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Period of architecture in North Africa
Hafsid architecture developed under the patronage of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya (roughly present-day Tunisia) during the 13th to 16th centuries. Evolving
Hafsid_architecture
1229–1574 Sunni Berber dynasty in North Africa
The Hafsid dynasty (Arabic: الحفصيون, romanized: al-Ḥafṣiyūn) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descent that ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia, western
Hafsid_dynasty
the region and the main center of architectural patronage. Unlike the architecture further west, Hafsid architecture was built primarily in stone (rather
Architecture_of_Tunisia
Architectural style associated with the western Islamic world
the region and the main center of architectural patronage. Unlike the architecture further west, Hafsid architecture was built primarily in stone (rather
Moorish_architecture
Mosque in Kairouan, Tunisia
façade in Islamic architecture. The mosque was modified in later periods, notably with the addition of a minaret in 1440, during the Hafsid period. The mosque's
Mosque_of_the_Three_Doors
Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam
Ribera Alta (12th–13th century) Kasbah Mosque in Tunis (13th century, Hafsid period) Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes (14th century, Marinid period) The Court
Islamic_architecture
Abdellia Palace (Arabic: قصر العبدلية) is a palace located in La Marsa, a town in the northern suburbs of the capital of Tunisia, Tunis. It is built in
Abdellia_Palace
Mosque in Tunis, Tunisia
mosque in Tunis, Tunisia. It was first built in the 13th century under the Hafsids and later renovated in the 18th century under the Husainids. It is an official
Al-Hawa_Mosque
Zawiya in Tunis, Tunisia
into a family of Andalusian migrants who stayed in Fez before settling in Hafsid Ifriqiya. Nicknamed jellizi in reference to the craft of zellij manufacturing
Sidi Kacem El Jellizi Mausoleum
Sidi_Kacem_El_Jellizi_Mausoleum
Building style of 13th–16th century in the Middle East
decorated with geometric patterns and inlay. Residential architecture in Historic Cairo Hafsid architecture Williams 2018. Raymond 1993. Blair & Bloom 1995, pp
Mamluk_architecture
Mosque in Tunis, Tunisia
within Tunisia Coordinates 36°47′31″N 10°10′14″E / 36.791953888889°N 10.170541111111°E / 36.791953888889; 10.170541111111 Architecture Type Mosque
Al_Haliq_Mosque
Mosque in Tunis, Tunisia
and was unparalleled in other Hafsid architecture. The design of the minaret is directly inherited from Almohad architecture further west. In particular
Kasbah_Mosque,_Tunis
Type of interior garden or house
well-suited to the architecture of the bourgeois mansions and royal palaces built in the city. Although little remains of the Hafsid-era palaces in Tunisia
Riad_(architecture)
Building in Tunis, Tunisia
in English, as it was one of the first gates built under the rule of the Hafsid dynasty. It is also called the "Gate of the Blacksmiths", due to the nearby
Bab_Jedid_(Tunis)
Mosque in Monastir, Tunisia
vault. It is decorated with Kufic inscriptions and floral moldings. In the Hafsid era, expansion work continued with the construction of a square-based minaret
Great_Mosque_of_Monastir
Zirid architecture (1048–1148, Middle Maghreb) Almoravid architecture (1040–1147, Far Maghreb) Almohad architecture (1121–1269, Far Maghreb) Hafsids 1229–1574
List_of_architectural_styles
the Hafsid period and quickly proliferated. After the advent of Ottoman rule in the 16th century some elements and traditions of Ottoman architecture, such
Architecture_of_Africa
Construction in stone of alternating colours
Tunisian architecture during its Ottoman period (16th to 19th centuries). Abdelaziz Daoulatli states that this habit began earlier in the Hafsid period
Ablaq
Capital and largest city of Tunisia
