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Smallest unit of the spine similar in mechanical mobility to the whole spine
A functional spinal unit (FSU), or motion segment, is the smallest physiological motion unit of the spine to exhibit biomechanical characteristics similar
Functional_spinal_unit
Bone in the vertebral column
vertebrae seen from the back Vertebrae anatomy Limbus vertebra Functional spinal unit Pott disease Scheuermann's disease This article incorporates text
Vertebra
Technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses
trial of functional electrical stimulation for walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: Effects on walking competency". The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine
Functional electrical stimulation
Functional_electrical_stimulation
Injury to the main nerve bundle in the back of humans
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. It is a destructive neurological and
Spinal_cord_injury
Index of articles on biophysics
Crick Frederic M. Richards Fritz-Albert Popp Frog battery Functional movement Functional spinal unit G. N. Ramachandran G12/G13 alpha subunits GABAA receptor
Index_of_biophysics_articles
Medical specialty of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system
disorders that affect any portion of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery
focus on re-establishing the structure and function of the human functional spinal unit may include facet replacement. A better understanding of facet function
Artificial_facet_replacement
Brain and spinal cord
The brain is the major functional unit of the CNS. While the spinal cord has certain processing ability such as that of spinal locomotion and can process
Central_nervous_system
Medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses
stroke, spinal cord injury, or peripheral neuropathy.[citation needed] Upper-limb orthoses Clavicular and shoulder orthoses Arm orthoses Functional arm orthoses
Orthotics
Sri Lankan surgeon and politician
also a Spinal Fellow (Canada). He holds the honour of performing the surgery for cervical disc prolapse of the spine and replacement with functional discs
Prasanna_Gunasena
Chronic pain following back surgeries
Persistent spinal pain syndrome (PSPS) is a pain disorder characterized by chronic pain originating in the spine. PSPS is categorized into two primary
Persistent spinal pain syndrome
Persistent_spinal_pain_syndrome
Nerve cell sending impulse to muscle
motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly
Motor_neuron
Type of medical monitoring during surgery
and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring
Response to activation of sensory neurons
feedback was available to the spinal circuits driving the scratch. These animals were capable of producing a functional scratch response, albeit diminished
Scratch_reflex
Public Medical University in Lahore, Pakistan
Anesthesiology unit I and II Cardiac Surgery Neurosurgery Neurosurgery Department pioneers spinal cord stimulation in Pakistan. Pakistan's first Spinal Cord Stimulation
King Edward Medical University
King_Edward_Medical_University
Abnormal stiffness of skeletal muscle
PMID 30692856. Ko, Hyun-Yoon (2022), "Functional Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord", Management and Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries, Singapore: Springer
Spasticity
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of long
Nervous_system
Principle in muscular anatomy
org/cgi/reprint/28/1/85). Henneman E, Somjen G, and Carpenter DO. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 28: 560–580, 1965 ( http://jn
Henneman's_size_principle
Hospital in D.C., United States
evaluate the value of activity-based rehab and FES, functional electrical stimulation, for spinal cord injury patients, a project to test the value of
MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital
MedStar_National_Rehabilitation_Hospital
Central organ of the human nervous system
The human brain is the central organ of the nervous system, and with the spinal cord, comprises the central nervous system. It consists of the cerebrum
Human_brain
Human spinal cord disorder
Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). It is characterized by loss of power and sensation in arms and
Central_cord_syndrome
function. Organs A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function (some of the organs in
List of organs of the human body
List_of_organs_of_the_human_body
Hospital in Minnesota, United States
Minnesota. The hospital's first patient was a ten-year-old boy suffering from spinal tuberculosis who, after 18 months of treatment, was able to walk. The hospital
Gillette_Children's
Neuroplasticity and neuroscience researcher
multi-centre randomized controlled trials “Spinal Cord Injury and Physical Activity (SCIPA)” involving all 8 spinal units in Australia and New Zealand and the
Sarah_Dunlop
Group of motor neurons that innervate a muscle
Motor Neurons and Spinal Control of Movement. eLS DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000156.pub2 Henneman E and Mendell LM (1981) Functional organization of motoneuron
Motor_pool_(neuroscience)
Movement of the body while seated
