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System of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
Katorga (Russian: ка́торга, romanized: kátorga, IPA: [ˈkatərɡə] ; from medieval and modern Greek: κάτεργον, romanized: kátergon, lit. 'galley'; and Ottoman
Katorga
Russian imperial prison in Transbaikalia
The Akatuy katorga prison (Russian: Акатуйская каторжная тюрьма, Akatuyskaya katorzhnaya tyur'ma), part of the Nerchinsk katorga system of the Russian
Akatuy_katorga
2010 video game
begins when an electromagnetic surge from an uninhabited island called Katorga-12, once held by the Soviet Union, damages an American spy satellite. A
Singularity_(video_game)
In the law of the Soviet Union, katorga labor was a severe category of penal labor. "Katorga" was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire, hence
Katorga_labor_(Soviet_Union)
Set of 19th-century Russian katorga prisons along the Kara River in Transbaikalia
Kara katorga (Russian: Карийская каторга, romanized: Kariyskaya katorga) was a set of katorga prisons of extremely high security located along the Kara
Kara_katorga
Nerchinsk katorga (Russian: Нерчинская каторга, Nerchinskaya katorga) was a system of katorga — a type of penal labour — practiced by the Russian Empire
Nerchinsk_katorga
Attempted assassin of Vladimir Lenin (1890–1918)
committed for life to the katorga, a hard labour prison camp. She served in the Maltsev and Akatuy prisons of Nerchinsk katorga, Siberia, where she lost
Fanny_Kaplan
Geographical region of Russia comprising North Asia
agency to administer a system of penal labour camps, replacing the previous katorga system. According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which did not become
Siberia
Russian prince and Decembrist
Petersburg. Trubetskoy was sentenced to death but the sentence was changed to katorga for life in Nerchinsk coal mines. Trubetskoy's wife Ekaterina Laval (a
Sergei_Petrovich_Trubetskoy
Russian revolutionary
Малаксиано) (1862–1889), was a Russian revolutionary, heroine of the Kara katorga tragedy of 1889. Nadezhda Malaxiano was born into a Greek family in the
Nadezhda_Sigida
Soviet penal labor camp system
work. According to historian Anne Applebaum, katorga was not a common sentence; approximately 6,000 katorga convicts were serving sentences in 1906, with
Gulag
Russian political philosopher and activist (1787–1845)
Russian Empire Died 3 December 1845(1845-12-03) (aged 57) Akatuy katorga, Nerchinsk katorga, Russian Empire Philosophical work Era Contemporary philosophy
Michael_Lunin
Ukrainian Narodnik (1849–1889)
prisoners were tortured. In protest, she poisoned herself and died in Kara katorga. Maria Pavlivna Kovalevska (née Vorontsova) was born in August 1849, in
Maria_Kovalevska
1895 book by Anton Chekhov
influenced by The House of the Dead by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Siberia and Katorga by Sergei Maksimov (who is repeatedly mentioned in the text). At the time
Sakhalin_Island_(book)
Ukrainian revolutionary (1852–1889)
to work for Narodnaya Volya, but was rearrested and imprisoned in Kara katorga. There, along with other imprisoned revolutionary women, she committed
Nadia_Smyrnytska
Form of internment camp for political prisoners
imprisonment. According to historian Anne Applebaum, katorga was not a common sentence; approximately 6,000 katorga convicts were serving sentences in 1906 and
Concentration_camp
Freshwater rift lake in Russia
"Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal" (Славное мope, священный Байкал) is about a katorga fugitive. The lyrics as documented and edited in the 19th century by Dmitriy
Lake_Baikal
Russian state from 1721 to 1917
revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia, with hundreds of thousands sent to katorga camps. The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day
Russian_Empire
Russian economist
chose never to return to his homeland, where he was tried in absentia and sentenced to Siberian katorga for life. Pyotr Chaadaev Alexander Herzen v t e
Nikolay_Turgenev
1884 trial in Russia
(Rogachev and Shtromberg), another five to eternal katorga, a further six to 15 to 20 years of katorga, and one of them to exile to Siberia. "«Процесс 14-ти» :
Trial_of_the_Fourteen
Expulsion of a person or group from a place or country
deporting undesirables with or without sentences of forced labor - instituting katorga, the Gulag system and corrective labor colonies. In the 19th century, for