later, took the title of Emir and founded the Hafsid dynasty. The city became the capital of a Hafsid kingdom stretching towards Tripoli and Fez. Walls
Tunis
Kingdom in North Africa (1235–1554)
between the realm of the Marinids to the west, centred on Fez, and the Hafsids to the east, centred on Tunis. Tlemcen was a hub for the north–south trade
Kingdom_of_Tlemcen
Semi-autonomous state affiliated with the Ottoman Empire
Pasha Hayreddin Barbarossa, Aruj's younger brother, captured Tunis from the Hafsid dynasty. Less than a year later, in 1535, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles
Ottoman_Tunisia
Old city of Tunis, Tunisia
Ifriqiya, and under the Hafsid period it developed into a religious, intellectual and economic center. It was during the Hafsid period that the Medina
Medina_of_Tunis
Period of architecture in North Africa
pilgrims returning from Mecca. Both mosques were given minarets during the Hafsid period. Little remains or is known about the Aghlabid royal residence at
Aghlabid_architecture
Period of architecture in North Africa
emergence of three major dynasties starting from the 13th century: the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya, the Zayyanid dynasty in central Maghreb, and the Marinid
Zayyanid_architecture
Ethnic group indigenous to North Africa
Almohads. Their Berber successors – the Marinids, the Zayyanids, and the Hafsids – continued to rule until the 16th century. From the 16th century onward
Berbers
Hafsid Caliph from 1229 to 1249 CE
Muhamad Äbd Al-Wahid; 1203 – 5 October 1249) was the second Caliph of the Hafsid Caliphate in Ifriqiya. He was the grandson of Abu Hafs Ümar Ibn Yahya Al-Hintati
Abu_Zakariya_Yahya
Historical mosque in Tunis, Tunisia
of Uqba in Kairouan. Significant restoration work was carried out by the Hafsid rulers, under al-Mustansir in 1250 and under Abu Yahya Zakariya in the early
Al-Zaytuna_Mosque
Port city in Tunisia
not as prosperous in architecture, markets, and trade as it was in ancient times. Abou Yahya Abou Bekr finally re-established Hafsid unity and recaptured
Sfax
Tunisian religious building and site of Islamic worship
1025 during the Zirid period, 1248 and 1293–1294 under the reign of the Hafsids, 1618 at the time of Muradid beys, and in the late nineteenth and early
Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan
1229–1249 military campaigns
throughout the reign of the first Hafsid emir, Abu Zakariya Yahya, mainly taking place in the Maghreb region. Even before the Hafsids declared independence, Abu
Campaigns of Abu Zakariya Yahya
Campaigns_of_Abu_Zakariya_Yahya
Wedge-shaped element used in building an arch or vault
originally developed in Roman architecture to strengthen the structure, before being implemented in Islamic architecture. The wedged pieces have a curved
Voussoir
Place in Tunis Governorate, Tunisia
remembrance and history is one of the few monuments Hafsid Tunisia. It is the oldest evidence of Muslim architecture Palatine remained in good state of conservation
La_Marsa
School or college, often providing an Islamic education
Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Hafsid". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911
Madrasa
Landmark in Libya
Almohad Caliphate (1158-1229), the Hafsid Emirate of Ifriqiya (1234–1321), the Beni Ammar (1321–1401) and again the Hafsid Emirate (1401–1510, with another
Red_Castle_of_Tripoli
Capital city of Biskra Province, Algeria
Malsoun." In the 14th century, the Hafsid arrived in Tunisia and Algeria. Biskra became an important hub for the Hafsid of Tunisia where it remained under
Biskra
Madrasa in Tunis, Tunisia
ash-Shamma'iya) is a historic madrasa of the Medina of Tunis. Founded by the Hafsids in the 13th century, it was the first madrasa to be built in the Maghreb
Shamma'iya_Madrasa
al-Maghrib and al-Andalus. Almohad rule was succeeded by the Tunis-based Hafsids. The Hafsids were a local Berber dynasty and would retain control with varying
