-American Southerners Affirlachians Black Ozarkers Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Black Indians Seminoles Freedmen Cherokee Chickasaw
Jim_Crow_laws
American musician (born 1977)
musical Applause. Her father is from Tennessee, and through him, Apple has Melungeon ancestry. Her maternal grandparents were dancer Millicent Green and big
Fiona_Apple
Ethnic group in the United States
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Iranian_Americans
County in Tennessee, United States
(1997). My Melungeon Heritage: A Story of Life on Newman's Ridge. Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press. Price, Henry R. (1966). "Melungeons: The Vanishing
Hancock_County,_Tennessee
Music genre originating in 1860s
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Blues
First official slave in the Thirteen Colonies
the core of racially mixed families later known as Melungeon in Tennessee. Members of the Melungeon branch of the Bunch family in Tennessee were related
John_Punch_(slave)
Multiracial ethnic group in the United States
Nanticoke Indian Association Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation Melungeon Carmel Melungeons Creels of Creeltown Free Negro Lumbee Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina
Brass_Ankles
Ethnic and cultural group in the United States
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
African_Americans
Ethnic group
Americans, Latino Americans, Métis Americans, Louisiana Creoles, Hapas, Melungeons, European Americans and several other communities found primarily in the
Multiracial_Americans
Multi-racial culture in Louisiana
considered part of the United States. The Ashworth family, described as Melungeons, are stated by author Tim Hashaw to be the first non-Mexican ranchers
Redbone_(ethnicity)
Stock character who helps white protagonists
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Magical_Negro
Indigenous peoples of the United States
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Native Americans in the United States
Native_Americans_in_the_United_States
22nd United States national census
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
2000_United_States_census
Spiritual practices, traditions and beliefs
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Hoodoo_(spirituality)
American historian and science fiction author (born 1940)
fiction project. She has done genealogical work on the origins of the Melungeon peoples. DeMarce received her Ph.D. in early modern European history from
Virginia_DeMarce
Mountainous region in eastern North America
reservation of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina. The Melungeons, a group of mainly mixed African and European ancestry, are scattered
Appalachia
African-American Southerners Affirlachians Black Ozarkers Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Black Indians Seminoles Freedmen Cherokee Chickasaw
List_of_black_NHL_players
Political movement in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Back-to-Africa_movement
2022 novel by Barbara Kingsolver
Copperhead" for his red hair, dark skin and light eyes, inherited from his Melungeon father who drowned at a swimming hole called the Devil's Bathtub. Throughout
Demon_Copperhead
Ethnic group of Louisiana, USA
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Louisiana_Creole_people
U.S. holiday, June 19
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Juneteenth
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Demographics of the United States
Demographics_of_the_United_States
Self-identification collected by the US census
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Race and ethnicity in the United States census
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census
American ethnic group
like the Croatans (Lumbee) of North Carolina, Redbones of Louisiana, and Melungeons of Appalachia. According to an 1895 report from The New York Times titled
Delaware_Moors
Flag using the Pan-African colours
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Pan-African_flag
Black Canadians in Nova Scotia
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Black_Nova_Scotians
U.S. state
Virginia. There is also a Romani community in West Virginia. There are also Melungeons in the state. As of the 2010 census, 16% of West Virginia's residents
West_Virginia
Caucus comprising most black members of the U.S. Congress
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Congressional_Black_Caucus
Subregion of the Americas
Maroons's Rastafari and Garifuna's belief system (or New Orleans Voodoo and Melungeon in North America).[citation needed] Especially in the Caribbean, Central
Latin America and the Caribbean
Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean
1619 arrival of the first slaves in the North American British colonies
Emmanuel Cumbo. Some branches of the Cumbo family were able to pass as Melungeon, while others began self-identifying as Lumbee. Frances was one of the
First_Africans_in_Virginia
Gravy made with cocoa powder
Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America describes it as a traditional part of Melungeon cuisine. It theorizes that chocolate gravy might be connected to the use
Chocolate_gravy
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party (born 1936)
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Bobby_Seale
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
African Americans in New York (state)
African_Americans_in_New_York_(state)
American Black separatist group
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
MOVE (Philadelphia organization)
MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)
Spread of people with African heritage
Freedmen Creek Freedmen Mascogos Appalachia Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Old South Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Creoles
African_diaspora
American civil rights organization
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
NAACP
List of North American ethnic groups
Meherrin Iroquoian → Nottoway United States (North Carolina, Virginia) Melungeons Indo-European → Germanic → English → Appalachian English United States
List of contemporary ethnic groups of North America
List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups_of_North_America
Americans of Korean ancestry
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Korean_Americans
Mixed-race group of people in southern Maryland
Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation Dominickers High yellow Jim Proctor Lumbee Melungeons Carmel Melungeons Powhatan Renape Nation Nanjemoy, Maryland Pedro Swann Ramapough
Brandywine_people
Americans of Japanese ancestry
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Japanese_Americans
United States ethnic group originating from Louisiana
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Creoles_of_color
Biracial ethnic group from Holmes County, Florida
200 presumed "racial isolates" along groups such as the Redbones and Melungeons. The term "Dominickers" first originated as a pejorative. According to
Dominickers
English sociolects spoken by black people in the US and Canada
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
African-American_English
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Stereotypes of African Americans
Stereotypes_of_African_Americans
African American new religious movement
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Black_Hebrew_Israelites
1995 demonstration by African-American men in Washington, D.C.
