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Opposing approaches to categorisation
Lumpers and splitters are opposing factions in any academic discipline that has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper–splitter
Lumpers_and_splitters
British theoretical physicist and mathematician (1923–2020)
simplistically, divided into lumpers and splitters. These roughly correspond to Platonists, who regard the world as made up of ideas, and materialists, who imagine
Freeman_Dyson
Topics referred to by the same term
Splitting may refer to: Splitting (psychology) Lumpers and splitters, in classification or taxonomy Wood splitting Tongue splitting Heegaard splitting
Splitting
Topics referred to by the same term
studies, see Lumpers and splitters a dockworker who unloads fish at British fishing ports, or formerly in Australia anyone engaged in loading and unloading
Lumper
Topics referred to by the same term
turn leads to a split into the remaining two ends Phase splitter Splitter (geometry), a line segment of a triangle Lumpers and splitters, opposing tendencies
Splitter
Philosophical terms used by Windelband
the same context. Lumpers and splitters Nomology Windelband, Wilhelm (February 1, 1998). "History and Natural Science". Theory and Psychology. 8 (1):
Nomothetic_and_idiographic
1953 book by Isaiah Berlin
films and literature Hedgehogs in culture Homo unius libri, similar sentiment Lumpers and splitters Gould, Stephen Jay, The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's
The_Hedgehog_and_the_Fox
Genus of fungi
used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts of speciation (lumpers and splitters[clarification
Fusarium
Term criticizing artificial increase in the total number of recognized species
evolutionary lineages in an applied context. Mihi itch Taxonomic vandalism Lumpers and splitters Taxonomic bias of charismatic megafauna Isaac, Nick; Mallet, James;
Taxonomic_inflation
Proposed genetic language family group
family List of language families List of proposed language families Lumpers and splitters Father Tongue hypothesis Classification of Southeast Asian languages
Macrofamily
American geneticist (1921–2008)
Neo-Vesalian Basis for Medicine in the 21st Century (2001) "On lumpers and splitters, or the nosology of genetic disease." In a 2005 paper presented
Victor_A._McKusick
Deep-ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae
giant squid, as with many cephalopod genera, has long been debated. Lumpers and splitters may propose as many as seventeen species or as few as one. The broadest
Giant_squid
Usage of experiential insight in software development
Kerth, and Scott Ambler. These guidelines include: "When you're abstract, be abstract all the way" "Splitters can be lumped more easily than lumpers can
Prefactoring
Proposed language family
complicated by an ideological dispute between the so–called "lumpers" and "splitters", with "lumpers" caricatured as bumbling amateurs willing to group together
Dene–Yeniseian_languages
Species of lily
Bosanski ljiljan (Bosnian lily). L. bosniacum has often been lumped and split and lumped again. Some results of molecular studies support it as an infraspecific
Lilium_bosniacum
Hominin fossil
with any new discovery, there is always an argument between the lumpers and splitters. Due to the lack of volcanic layers at the site, dating was difficult
Little_Foot
American lawyer (born 1944)
Theories, the Evidence, and the Enduring Tension Between 'Lumpers' and 'Splitters' Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 363. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1532922
John_C._Coffee
Opposing Wikipedia community philosophies
and issued a press statement. Criticism of Wikipedia § Notability of article topics Deletion of articles on Wikipedia Digital preservation Lumpers and
Deletionism and inclusionism on Wikipedia
Deletionism_and_inclusionism_on_Wikipedia
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellina_cavolini
Genus of fungi
between the lumpers and splitters. While the genus Colletotrichum was first proposed in 1831, the exact definition of Colletotrichum and the species that
Colletotrichum
Species of carnivorous plant
how to deal with the species complex deals with a discussion of lumpers and splitters. The debate began as early as 1906 when Ludwig Diels reduced Jules
Drosera_stolonifera
American biologist (1879–1967)
recognized as belonging to Gosodesmus claremontus. See also Lumpers and splitters. Durrant and Behle, the first two graduate students in ornithology at the
Ralph_Vary_Chamberlin
Form of pseudo-scholarship
Cal-Ugrian theory False cognate False etymology Folk linguistics Lumpers and splitters Mythical origins of language Proto-World Thomason, Sarah; Poser
Pseudoscientific language comparison
Pseudoscientific_language_comparison
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_monicae
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellina_funeka
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Edmundsella_dushia
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_insolita