and adaptive seating, such as children and adults with cerebral palsy and spinal cord injury. Active or dynamic sitting is the opposite of static sitting
Active_sitting
Large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are
Alpha_motor_neuron
Region of the cerebral cortex involved in voluntary movement
transform goals into patterned activity in descending pathways to brainstem and spinal motor circuits, enabling dexterous eye, face and limb actions. Modern work
Motor_cortex
Therapeutic technique
vitro experiments where electricity promotes cell growth Directly over the spinal column[citation needed] TENS used across an artificial cardiac pacemaker
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Transcutaneous_electrical_nerve_stimulation
American neuroscientist, academic and researcher
movement. His work provided the first evidence for the functional roles of primate cervical spinal cord interneurons in performing active hand movements
Eberhard_Fetz
Brain parts regulating brain blood flow
oxygenation levels, and structural characteristics of the neurovascular unit. The functional MRI (fMRI) allows researchers to study brain activity by measuring
Neurovascular_unit
Additional activation of motor units to increase contractile strength
motor unit. Muscle and Nerve 13:1133-1145, 1990. - non-random distribution of fibers. Henneman, E., Somjen, G. & Carpenter, D. O. (1965). Functional significance
Motor_unit_recruitment
Australian doctor, legal professional and disability advocate
Perry Cross Spinal Research Foundation's scientific committee. Palipana's interest includes non-invasive interventions to promote functional improvement
Dinesh_Palipana
Restoration of nerves
fibers, enlarging motor units. This mechanism underlies partial functional recovery in some neuropathies and contributes to motor unit remodeling seen on electromyography
Reinnervation
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue
(which consists of the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated
Neuroregeneration
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Purposeful modulation of nervous system activity
(around-the-clock), high-dose opioid therapy (such as neuropathic pain and spinal-cord injury). It serves as the key part of neural prosthetics for hearing
Neurostimulation
Multiple ways for multi-joint objects to realize a movement
came from the spinal cord, as experiments with stimulation in frogs displayed patterned movement ("motor primitives"), and spinalized cats were shown
Degrees_of_freedom_problem
Infectious disease caused by poliovirus
to the grey matter of the spinal cord, and the suffix -itis, which denotes inflammation, i.e., inflammation of the spinal cord's grey matter. The word
Polio
Complex network which connects several biologically relevant entities
brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit. The enumeration
Biological_system
Organ central to the nervous system
(rhombencephalon, subdivided into metencephalon and myelencephalon). The spinal cord, which directly interacts with somatic functions below the head, can
Brain
Paralysis of a single limb
monoplegia is functional electrical stimulation (FES). It is targeted at patients who acquired monoplegia through incidents such as a spinal cord injury
Monoplegia
Regions of the central nervous system which correspond to different cognitive processes
January 2019. neural substrates functional units of the central nervous system, often composed of a series of structural units which may be widely separated
Neural_substrate
Cable-like bundle of axons
nervous system: Spinal nerves innervate (distribute to/stimulate) much of the body, and connect through the vertebral column to the spinal cord and thus
Nerve
Medical research institutes in India
and HKAFO[clarification needed] Co-polymer polypropylene spinal braces Aluminum alloy spinal braces Wrist-driven, shoulder-driven hand and upper arm splints
Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research
Swami_Vivekanand_National_Institute_of_Rehabilitation_Training_and_Research
Primary cell of the nervous system
other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are functionally connected together, they form what is called a neural
Neuron
Skeletal muscle in the human back
muscle of the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column. It originates from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Rhomboid_major_muscle
American neuroscientist
devoted to characterizing the functional organization of the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord and understanding how spinal neurons located within these
Edward_Perl
Collection of tissues with similar functions
system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and nerves. Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, oviducts
Organ_(biology)
Surgical using radiation
efficient for spinal metastasis involving one or two segments. Meanwhile, conventional external beam radiotherapy is more suitable for multiple spinal involvement
Radiosurgery
Inability to fully empty the rectum during bowel movements
(abbreviated as ODS, with many synonymous terms) is a major cause of functional constipation (primary constipation), of which it is considered a subtype
Obstructed_defecation