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Million_Man_March
Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Appalachia Affirlachians Black Ozarkers Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Old South Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Creoles
History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
History_of_Somalis_in_Minneapolis–Saint_Paul
Free African-American family prominent in the early history of Texas
larger network of families, often referred to by whites as Redbones or Melungeons. They participated in the 1856 Orange County War on the side of the Regulators
Ashworth_family
Surname list
ISBN 9780806359298. Retrieved 19 May 2026. Hashaw, Tim (2006). Children of Perdition. Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press
Cumbo_(surname)
Angolan people
Kinsmen: Early Mbundu States in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 182. Angolan Origins of Melungeons in 17th Century Virginia Angolan Kingdoms (archived)
Imbangala
Pseudoscientific pan-nationalist movement
Americas; examples of Native American peoples whose customs are cited include Melungeon people, as well as the Inuit and Quechua. Turanism has been characterized
Turanism
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Personal income in the United States
Personal_income_in_the_United_States
White settlers of the rural Appalachian Mountains in the United States
ethnicity Culture of the Southern United States Great Wagon Road Hillbilly Melungeon Poor White Redneck Social and economic stratification in Appalachia Tuckahoes
Mountain_white
Ethnic group native to Brazil
be used as a self-identifier without negative connotations (akin to "melungeon"). In the traditional June Festivals (Festas Juninas), people are dressed
Caipiras
U.S. regional cuisine
Americans American ancestry Black Dutch Carmelites Chestnut Ridge people Melungeons Overmountain Men Scotch-Irish Shenandoah Deitsch Diaspora Baltimore Chicago
Appalachian_cuisine
Family of free African-American origin from the colony of Virginia
surname among mixed-race groups known as "triracial isolates", such as Melungeons, Redbones, Brass Ankles and the "Croatans". In some cases, these groups
Chavis_family
Maldivian Malian Maltese Manx Māori Marshallese Mauritanian Métis Mexican Melungeon Micronesian Moldovan Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Native American Native
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans
State-recognized tribe and non-profit organization in Delaware, US
Nation of Pennsylvania Lumbee Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina Melungeon Carmel Melungeons Powhatan Renape Nation Ramapough Mountain Indians Redbones "The
Nanticoke_Indian_Association
People of the United States
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Americans
Variety of American English
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
African-American Vernacular English
African-American_Vernacular_English
Texans of German descent
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Texas_Germans
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan
Maldivian Malian Maltese Manx Māori Marshallese Mauritanian Métis Mexican Melungeon Micronesian Moldovan Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Native American Native
List of Native American women of the United States
List_of_Native_American_women_of_the_United_States
International historically Black American collegiate fraternity
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Phi_Beta_Sigma
1960s to 1980s African-American social movement
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
Black_power_movement
Americans of South African birth or descent
Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Appalachia Affirlachians Black Ozarkers Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Old South Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Creoles
South_African_Americans
Americans of Chinese ancestry
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Chinese_Americans
Unincorporated community in Ohio, U.S.
the Carmelites, a distinct community often labelled as a subgroup of Melungeons. A post office was established at Carmel in 1856, and remained in operation
Carmel,_Ohio
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Poverty_in_the_United_States
maintenance of "racial purity". In his 2005 book on the Melungeons, Walking Toward The Sunset: The Melungeons Of Appalachia, Wayne Winkler notes that McCullogh
Richard_McCulloch
Maldivian Malian Maltese Manx Māori Marshallese Mauritanian Métis Mexican Melungeon Micronesian Moldovan Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Native American Native
List_of_Iranian_Americans
Maldivian Malian Maltese Manx Māori Marshallese Mauritanian Métis Mexican Melungeon Micronesian Moldovan Mongolian Montenegrin Moroccan Native American Native
List_of_German_Americans
Americans of Turkish birth or descent
Vaughan (1997). The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People: An Untold Story of Ethnic Cleansing in America The Melungeons Series. Mercer University
Turkish_Americans
Racial classification
United States racial classification High yellow Redbone (ethnicity) Melungeon Dominickers Mulatto Haitians Marabou (ethnicity) Dougla people Multiracial
Mulatto
Ethnic cleansing in the United States
Dismal Swamp Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Chestnut Ridge people Carmelites Melungeon Brandywine people Dominickers Redbones Louisiana Mina Delaware Moors Brass
Native American genocide in the United States
Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States
African-American Southerners Affrilachians Black Ozarkers Carmel Melungeons Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Brass Ankles Delaware Moors Dominickers
History of African-American education
History_of_African-American_education
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