Deportation
Soviet-Russian author and dissident (1918–2008)
Russia in 19th and 20th century" Beacon for Freedom Gentes, Andrew (2005), "Katorga: Penal Labor and Tsarist Siberia" (PDF), in Stolberg, Eva-Maria (ed.),
Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn
Ishutin's place of exile was changed to Nerchinsk and, in 1875, to Kara katorga, where he died in 1879. "Ишутин Николай Андреевич". Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Nikolai_Ishutin
Ukrainian revolutionary (1864–1889)
assassinate a Gendarme. She committed suicide by poisoning in the Kara katorga, in protest against the abuse of imprisoned women by the prison authorities
Maria_Kalyuzhnaya
Remote settlement housing convicts
Imperial Russia used Siberia and Russian Far East for penal colonies (katorga) for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland
Penal_colony
Russian novelist (1821–1881)
implications. Dostoevsky served four years of exile with hard labour at a katorga prison camp in Omsk, Siberia, followed by a term of compulsory military
Fyodor_Dostoevsky
392 had been injured. The Soviet Union took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually organizing the Gulag to run
History_of_slavery
Road in Amur Oblast, Russian Empire
swamps. The road was built during 1898–1909 with nearly exclusive usage of katorga prison labor. It was praised as a success in its use of penal labor, claiming
Amur_Cart_Road
Polish people exiled to Siberia
the Russian Empire's penal law changed in 1847, exile and penal labor (katorga) became common punishment for participants in national uprisings within
Sybirak
Narodnik-inspired Russian revolutionary
Vospominaniy o Zhenskoy Katorge" ['From Reminiscences of Women's Katorga'], Katorga i ssylka, 1926, 1 (22) To support her daughter, Kakhovskaya's mother
Irina_Kakhovskaya
1862 memoir-novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
December 1849, Dostoevsky was sentenced to four years imprisonment in a katorga labor camp at Omsk in western Siberia. Though he often was met with hostility
The_House_of_the_Dead_(novel)
Soviet film director (1923–1993)
Poltava Governorate. At the age of 22, he was sentenced to several years of katorga for revolutionary activity and sent to the Far East to work at the railway
Leonid_Gaidai
Soviet general (1881–1925)
arrested again and sentenced to 12 years of katorga. Kotovsky began serving his sentence at Nerchinsk katorga until 1911. He later spent more time in various
Grigory_Kotovsky
Political demonstration in Russia
arrested, of which five people would later be sentenced to 10 to 15 years of katorga, other ten to Siberian exile and other three, including Potapov, to a 5-year
Kazan_demonstration
Wooden fortress, historic Russia
Siberia became a favourite destination for criminals sent there to serve katorga, Siberian ostrogs became associated with imprisonment, and in the 18th
Ostrog_(fortress)
Governorate. In Imperial Russia, penal labor camps were known by the name katorga. The first Soviet camps were organized in June 1918 for the detention of
List of concentration and internment camps
List_of_concentration_and_internment_camps
Facility where people are kept as punishment
operated until 1952, such as the notable Devil's Island (Île du Diable). Katorga prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in Russia
Prison
Ideology
Soviet Union Special settlements in the Soviet Union Han chauvinism Gulag Katorga Penal transportation Russian imperialism National delimitation in the Soviet
Great_Russian_chauvinism
Ethnic group of far eastern Russia
the 1860 Convention of Peking. The Russians established a penal colony (katorga) on Sakhalin, which operated from 1857 to 1906. They transported numerous
Nivkh_people
Siberia. He is known for his paintings of the uprising and the Siberian katorga and exile. Aleksander Sochaczewski was born Leib Sonder. His parents were
Aleksander_Sochaczewski
witnessed crowds of prisoners in shackles marching from Moscow to the katorga. It is in connection with the penal function that the road figures in the
Vladimir_Highway
Type of detention facility
part of its regular judicial system, called katorga. The Soviet Union took over the already extensive katorga system and expanded it immensely, eventually
Labor_camp
Plotters to kill Alexander II of Russia
