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Topics referred to by the same term
physics, the term fundamental constant may refer to: Any physical constant which is part of an equation that expresses a fundamental physical law One of
Fundamental_constant
Universal and unchanging physical quantity
A physical constant, sometimes called a fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory
Physical_constant
Physical constant with no units
fine-structure constant, α, which has an approximate value of 1/137.036. It has been argued the term fundamental physical constant should be restricted
Dimensionless physical constant
Dimensionless_physical_constant
Physical constant for the strength of gravity induced by a mass
compared to other fundamental forces at the laboratory scale. In SI units, the CODATA-recommended value of the gravitational constant is: G {\displaystyle
Gravitational_constant
Dimensionless number that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction
fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by α (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies
Fine-structure_constant
Physical constant in quantum mechanics
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by h {\displaystyle h} , is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics:
Planck_constant
Hypothetical conflict with the laws of physics as currently known
improve tests on their time-dependence. The immutability of these fundamental constants is an important cornerstone of the laws of physics as currently
Time-variation of fundamental constants
Time-variation_of_fundamental_constants
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
Boltzmann constant provides a mapping from the characteristic microscopic energy E to the macroscopic temperature scale T = E/k. In fundamental physics
Boltzmann_constant
Unit of measurement adopted by convention for a base quantity
expressed by means of fundamental constants, and to some extent it is an arbitrary decision whether to retain the fundamental constant as a quantity with
Base_unit_of_measurement
Topics referred to by the same term
Fundamental physical constant may refer to: A dimensionless physical constant, one that is independent of the system of units used A physical constant
Fundamental_physical_constant
Absolute dielectric permittivity of free space
is found at: "–: Electric constant, ε0". NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants. NIST. Retrieved 22 January
Vacuum_permittivity
Speed of electromagnetic waves
metrology and fundamental constants. IOS Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-58603-167-1. Duff, M. J. (2004). "Comment on time-variation of fundamental constants". arXiv:hep-th/0208093
Speed_of_light
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
variation of fundamental physical constants. For example, Webb et al. reported detection of variation (at the 10−5 level) of the fine-structure constant from
Equivalence_principle
Conversion constant for amount of substance
na = 1/NA, the reciprocal of the Avogadro constant. The fundamental definition of the Avogadro constant itself is therefore one per elementary amount
Avogadro_constant
Physical constant
"Recommended values of the fundamental physical constants" (PDF). Symbols, Units, Nomenclature and Fundamental Constants in Physics. p. 54. Lalanne,
Vacuum_permeability
Internal open science organization
recommended values of fundamental physical constants are published at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
Committee on Data of the International Science Council
Committee_on_Data_of_the_International_Science_Council
Metric unit of mass
kilogram artefact with a definition based directly on physical fundamental constants. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) approved
Kilogram
Unit of energy
the fundamental constant c (the speed of light), one can describe the particle's momentum in units of eV/c. In natural units in which the fundamental velocity
Electronvolt
Physical constants of energy and wavenumber
Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants according to his model of the atom. Before the 2019 revision of
Rydberg_constant
Most basic type of physical force
In physics, the fundamental interactions or fundamental forces are interactions in nature that appear not to be reducible to more basic interactions.