History_of_medieval_Tunisia
Mosaic tile decoration
Zayyanid patronage are extremely similar. In Ifriqiya (Tunisia), under the Hafsid dynasty, zellij tiling largely fell out of style during this same period
Zellij
Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate from 1284 to 1295
عمر) (also known as Al-Mustansir II) was the Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (1284–1295). After restoring Hafsid rule interrupted by the usurper Ibn Abi Umara
Abu_Hafs_Umar_bin_Yahya
Mermadjenna in the land of the Hawwars. It was fought between the troops of the Hafsid caliph, Abu Yahya Abu Bakr, and the army of the Zayanid sultan, Abu Tashfîn
Battle_of_al-Riyyas
Architectural element
art and architecture; particularly in the Moorish architecture of al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula) and North Africa and in Mughal architecture of the Indian
Multifoil_arch
ruling dynasty. Hafsids were Ifriqiya governors of Almohads until 1229, when they declared independence. After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads
History_of_North_Africa
Ruler of the Tlemcen Kingdom (r. 1318–1337)
Zayyanids defeated the Hafsids. They then occupied the Hafsid capital, Tunis. Abu Tashufin then faced an alliance between Marinids and Hafsids which had been
Abu_Tashfin_Abd_al-Rahman_I
Madrasa in Tunis, Tunisia
in 1705 by Ahmed Lagha with the sober architecture of the Hafsid dynasty. The building has a typical architecture: a courtyard with two porticos that gives
Madrasa_El_Mettichia
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
Turkey. The architecture of the empire developed from earlier Seljuk Turkish architecture, with influences from Byzantine and Iranian architecture and other
Ottoman_Empire
1510–1872, Kabyle Berber state in North Africa
the Spanish Empire seized Bejaïa, which was in the hands of dissident Hafsid emirs, and organized raids in the hinterland from this position. The Berbers
Kingdom_of_Beni_Abbas
Public fountain in Islamic architecture
restored as part of wider historical architectural complexes, but still do not serve their original purpose. Hafsid-era fountain or sabil near Bab Sidi
Sabil_(fountain)
Berber Muslim dynasty, 1244–1465
their territories in Al-Andalus to Christian kingdoms like Castile, the Hafsids of Ifriqiya broke away in 1229, followed by the independence of the Zayyanid
Marinid_dynasty
region, namely the Fatimids, Zirids, Almohads and Hafsids. At the end of the Hafsid Dynasty, the Hafsid ruler Abu Abdullah al-Makeni took over the city
Kasbah_of_Sfax
City in Constantine Province, Algeria
under Almohad and Hafsid rule it was again a prosperous market, with links to Pisa, Genoa and Venice. After taking it from the Hafsids in 1529 it was intermittently
Constantine,_Algeria
Archaeological site in Tunisia
Muslims until the Hafsid period when it was taken by the Crusaders with its inhabitants massacred during the Eighth Crusade. The Hafsids decided to destroy
Carthage
Structure in Iranian and Islamic architecture
adopted for mosque architecture, but it most likely influenced the axial designs of local madrasas that began under Marinid and Hafsid rule. In early Ottoman
Iwan
14th–16th-century Asian cultural movement
from his cousin, Babur of Mughal India. Timurid architecture drew on aspects of Seljuk architecture. Turquoise and blue tiles forming intricate linear
Timurid_Renaissance
City of ancient Rome
until the Hafsid period, when it was captured by Crusaders during the Eighth Crusade (1270). After the withdrawal of the Crusaders, the Hafsids decided
Roman_Carthage
Madrasas of Tunis were built under the reign of the Hafsid dynasty in the medina of Tunis. They were founded to teach Almohad doctrine, but beginning on
Madrasas_of_Tunis
1248–1266 Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq' 1266–1269 The Hafsids claimed their descent from Rashidun caliph Omar. After the fall of Baghdad