postponed due to her pregnancy. Her execution was later replaced with katorga (forced penal labor) for an indefinite period of time; she nevertheless
Pervomartovtsy
1893 massacre in Kražiai, Russian Empire
years of katorga. However, the judges themselves petitioned the new Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to pardon the people and commute the 10-year katorga to one
Kražiai_massacre
Unfree peasant class of Tsarist Russia
at fairs (1808), cancelled the right of landlords to exile peasants to katorga ('hard labour'); 1807) and to settle them in Siberia (1809). In 1818 Alexander
Serfdom_in_Russia
1928 film
Penal Servitude (Russian: Каторга, romanized: Katorga) is a 1928 Soviet silent drama film directed by Yuli Raizman. Andrei Zhilinsky as Ilya Berts Pavel
Penal_Servitude_(film)
American rock band
their second EP in April 2015, this time a co-release with Brooklyn label Katorga Works. In March 2016 they released a third 7-inch vinyl EP. In 2016, the
Sheer_Mag
Island in Northeast Asia
from 1849 to 1853. In 1857, the Russians established a penal colony, or katorga, on Sakhalin. On April 18, 1869, Tsar Alexander II approved the "Regulations
Sakhalin
and mining engineer, who worked as an administrator in several of the katorga regimes established in the Trans-Baikal region of the Russian Empire. The
Ivan_Razgildeev
Document with restrictive clauses
internal passport to persons who were given a half-year postponement of katorga or exile for settling personal affairs. The phrase "wolf's certificate"
Wolf's_ticket
Ukrainian nationalist activist (1927-1968)
Military Tribunal of Lviv garrison sentenced him to 10 years of hard labour (katorga) with five years of detention ("civil rights restriction") plus the confiscation
Vasyl_Makukh
Human settlement in Irkutsky District, Russia
word used to call wooden shoes worn by "katorzhnik" - a forced laborer in katorga camps. The settlement belongs to Pribaikalsky National Park. The Bolshiye
Bolshiye_Koty
Town of Nerchinsky District in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia
mines and from the arrival of great numbers of convicts to the Nerchinsk katorga. Ultimately Nerchinsk became the chief town of Transbaikalia. The famous
Nerchinsk
Russian revolutionary (1884–1941)
The Shesterka were transported by train from Moscow to the Nerchinsk katorga, a system of penal labor colonies in Transbaikal (east of Lake Baikal and
Maria_Spiridonova
Russian revolutionary (1850–1887)
her time in the prison camps of Siberia. She died in 1887, in the Kara katorga. Lebedeva served as the inspiration for the character of Tanya Repina,
Tatyana Lebedeva (revolutionary)
Tatyana_Lebedeva_(revolutionary)
Russian covered carriage
of kibitki to transport disgraced noblemen into exile, and convicts to katorga forced labor inspired the German-language term Kibitkenjustiz and the equivalent
Kibitka
River in Russia
commemorated in the Russian folk song about a runaway from the Akatuy katorga: Славное море - священный Байкал, Славный корабль - омулевая бочка. Эй
Barguzin_(river)
Bolshevik activist and Soviet politician
1905. He was many times arrested by tsarist authorities and exiled to katorga. Prior to the October Revolution, he served as a secretary of the Bolshevik
Valentin_Trifonov
Russian princely family
Society [ru] and took part in the revolt of 1825. He was sentenced to katorga, but in 1837 he was transferred to the Caucasus with the rank of private
Odoyevsky_family
Person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there
developing newly settled areas include the Imperial Russian systems of katorga (Russian: каторга) and exile and the British Empire's export of convicts
Settler
Polish naturalist and physician
Siberia and in 1866 a governor Muraviov dismissed Dybowski from hard labour (katorga), renewed his civil rights and proposed him to work as a doctor in hospital
Benedykt_Dybowski
18th-century Ukrainian paramilitary outfits made up of commoners
whipping and tagging, had their nostrils torn and were exiled to Nerchinsk katorga. Separate haidamak squads continued their activities during the later part
Haydamak
Russian writer and Decembrist
Circassians. Two of his brothers, Mikhail and Nikolay were sentenced to life at Katorga for their part in the Decembrist plot in 1826. Bestuzhev started publishing
Alexander_Bestuzhev
Russian dramatist and author (1860–1904)