Fundamental_interaction
Topics referred to by the same term
television show Arrow Fundamental Articles (disambiguation) Fundamental constant (disambiguation) Fundamental law (disambiguation) Fundamental matrix (disambiguation)
Fundamental
One of the seven units of measurement that define the metric system
of the fundamental constants, namely the Planck constant (h), the elementary charge (e), the Boltzmann constant (k), and the Avogadro constant (NA). This
SI_base_unit
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
argue that it explains why the universe has the age and the fundamental physical constants necessary to accommodate intelligent life. If either had been
Anthropic_principle
Hypothesis about life in the universe
cosmological constant may be a fundamental constant but attempts have also been made to calculate it from other constants, and according to the author of
Fine-tuned_universe
Fictional character in Marvel Comics comic books
personification of death. She is a nigh-omnipotent cosmic entity and a fundamental constant of mortal existence, depicted as the "twin" of Oblivion, and "sister"
Death_(Marvel_Comics)
Change in the position of an object
explicit-constant formulation", where each "unit is defined indirectly by specifying explicitly an exact value for a well-recognized fundamental constant", as
Motion
Theorem of gravity in cosmology
of fundamental constants ( G , c , ℏ ) {\displaystyle (G,c,\hbar )} , the gravitational Newton's constant, the speed of light and the Planck constant, yields
Gurzadyan_theorem
SI derived unit of electrical resistance
were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, the ohm is now also defined as an exact value in terms of these constants. The ohm is defined as an electrical
Ohm
Constant used in orbital mechanics
International Astronomical Union in 1919 certain constants came to be gradually accepted as "fundamental": defining constants from which all others were derived. In
Gaussian gravitational constant
Gaussian_gravitational_constant
Physical constant equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but in different units
many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law, the Arrhenius equation, and the Nernst equation. The gas constant is the
Gas_constant
SI unit of temperature
Group on Fundamental Constants" (PDF). BIPM. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-13. "Molar gas constant R and Boltzmann constant k" "2022
Kelvin
Definition of the units kg, A, K and mol
derivable from natural phenomena with most units being based on fundamental physical constants. A number of authors have published criticisms of the revised
2019_revision_of_the_SI
Confucian teaching
sometimes translated as the Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues or the Three Guiding Principles and Five Constant Regulations, or more simply
Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues
Three_Fundamental_Bonds_and_Five_Constant_Virtues
Non-governmental organization for physics development
C2. Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses & Fundamental Constants C3. Commission on Statistical Physics C4. Commission on Astroparticle
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics
Units defined only by physical constants
many fundamental equations of physics, which often include some of the constants used to define Planck units, become equations where these constants are
Planck_units
Scientific hypothesis
universe on the "other side", whose fundamental constant parameters (masses of elementary particles, Planck constant, elementary charge, and so forth) may
Cosmological natural selection
Cosmological_natural_selection
Fixed number that has received a name
geometry, number theory, statistics, and calculus. Some constants arise naturally by a fundamental principle or intrinsic property, such as the ratio between
Mathematical_constant
Mass of a stationary electron
also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics. It has a value of about 9.109×10−31 kilograms or about
Electron_mass
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
polarization. Its speed in vacuum, 299792458 m/s, is one of the fundamental constants of nature. All electromagnetic radiation exhibits some properties
Light
Physical constant
relative standard uncertainty of 1.7×10−11. μ is an important fundamental physical constant because: Baryonic matter consists of quarks and particles made
Proton-to-electron_mass_ratio
Electromechanical weight measuring instrument
can realize the definition of the kilogram unit of mass based on fundamental constants. It was originally known as a watt balance because the weight of
Kibble_balance
2.71828...; base of natural logarithms
with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted γ {\displaystyle \gamma } . Alternatively, e can be called Napier's constant after John Napier
E_(mathematical_constant)
Units of measurement based on universal physical constants
mentioned by Michael Duff (physicist) in his analysis of fundamental constants. Its defining constants are: e, ħ, G, ke. This natural unit system, used only
Natural_units
Non-mainstream theory in physics
necessarily entangles units and the physical constants. Physical constants with units are not fundamental. Any equation of physical law can be expressed
Variable_speed_of_light
Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist (1844–1906)
Boltzmann's contributions to statistical mechanics. The Boltzmann constant is now a fundamental constant in physics and across many scientific disciplines. Because
Ludwig_Boltzmann
Value representing energy density of space
the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is a coefficient
Cosmological_constant
Modern form of the metric system