List_of_caliphs
Berber dynasty in north Africa
Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250: 2nd Edition By Richard Ettinghausen, Oleg Grabar, Professor Emeritus of Islamic Art and Architecture Oleg Grabar,
Hammadid_dynasty
Style of Arabic script
prominence early on as a preferred script for Quran transcription and architectural decoration, and it has since become a reference and an archetype for
Kufic
al-Rahman ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, then the capital of the Hafsids, to an intellectually prominent family of Andalusi origin. The main source
Yahya_ibn_Khaldun
City in the Western Region of Malta
at the mercy of the sea and the saracens. The city withstood a siege by Hafsid invaders in 1429. While the exact number of casualties or Maltese who were
Mdina
Hafsids (who claimed to be the heirs of the unitarian Almohads). The Hafsid dynasty (1230–1574) succeeded Almohad rule in Ifriqiya, with the Hafsids claiming
History_of_Tunisia
Ancient fortification in Sfax, Tunisia
addition, the nature of its columns suggests that it was built before the Hafsid dynasty succeeded to power. Its main role was the surveillance of the north
Borj_Masouda
1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia
Fierro, Maribel (2023-06-07). "The Almohads (524 668/1130 1269) and the Ḥafṣids (627 932/1229 1526)". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History
Almohad_Caliphate
Islamic religious school or monastery
first zawiya buildings in Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia) were built under Hafsid rule in the 14th century. The zawiyas of Kairouan are believed to be the
Zawiya_(institution)
Monument in Tunisia
The palace was founded by the Rassa family (coming from Tlemcen since the Hafsid dynasty). Later, during the 18th century, the Naccache family bought it
Dar_Bach_Hamba
Old town area of Algiers, Algeria
though the path to establishing a state on the ruins of the Zayyanid and Hafsid states was fraught with obstacles, from then on, people would speak of dawla
Casbah_of_Algiers
Architectural element
profile of lobes and points. It is especially characteristic of Moorish architecture in North Africa and present-day Spain. The muqarnas arch, whose intrados
Lambrequin_arch
1423 battle
vassal on the throne in Fez before being defeated the following year by the Hafsid sultan of Tunis. Abu Malik Abd al Wahid, the son of Abu Hammu Musa II, had
Zayyanid_capture_of_Fez
Istanbul, Damascus and Orient as well as Marseille and Genoa. And as the Hafsids have lost a large part of Andalusia, many of the region's families traveled
Medina_of_Sfax
oldest minarets List of tallest minarets Holiest sites in Islam Islamic architecture List of mosques in India Congregational mosque List of largest mosques
List_of_the_oldest_mosques
Madrasa in Tunis, Tunisia
Street in Souk En Nhas. The madrasa got its name from its founder, the Hafsid Sultan Abû `Abd Allâh Muhammad al-Mutansir. The construction works started
Madrasa_El_Mountaciriya
Calendar year
and wife of Lorenzo de’ Medici (b. 1453) September – Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (b. 1419) September – Lasse Huittinen, Finnish thief
1488
Sanhaja Berber dynasty
Almoravid dynasty, Almohad Caliphate, Zayyanid dynasty, Marinid Sultanate and Hafsid dynasty. Under Buluggin ibn Ziri the Zirids extended their control westwards
Zirid_dynasty
Madrasa in Tunis, Tunisia
madrasa is not used and in danger. It has the hafsid style of the 14th century and a typical architecture of the madrasa: a hall surrounded with four halls
Madrasa_El_Unqiya
Capital and most populous city of Libya
dynasties). For some time it was a part of the Berber Almohad Caliphate, Hafsid Kingdom, and Banu Thabit dynasty. In 1510, the city was conquered by Pedro
Tripoli,_Libya
Historical period (6th-8th c.)