carriage, and river steamer across Siberia to the Russian Far East and the katorga (penal colony) on Sakhalin Island, north of Japan. He spent three months
Anton_Chekhov
were sentenced to death; four other people to eternal katorga; six others to 4 to 20 years of katorga; and the remaining four to Siberian exile. Speech by
Trial_of_the_Sixteen_(1880)
Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet bureaucrat (1875–1937)
Prisoners and Exiled Settlers. In 1929–35, he edited the society's journal, Katorga i ssylka [ru]. An ordinance of the Central Committee of the VKP (b) of
Ivan_Teodorovich
Russian poet, translator, writer, and political activist
was stopped and it was revealed that his sentence had been commuted to katorga. Durov, along with Fyodor Dostoevsky, was sent in chains to Omsk, where
Sergey_Durov
Russian revolutionary and military leader (1889–1922)
imprisoned for his involvement in robberies. He was given 20 years of katorga, spending the first part of his sentence in the Schlisselburg fortress
Alexander Antonov (politician)
Alexander_Antonov_(politician)
Russian revolutionary Marxist
of the Revolutionary Movement in Russia). Moscow: All-Union Society of Katorga Exiles and Special Settlers, 1931. Pp. 364-365. Yandex Dictionaries. Retrieved
Vladimir_Bobrovsky
1974 Soviet film
every other crew member in case they really find any gold, and Gubin, a Katorga runaway and a former doctor. After a long journey, they reach the volcanic
The_Land_of_Sannikov
Method of political repression in the Soviet Union
from serfdom) and non-confined exile settlement (e.g., after serving a katorga term). In the Soviet Union, a decree of Sovnarkom of 1929 about labor camps[which
Special settlements in the Soviet Union
Special_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union
Type of forced labour performed by prisoners
continuation of the punitive labour system of Imperial Russia known as katorga, but on a larger scale. The kulaks were some of the first victims of the
Penal_labour
1764–1802 unit of Russia
Imperial forces and its instigators were punished by knout or sent to katorga. The Donets Pikers Regiment eventually was forcefully sent to the war where
Novorossiya_Governorate
Calendar year
the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to the katorga prison camps in Siberia. December 3 German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf
1849
Ethnic minority in Russia
After the change in Russian penal law in 1847, exile and penal labor (katorga) became common penalties to the participants of national uprisings within
Polish_minority_in_Russia
1881 bombing in Saint Petersburg, Russia
of her pregnancy. Alexander III later commuted her sentence of death to katorga (forced labor) for an indefinite period of time. She died of a post-natal
Assassination of Alexander II of Russia
Assassination_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia
River in Russia
the richest in Transbaikalia. To man the gold mines, the system of Kara katorga prisons (1830–98) was established. "Река КАРА in the State Water Register
Kara_(Shilka_tributary)
1904 battle of the Russo-Japanese War
depicted in the novels Port Arthur (Порт-Артур) by Aleksandr Stepanov and Katorga (Каторга) by Valentin Pikul. Russia portal Japan portal List of battles
Battle_of_Korsakov
Polish diaspora in Buryatia
secret Polish resistance and insurgents, as well as ordinary criminals, to katorga in Siberia, including Buryatia. In 1859–1862, exiled Aleksander Zenowicz
Poles_in_Buryatia
Polish publicist and translator
translator. For activity in Polish nationalist organizations sentenced to katorga by Russian Empire in 1838; returned after the amnesty of 1858. His translations
Aleksander_Albert_Krajewski
Subspecies of deer
discovered this deer when he was exploring Siberia after completing his katorga term. Apollonio, Marco; Andersen, Reidar; Putman, Rory. 2010. European
Manchurian_sika_deer
Russian nihilist revolutionary (1847–1882)
He was found guilty on 8 January 1873 and sentenced to twenty years of katorga (hard labor) for killing Ivanov. This was effectively a death sentence
Sergei_Nechaev
Russian statesman and jurist (1827–1907)
the people through church schools." Lagovski was sentenced to 6 years of katorga. Pobedonostsev ordered Tolstoy's excommunication in 1901. During the Russian
Konstantin_Pobedonostsev
Russian publisher (1835–1908)
and was arrested yet again in April 1863. This time, he was sentenced to katorga. He escaped in July 1865 and fled to Geneva, where there was a lively Russian