PTP-sigma is a functional receptor for CSPGs and promotes proper function of CSPGs, drugs manipulating PTP-sigma may help patients with spinal cord injury
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
Chondroitin_sulfate_proteoglycan
Overview of and topical guide to brain mapping
further defined as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intra-operative, microscopic
Outline_of_brain_mapping
Aspect of heart function
sympathetic adrenergic system arising from the formation of the thoracic spinal ganglia. The third order of electrical influence of the heart is derived
Cardiac_conduction_system
Indian physician (1925–1986)
fully functional physical rehabilitation unit in the country. She was involved in providing rehabilitation services primarily for persons with spinal cord
Mary_Verghese
Neurological disorder
to interact with antigens in the brain neurons and the spinal-cord synapses, causing a functional blockade of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric
Stiff-person_syndrome
Medical diagnostic method
individual nerve fiber at a time to explore the properties of a functional system, although multi-unit recording has been very rewarding in studies of sympathetic
Microneurography
Formation of bone tissue outside of the skeleton
heterotopic ossification in traumatic spinal cord and traumatic brain injured patients admitted to specialised units in Australia". Journal of Musculoskeletal
Heterotopic_ossification
American neural engineer
microstimulation improves forelimb motor recovery after spinal contusion injury. International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society. Widge, A. S., & Moritz
Chet_Moritz
One of three classes of nerve fiber
target organs and are also sent through the dorsal roots to the spinal cord. Within the spinal cord the axons reach the posterior grey column and terminate
Group_A_nerve_fiber
Group of similar cells performing a specific function
between cells and a complete organ. Accordingly, organs are formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The English word "tissue" derives
Tissue_(biology)
Regulation of movement within organisms possessing a nervous system
study the functional role of spinal circuits in behaving animals. Here, larval and adult fish have been useful in discovering the functional logic of the
Motor_control
Hospital in North Rhine-Westphalia, DE
Visceral surgery Cell biological and immunological research Department for spinal cord injuries Department for neurosurgery and neurotraumatology Hospital
Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil
Berufsgenossenschaftliches_Universitätsklinikum_Bergmannsheil
Implant in a blood vessel of the brain
the brain, which offers potential applications for helping people with spinal cord injuries and control robotic prosthetic limbs with their thoughts.
Stent-electrode recording array
Stent-electrode_recording_array
Discipline in biomedical engineering
across brain tissue and to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system; they are highly specialized cells that are capable
Neural_engineering
Regrowth of lost tissues or organs
capacity of the kidney has been recently explored. The basic functional and structural unit of the kidney is nephron, which is mainly composed of four components:
Regeneration_in_humans
Discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering
nerve bridge implanted into the spinal cord of an adult rat in 1981. In 1988, the lumbar anterior root implant and functional electrical stimulation (FES)
Neuroprosthetics
Sustained depolarized membrane states produced by regenerative ionic currents
minutes-long periods of sustained neuronal activity. The functional significance of plateau potentials in spinal motoneurons became clearer through studies of motor
Plateau_potentials
Endogenous non-cancerous pluripotent stem cell
protection/repair of the gastrointestinal tract. Spinal cord injury model In a rat compression spinal cord injury model, functional recovery was observed when human Muse
Muse_cell
Impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions
British war veterans with spinal injuries. In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttman, a neurologist working with World War II veterans with spinal injuries at Stoke Mandeville
Disability
Hospital in New South Wales, Australia
specialised services in the areas of severe burns, neonatal intensive care, spinal cord injury and interventional radiology. The Kolling Institute of Medical
Royal_North_Shore_Hospital
Muscle on the back of the upper arm
subnucleus in the motor column in the spinal cord. The medial head is formed predominantly by small type I fibers and motor units, the lateral head of large type
Triceps
Interdisciplinary science integrating biology and mechatronics
upper extremity (Functional Neural Interface Lab, CWRU). There are both CNS and PNS approaches further subdivided into brain, spinal cord, dorsal root
Biomechatronics
Neurological disorder
this disease by relating the cerebral cortex (the decision making) and the spinal cord (the decision executer). His hypothesis was that there would exist
Blocq's_disease
layer of neurons in a neural structure. In the spinal cord and cerebral cortex, laminae are functionally and anatomically distinct. Lateral geniculate