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_cerverai
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Luisella_telja
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Luisella_bulbosa
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Chlamylla_polaris
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Ziminella_japonica
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_falklandica
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellina_gabinierei
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_borealis
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_gracilis
American political scientist and professor
N. Druckman, Lawrence R. Jacobs. "Lumpers and Splitters: The Public Opinion Information That Politicians Collect and Use." The Public Opinion Quarterly
Lawrence_R._Jacobs
Family of gastropods
de; Kuznetsov, Karen O.; Valdés, Ángel (2026-05-20). "Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellinidae
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellina_ilidioi
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_nobilis
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Ziminella
Species of gastropod
Souza-Canal, J.; Kuznetsov, K.O.; Valdés, A. (2026). "Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellina_pellucida
Taxonomy of a fossil mammal genus
Valid taxon Synonym Nondiagnostic/indeterminate Not treated Lumpers and splitters These genera include sixteen generic names now considered to apply
Taxonomy_of_Megacerops
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
taxa is called splitting. Taxonomists are often referred to as "lumpers" or "splitters" by their colleagues, depending on their personal approach to recognising
Species
Superfamily of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellinoidea
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Orienthella
calls "terrorist lumpers" and "terrorist splitters." Lumpers define terrorism broadly, brooking no distinction between this tactic and guerrilla warfare
Definition_of_terrorism
Lump sum turnkey (LSTK) is a combination of the business-contract concepts of lump sum and turnkey. Lump sum is a noun which means a complete payment consisting
Lump_sum_turnkey
Suborder of gastropods
de; Kuznetsov, Karen O.; Valdés, Ángel (2026-05-20). "Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Aeolidacea
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_sanamyanae
Species of fungus
as forma and forma specialis. There exists a "lumper and splitter" problem surrounding the genus and FSSC. Neocosmospora in the modern splitter view of
Fusarium solani species complex
Fusarium_solani_species_complex
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Samla_(gastropod)
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Chlamylla
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Luisella_llerae
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Polaria_(gastropod)
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Ziminella_vrijenhoeki
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Luisella_engeli
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_abei
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_dana
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellina_ischitana
Power circuit in microwave engineering
coaxial cable) or lumped circuit elements (inductors and capacitors). The scattering parameters for the common case of a 2-way equal-split Wilkinson power
Wilkinson_power_divider
Species of mollusc
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_athadona
Study of lichen taxonomy and evolution
recognized diversity. Such cases show that traditional concepts both lumped and split species incorrectly. Characters like growth form, colour, or the presence/absence
Lichen_systematics
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_browni
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Piseinotecus
Genus of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Luisella
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Pacifia_goddardi
Development of insects from an ancestral crustacean and their subsequent radiation
well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely
Evolution_of_insects
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_pallida
Fungal fruiting body
is a type of mushroom (or toadstool), the diverse group of agarics being lumped together as gilled mushrooms. "Agaric" can also refer more generally to
Agaric
energy Luminous flux Luminous intensity Lumped component Lumped element model Lumped parameters Lumpers and splitters Lunar eclipse Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
Index_of_physics_articles_(L)
Family of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Unidentiidae
Genus of gastropods
de; Kuznetsov, Karen O.; Valdés, Ángel (2026-05-20). "Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Notaeolidia
extreme lumpers Bentham and Hooker only allowed for 30 species, while the extreme splitter Michel Gandoger allowed 4,266 species just in Europe and West
List_of_Rosa_species