Fatimid 909–973 Medieval Zirid 973–1148 Norman 1148–1160 Almohad 1160–1229 Hafsid 1229–1574 Early modern Ottoman 1574–1705 Husainid 1705–1881 Modern French
Byzantine_North_Africa
City in Kairouan Governorate, Tunisia
The small minaret was added during the restoration works held under the Hafsid dynasty. The prayer hall has a nave and two aisles, divided by arched columns
Kairouan
Building in Houmt El Souk, Tunisia
deportation of the soldiers of Alfonso V of Aragon on the orders of the hafsid sultan of Tunisia. In 1450, the castle was extended. On 28 July 1881, during
Borj_El_Kebir
City in Mahdia Governorate, Tunisia
in the 12th century during the Almohad era, which it remained during the Hafsid Dynasty. Later the city was subject to many raids. In 1390 it was the target
Mahdia
(near Tlemcen), and a part of the walls of Tlemcen. Further east, the Hafsids carried out important works on the walls of Tunis, their capital, once
Fortifications_of_the_Maghreb
Hammu attacked the Hafsids in Béjaïa again in 1366, but this resulted in Hafsid intervention in the kingdom's affairs. The Hafsid sultan released Abu
History_of_Algeria
Country in North Africa
the son of Abu Hafs declared himself independent. During the reign of the Hafsid dynasty from their capital Tunis, fruitful commercial relationships were
Tunisia
Zawiya in Sfax, Tunisia
of the sanctuary is decorated with an Ottoman style, and capitals with Hafsid style. It has a dome made of pottery tubes that help to reduce the total
Sidi_Lakhmi_mausoleum
produced in great quantity. The Marinid and Hafsid dynasties developed an important, but poorly understood, architecture, and a significant amount of painted
History_of_Islamic_art
the city from their Hafsid rivals. The Zayanid sultans carried out a policy of expansion towards the Hafsids in the east. Hafsid dissident sultans occupied
Siege_of_Béjaïa_(1326–1329)
Berber people in ancient Northern Africa
oil presses in the Numidian capital of Cirta as well as Punic-style architecture Not unlike many other parts of the world at the time, the Numidian people
Numidians
Island country in Southern Europe
city of Mdina was given the title of Città Notabile. In September 1429, Hafsid Berbers attempted to capture Malta but were repelled by the Maltese. The
Malta
Ancient temples of Malta (3600 BC–2500 BC)
in that each successive temple brought with it further refinement to architectural development. Furthermore, in some cases, later Bronze Age peoples built
Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta
Country in North Africa
the mid-13th century, the Almohad state fragmented, giving rise to the Hafsids in Ifriqiya, the Zayyanids in Tlemcen, and the Marinids in Fez. Following
Algeria
National museum, Palace in Tunis, Tunisia
Levant. The Bardo National Museum building was originally a 15th-century Hafsid palace, located in the suburbs of Tunis. The Bardo is one of the most important
Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)
Mosque in Béjaia, Algeria
269. ISBN 978-2-252-01545-2. Al-Zarkashi. The History of the Almohad and Hafsid States (in Arabic). p. 12. Media related to Ibn Toumert Mosque at Wikimedia
Mellala_Mosque
List of tombs in Malta
invasion Byzantine invasion Kingdom of Sicily Norman invasion Battle of Malta Hafsid invasion Hospitaller rule Invasion of Gozo Great Siege Slave revolt plot
Tombs_of_Malta
Former beylical Palace in La Marsa, Tunisia
The name literally means "House of the Crown". Located not far from the Hafsid palace complex of Abdalliya, the Dar al-Taj palace was founded during the
Dar_al-Taj_Palace
fondouk El Haddadine was built in the 9th century, under the rule of the Hafsid dynasty. It witnessed a first restoration during the 18th century. For centuries
Fondouk_El_Haddadine
and Sultan Husayn Bayqara in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. The empire received widespread support from multiple Islamic scholars
History_of_Islam
1327 battle
Temzezdekt [fr], not far from the city of Béjaïa in Algeria, between the Hafsid general Abu Abdallah Ibn Seid en-Nas against the army of the Zayanids commanded
Battle_of_Temzezdekt
First ruler of the Emirate of Granada from c. 1232 to 1273
Muhammad ibn Arus to enforce his demands. He also used money sent by the Hafsid ruler of Tunis—intended for defense against the Christians—to extend the
Muhammad_I_of_Granada
King of Sicily from 1266 to 1285
he took part in the Eighth Crusade organised by Louis IX and forced the Hafsid Caliph Muhammad I to pay a yearly tribute to him. Charles's victories secured
Charles_I_of_Anjou
Ideology of the Almohads
the Hafsids, to disavow his leadership and declare the eastern part of the empire in Ifriqiya (Tunisia) to be independent, thus founding the Hafsid state
Almohad_doctrine
800–909 Arab dynasty of North Africa and South Italy
Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195309911. Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. pp
Aghlabid_dynasty
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
Girl/Female
Native American
Old woman.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Easy, Comfortable, Smooth
Boy/Male
Indian
The wise one
Boy/Male
Muslim
The wise one
Girl/Female
German
Ruler of the Home or Estate
Female
Hebrew
(חֲסִידָה) Variant spelling of Hebrew Chasida, HASIDA means "stork" and "righteous."