Boltzmann constant k, the Avogadro constant NA, and the luminous efficacy Kcd. The nature of the defining constants ranges from fundamental constants of nature
International_System_of_Units
Attempts to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics
B. Okun; Gabriele Veneziano (2002). "Trialogue on the number of fundamental constants". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2002 (3): 023. arXiv:physics/0110060
CGh_physics
Charge carried by one proton or electron
The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+1 e) or,
Elementary_charge
Minority interpretation of quantum mechanics
compatibility of the conjecture with present bounds on variation of fundamental constants, but also outlined his focus on the modification of the relation
Calogero_conjecture
Mean distance between Earth and the Sun
object. Because all photons move at the speed of light in vacuum, a fundamental constant of the universe, the distance of an object from the probe is calculated
Astronomical_unit
values for the Planck constant (h), the elementary electric charge (e), the Boltzmann constant (kB), and the Avogadro constant (NA), respectively. The
History_of_the_metric_system
Framework of distances and directions
theory of relativity in which the speed of light plays the role of a fundamental constant of nature. Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying
Space
Relationship between derivatives and integrals
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at every
Fundamental theorem of calculus
Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus
British astrophysicist (1882–1944)
of the dimensionless ratios of fundamental constants. His basic approach was to combine several fundamental constants in order to produce a dimensionless
Arthur_Eddington
System of measurement
reported values: since the values of the accepted values of the fundamental constants in atomic physics such as ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } , m e {\displaystyle
Atomic_units
Clock that monitors the resonant frequency of atoms
differences in gravitational potential via clock rates), and tests of fundamental constants and general relativity. The Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell
Atomic_clock
Variant of the centimetre–gram–second unit system
1 g1/2⋅cm3/2⋅s−1. For example, Coulomb's law in Gaussian units has no constant: F = Q 1 G Q 2 G r 2 , {\displaystyle F={\frac {Q_{1}^{_{\mathrm {G} }}Q_{2}^{_{\mathrm
Gaussian_units
Every polynomial has a real or complex root
The fundamental theorem of algebra, also called d'Alembert's theorem or the d'Alembert–Gauss theorem, states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial
Fundamental theorem of algebra
Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra
Distance that light travels in one year
(Fizeau) and 1862 (Foucault). It was not yet considered to be a fundamental constant of nature, and the propagation of light through the aether or space
Light-year
Tendency of bread to land buttered side down
Matthews argued that the phenomenon is ultimately based in fundamental physical constants, reasoning that the height of a table from which toast might
Buttered_toast_phenomenon
Concept in the solution of linear partial differential equations
the Laplacian by Marcel Riesz. The existence of a fundamental solution for any operator with constant coefficients — the most important case, directly
Fundamental_solution
Hypothesis relating age of the universe to physical constants
(using four fundamental constants: speed of light in vacuum c, Newtonian constant of gravity G, reduced Planck constant ℏ, and Hubble constant H) computes
Dirac large numbers hypothesis
Dirac_large_numbers_hypothesis
Extremely accurate clock in development
of fundamental constants. A nuclear clock has the potential to be particularly sensitive to possible time variations of the fine-structure constant. The
Nuclear_clock
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
E. G. (2006). "Natural nuclear reactor at Oklo and variation of fundamental constants: Computation of neutronics of a fresh core". Physical Review C.
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
American physicist
seminal experiments that refined the precision of the measurements of fundamental constants. His later research focused on superconductors and other aspects
William_H._Parker_(physicist)
System used to generate stable voltages, that may be used to define a volt
generate stable voltages that depend only on an applied frequency and fundamental constants. It is an intrinsic standard in the sense that it does not depend
Josephson_voltage_standard
of fundamental constants by searching for dark matter signatures in GPS archival data. Extending the regimes of variations of fundamental constants to
Andrei_Derevianko
Concept in geometry
on the fact that one can develop trigonometric functions and the fundamental constant π in a way that is totally independent of their relation to geometry
Area_of_a_circle
Mathematical equation linking e, i and π
the multiplicative identity The number π (π = 3.14159...), the fundamental circle constant The number e (e = 2.71828...), also known as Euler's number,
Euler's_identity
Number with all digits equally frequent
Bailey, D. H.; Crandall, R. E. (2001), "On the random character of fundamental constant expansions" (PDF), Experimental Mathematics, 10 (2): 175–190, doi:10
Normal_number
Electromagnetic property of matter
Chemistry also uses the Faraday constant, which is the charge of one mole of elementary charges. Charge is the fundamental property of matter that exhibits
Electric_charge
Physical constant: Electric charge of one mole of electrons
Eite (September 1, 2025). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2022". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 54