Account of natural kinds in philosophy of science
"one can be led to lump or split the same putative kind in different ways depending on which mechanism one consults". Yukinori Onishi and Davide Serpico (2022)
Homeostatic property cluster theory
Homeostatic_property_cluster_theory
Family of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Paracoryphellidae
Species of gastropod
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_californica
Species of gastropod
Jade; Kuznetsov, Karen O.; Valdés, Ángel (20 May 2026). "Neither 'lumpers' nor 'splitters': A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Coryphella_verrucosa
Family of gastropods
de; Kuznetsov, Karen O.; Valdés, Ángel (2026-05-20). "Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Flabellinopsidae
Species of gastropod
arctica have been lumped and split into different genera throughout their history of classification based on morphology. Genetic testing and subsequent phylogenetic
Bela_decussata
Radio technology devices
Power dividers (also power splitters and, when used in reverse, power combiners) and directional couplers are passive devices used mostly in the field
Power dividers and directional couplers
Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers
contrast to the "splitters" of mainstream Western historical linguistics, the majority of prominent Soviet historical linguists were "lumpers" belonging to
Linguistics in the Soviet Union
Linguistics_in_the_Soviet_Union
Genus of sea slugs
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Pacifia
Species of bird
Thraupidae. It was lumped with the pearly-bellied seedeater (S. pileata) and known together as the capped seedeater before being split in February 2012
Copper_seedeater
English television personality (born 2000)
announced their split in April 2023. In May 2023, Elishi underwent tests for thyroid cancer after Love Island viewers spotted a lump on her neck during
Samie_Elishi
Genus of nudibranchs
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Unidentia
Australian singer-songwriter (born 1984)
night sweats, and a lump on her neck. "I was doing sit-ups when I felt something pop in my neck. I reached down and I felt a small lump at the base of
Delta_Goodrem
Human male external reproductive organ
with a vein however. It can be felt as a hardened lump or "vein" even when the penis is flaccid, and is even more prominent during an erection. It is considered
Human_penis
the Society and the Harveian Orations in chronological order. Four Harveian Orations were delivered prior to formation of the Society and from 1782 to
List of office bearers of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and Harveian Orations
List_of_office_bearers_of_the_Harveian_Society_of_Edinburgh_and_Harveian_Orations
Genus of orchids
subspecies (and 1 nominate subspecies), and 1 variety. Orchid growers and orchid collectors, who tend to be taxonomic splitters more often than lumpers, recognize
Lycaste
Sweet-tasting, water-soluble carbohydrates
56 g/mL Cube sugar (sometimes called sugar lumps) are white or brown granulated sugars lightly steamed and pressed together in block shape. They are used
Sugar
Anthology television series
season is split into two narrative parts that aired consecutively, each of which also has its own subtitle; Red Tide for the first six episodes, and Death
American_Horror_Story
Daryl Edwards, and Ty Doran. On August 28, 2021, Netflix renewed Manifest for a fourth and final season, consisting of 20 episodes, split across two parts
List_of_Manifest_episodes
2009 American TV series or program
Network Star; host of Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives and Guy's Big Bite, and chef/owner of Johnny Garlic's and Tex Wasabi's (California) Bobby Flay - Former
The_Best_Thing_I_Ever_Ate
Capital city of Malaysia
(KL), officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, is the capital city and a federal territory of Malaysia. It is the most populous city in the country
Kuala_Lumpur
Folk rock vocal group
"stage charisma and grittier edge", and Michelle Phillips was reinstated on August 23, 1966. Jill Gibson left the band and was paid a lump sum from the group's
The_Mamas_&_the_Papas
Family of gastropods
de Souza-Canal J., Kuznetsov K.O., Valdés A.; (2026). Neither "lumpers" nor "splitters": A global revision of Flabellinidae s.l. nudibranchs (Gastropoda:
Piseinotecidae
English rock band
year. Although originally lumped in with the "Madchester" scene they were later seen more as a northern version of Suede and the band felt that this latter
Marion_(band)
Species of bird
small North American bird and a member of the mainly New World wren family Troglodytidae. The species was formerly often lumped together with Eurasian wren
Winter_wren
American punk rock band
1995, and confirmed the split in February 1996. The band's many shows between 1988 and 1996 included tours of the United States, Europe, and Japan, including
Alice_Donut
travel, tourism, insurance
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
LUMPERS AND-SPLITTERS
travel, tourism, insurance