Boy/Male
Indian
Praising (God), Loving (God), Friend, Praiser, All-laudable
Boy/Male
Muslim
One who rallies people
Girl/Female
Egyptian Muslim
Married to the prophet.
Girl/Female
German, Norse
Peaceful Heroine
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
The wise one
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim
Offspring; Descendant; Helpful
Boy/Male
Hindu
Swan
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Strong.
Boy/Male
Indian
One who rallies people
Boy/Male
Hindu
Joyful, Happy, Joyous
Girl/Female
Muslim
(Wife of prophet Muhammad)
Boy/Male
Hindu
The universal soul
Boy/Male
American, British, English
From Hal's Island
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Devout.
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
Boy/Male
Tamil
Kalanabha | கலாநாபாÂ
Controller of time
Boy/Male
Indian
Gift of Guru
Girl/Female
Arthurian Legend
Wife of Lancelot.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Pure; Devotionally Pure
Girl/Female
French
Born at Easter.
Boy/Male
Indian
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French
Darling; Beloved; Open; Variant of Darrel Open
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish
Maiden; Virgin
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
To Express
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, Hebrew, Swedish
Born of the Right Hand; Diminutive of Benjamin; Son; Blessed; Son of the South; Son of My Old Age
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
HAFSID ARCHITECTURE
n.
A salt of the class formed by the combination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distinguished from a haloid compound.
n.
An electro-negative element or radical, which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt; especially, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; sometimes, also, fluorine and cyanogen. See Chlorine family, under Chlorine.
imp. & p. p.
of Halse
n.
The disposition of a column and its component parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in classical architecture; hence (as the column and entablature are the characteristic features of classical architecture) a style or manner of architectural designing.
n.
An ornament much used in Egyptian architecture, generally asserted to have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily.
n.
A book; esp., a collection of poems written by one author; as, the divan of Hafiz.
n.
A running ornament consisting of leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic architecture.
n.
Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels.
a.
Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as, Saracenic architecture.
n.
A haloid substance.
a.
Somewhat resembling the Roman; -- applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th.
n.
The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; -- often called civil architecture.
a.
Of or relating to the Middle Ages; as, mediaeval architecture.
n.
A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.
a.
Resembling salt; -- said of certain binary compounds consisting of a metal united to a negative element or radical, and now chiefly applied to the chlorides, bromides, iodides, and sometimes also to the fluorides and cyanides.
n.
A piece of wood hafted into a long stick, and serving to beat out mortar.
a.
Of or pertaining to Trophonius, his architecture, or his cave and oracle.
n.
A dudgeon-hafted dagger; a dagger.
a.
Of or pertaining to Tuscany in Italy; -- specifically designating one of the five orders of architecture recognized and described by the Italian writers of the 16th century, or characteristic of the order. The original of this order was not used by the Greeks, but by the Romans under the Empire. See Order, and Illust. of Capital.