Faraday_constant
German theoretical physicist (1943–2022)
quarks and leptons, weak decays of heavy quarks, cosmology and the fundamental constants of physics. He retired in 2008 and died 16 August 2022 in Munich
Harald_Fritzsch
Twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet
gravitational constant G, and the mass of a given celestial body. Walker, Jearl; Resnick, Robert; Halliday, David (2014). Halliday & Resnick fundamentals of physics
Mu_(letter)
Isotope of beryllium
is stable and speculation about other universes with different fundamental constants. These studies suggest that the disappearance of the bottleneck
Beryllium-8
Parameter characterizing an AC conductor
passed a given point and the wave repeats; during this time a point of constant phase on the wave has traveled a distance of λ = v p T = v p / f {\displaystyle
Electrical_length
Unit of speed
"Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants". SI brochure (8th ed.). International Bureau of Weights and Measures
Knot_(unit)
Amount of matter present in an object
the Planck mass (2.176434(24)×10−8 kg) a quantity derived from fundamental constants the solar mass (M☉), defined as the mass of the Sun, primarily used
Mass
Diatomic molecule
and is used as a benchmark for atomic clocks and measurements of fundamental constants. Morse/Long-range potential Molecular orbital diagram § Dilithium
Dilithium
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
unspecified function (called the interpolating function), and a0 is a new fundamental constant which marks the transition between the Newtonian and deep-MOND regimes
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
Annual mathematical celebration on March 14
approximately equals 6.28. Some have argued that 𝜏 is the clearer and more fundamental constant and that Tau Day should be celebrated alongside or instead of Pi
Pi_Day
Analysis of the dimensions of different physical quantities
characteristic units of a system or physical constants of nature. This may give insight into the fundamental properties of the system, as illustrated in
Dimensional_analysis
Hypothetical physical concept
number of them are habitable. Hence what we normally conceive as the fundamental constants of the universe are ultimately the result of the anthropic principle
Theory_of_everything
independence of states" is of "long-standing importance to, and is a fundamental constant of, the Greek foreign policy of all Greek governments". In February
Greece's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
Greece's_reaction_to_the_2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence
Observation in physical cosmology
coordinate. Though the Hubble constant H0 is constant at any given moment in time, the Hubble parameter H, of which the Hubble constant is the current value,
Hubble's_law
the kilogram, ampere, kelvin, and mole were redefined in terms of fundamental constants, removing the dependence on physical objects. Approximate readings
Ampere_balance
Adage that anything that can go wrong will go wrong
Matthews, R A J (1995). "Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the Fundamental Constants". European Journal of Physics. 16 (4): 172–176. Bibcode:1995EJPh
Murphy's_law
Ad hoc element introduced into a calculation
than by calculation (for example, the Planck constant). However, in the case of these fundamental constants, their arbitrariness is usually explicit. To
Fudge_factor
Early system of natural units
(2004), "Constants, Units and Standards", in Karshenboim, Savely G.; Peik, Ekkehard (eds.), Astrophysics, clocks and fundamental constants, Springer
Stoney_units
Cosmological fine-tuning problem
provide an alternative to cosmic inflation. In the VSL models, the fundamental constant c, denoting the speed of light in vacuum, is greater in the early
Horizon_problem
Time constant of an RC circuit
The RC time constant, denoted τ (lowercase tau), the time constant of a resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit), is equal to the product of the circuit
RC_time_constant
Nuclear fusion reaction
different universes, portions of a vast "multiverse", have different fundamental constants: according to this controversial fine-tuning hypothesis, life can
Triple-alpha_process
Austrian physicist (1900–1958)
preoccupied with the question of why the fine-structure constant, a dimensionless fundamental constant, has a value nearly equal to 1/137. Pauli died in that
Wolfgang_Pauli
Software that produces mathematical conjectures about continued fractions
2021. "Ramanujan machine automatically generates conjectures for fundamental constants". phys.org. Science X. Retrieved 17 August 2021. Gal Raayoni, Shahar
Ramanujan_machine
2022 Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants "2022 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
List_of_physical_constants
Unit of length about the size of a hydrogen atom
atomic physics calculations, due to its simple relationship with fundamental constants (this is why it is defined using the true electron mass rather than
Bohr_radius
Device used as a frequency standard
Hänsch, T.W.; Leschiutta, S.; Wallard, A.J. (eds.). Metrology and Fundamental Constants. Vol. Course CLXVI. Società Italiana di Fisica. Amsterdam: IOS Press
Hydrogen_maser
Textbook by Anthony Zee
considerations—even discussing units of some fundamental constants, namely Newton's gravitational constant G {\displaystyle G} , the speed of light in
Einstein Gravity in a Nutshell
Einstein_Gravity_in_a_Nutshell
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
for dark energy is that it is an intrinsic, fundamental energy of space. This is the cosmological constant, usually represented by the Greek letter Λ (Lambda
Dark_energy
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