Mikhail_Elpidin
City in Omsk Oblast, Russia
From 1850 to 1854, Fyodor Dostoyevsky served his sentence in an Omsk katorga prison. Inside the Omsk settlement (the city of Omsk), a military settlement
Omsk
Political party in Russia
Notes From the House of the Dead, a novel based on his experiences in katorga and exile. In 1871 he published Demons, a novel that drew to some extent
Petrashevsky_Circle
Russian revolutionary (1844–1934)
but was recaptured and sentenced to another four years katorga in the mines in Kara katorga, and to 40 lashes. but the local authorities did not dare
Catherine_Breshkovsky
1934 opera by Dmitri Shostakovich
escape. Scene 9: A temporary convict camp near a bridge On the way to katorga in Siberia, Katerina bribes a guard to allow her to meet Sergei. He blames
Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)
Lady_Macbeth_of_Mtsensk_(opera)
Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Poland or people of Polish ethnicity
russification. In addition to executions and mass deportations of Poles to Katorga camps, Tsar Nicholas I established an occupation army at Poland's expense
Anti-Polish_sentiment
Defunct prison in Vilnius, Lithuania
Russian-held part of partitioned Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the katorga, or forced resettlement to a remote area to heavy labour camps or prison
Lukiškės_Prison
Russian revolutionary
1881. His sentence was later exchanged for eternal katorga. Schedrin was first sent to the Kara katorga, then Alekseyevsky ravelin in 1882, and later Shlisselburg
Nikolai_Schedrin
Topics referred to by the same term
Siberia (Борзинский район Читинской области), a place of the Akatuy katorga Akatuy katorga of Russian Empire Akatuy, Chuvash festival of land fertility (see
Akatuy
Event by which a person is forced away from home
of one's homeland, but far away from home. An example is the system of Katorga in Russia. Banishment was used as a punishment in ancient societies such
Exile
Polish politician (1892–1982)
pro-Polish January Uprising of 1863 for which he was sent to the Russian katorga in Siberia. Stanisław Ostrowski studied medicine at Lwów University. During
Stanisław_Ostrowski
Soviet Russian literary critic, writer and dissident
Sinyavsky was forced to work as a stevedore at the Dubravlag, a labor camp (katorga) of the Gulag system located near Yavas, Mordovian ASSR. Sinyavsky was
Andrei_Sinyavsky
Name list
Сигид, 1862–1889), Russian revolutionary and central figure of the Kara katorga tragedy Nadezhda Stasova (1822–1895), early Russian feminist and educator
Nadezhda_(given_name)
Russian Revolutionary and Historian (1888–1942)
Political Convicts and Exiles (OPK), for a period, editing the journal Katorga i ssylka (Hard Labour and Exile). He was expelled from the Communist Party
Vladimir_Vilensky-Sibiryakov
the most interesting events and meetings, the author of the Solovetsky Katorga. "Dedicated to the memory of the artist Mikhail Nesterov, who told me on
Boris_Shiryaev
Belarusian independence activist
Radziwiłł [be] on his behalf. He served his sentence in the Nerchinsk katorga mines in Transbaikal. After his release, Czechowicz lived in the Malyja
Zygmunt_Czechowicz
17th-century monastic complex in Tytuvėnai, Lithuania
Petravičius, the last Bernardine monk in Tytuvėnai, was arrested and deported to katorga in Siberia. Fortunately by the efforts of the local parishioners and Motiejus
Tytuvėnai_Monastery
KATORGA
KATORGA
KATORGA
KATORGA
Girl/Female
Indian
Shade, Shadow
Girl/Female
Indian
Direction
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Jewel gem
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, German, Hebrew
God is Gracious; Female Version of John
Surname or Lastname
English
English : regional name for someone from Burgundy, Old French Bourgogne (see Burgoyne).Swiss German (Bürgin) : from a pet form of the personal name Burkhard (see Burkhart).
Boy/Male
Tamil
Parthik | பாரà¯à®¤à®¿à®•Â
Lovely
Girl/Female
Tamil
Same as Gayatri
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Fulmer in Buckinghamshire or Fowlmere in Cambridgeshire, so named from Old English fugol ‘bird’ + mere ‘lake’.German : variant of Volkmar.
Boy/Male
Latin American Greek French Biblical Shakespearean
Youthful.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Brocade; Gold Tissue
KATORGA
KATORGA
KATORGA
KATORGA
KATORGA