Glossary_of_neuroscience
common input to the motor unit pools of both muscles and reflects shared neural pathways (including cortical, subcortical and spinal) that contribute to muscle
Intermuscular_coherence
Ability of the brain to continuously change
PMC 3012424. PMID 19575621. Kusiak AN, Selzer ME (2013). "Neuroplasticity in the spinal cord". In Barnes MP, Good DC (eds.). Neurological Rehabilitation (3rd ed
Neuroplasticity
Physical substance of the human organism
the brain and the spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), composed of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is
Human_body
One of three major types of muscle
filaments called myofilaments, repeated in units called sarcomeres, which are the basic functional, contractile units of the muscle fiber necessary for muscle
Skeletal_muscle
Mineral or gemstone
Spinel (/spɪˈnɛl, ˈspɪnəl/) is the magnesium/aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals. It has the formula MgAl 2O 4 in the cubic crystal
Spinel
Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
generation in the spinal cord independent of descending signals from the brain and sensory information. It is currently understood that the spinal cord receives
Proprioception
Neurosurgical procedure performed on the spinal cord
neurosurgical procedure that selectively cuts problematic nerve roots in the spinal cord. This procedure has been well-established in the literature as a surgical
Selective_dorsal_rhizotomy
Type of unpleasant bodily feeling
the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract and connect with spinal cord nerve fibers in the central gelatinous substance of the spinal cord. These spinal cord
Pain
Unscientific healthcare practices
Complementary medicine (CM), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), functional medicine (FM), integrated medicine or integrative medicine (IM), and holistic
Alternative_medicine
Important Biological tissue that allows movement
rami of the spinal nerves. All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and innervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves. During
Muscle
Hungarian physician and politician
cat’s spinal cord (1977) Synaptic complexes formed by functionally defined primary afferent units with fine myelinated fibers (co-author, 1982) A fájdalomkeltő
Miklós_Réthelyi
Profession that helps a disabled person function in everyday life
which graduated "reconstruction aides." Since the profession's inception, spinal manipulative therapy has been a major component of the practice of physical
Physical_therapy
Role of the glycoprotein erythropoetin in protection of neurons
after spinal trauma. Celik and associates investigated motor neuron apoptosis in rabbits with a transient global spinal ischemia model. The functional neurological
Erythropoietin in neuroprotection
Erythropoietin_in_neuroprotection
Critical protein in embryonic development
patterning many systems—including the anterior pituitary, pallium of the brain, spinal cord, lungs, teeth and the thalamus by the zona limitans intrathalamica
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Electrodiagnostic medicine technique
in the limbs, weakness from spinal nerve compression, or concern about some other neurologic injury or disorder. Spinal nerve injury does not cause neck
Electromyography
Genus of reptile
digitigrade, with the elongated proximal carpals forming a single functional unit. The shape of the femur meanwhile, with its distinct medially directed
Galahadosuchus
2024 aviation accident over Myanmar
including to the vertebrae and skull, as well as internal damage to the brain, spinal cord and other organs. Some passengers said the "fasten seat belt" sign
Singapore_Airlines_Flight_321
Mineral Content per Muscle Cross-Sectional Area as an Index of the Functional Muscle-Bone Unit". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 17 (6): 1095–1101. doi:10
Mechanostat
Structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum
precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune
Cerebellum
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations
Neural_oscillation
Experimental surgery
experimentation. For example, the discovery of the different functionalities of dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots was achieved by both Magendie, as well as
Vivisection
Disorder of consciousness caused by severe brain damage
related term persistent vegetative state was coined in 1972 by Scottish spinal surgeon Bryan Jennett and American neurologist Fred Plum to describe a syndrome
Vegetative_state
interpreting the referred material as belonging to cf. Aphaneramma sp. Spinal cord supports, previously known only in extant and extinct salamanders,
2026_in_paleontology
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
ectoderm via neurulation. This tube then differentiates into the brain and spinal cord through regionalization and patterning by morphogen gradients. Subsequent
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body
gamma camera combined with a CT scanner, which provides localization of functional SPECT data, is termed a SPECT-CT camera, and has shown utility in advancing
Medical_imaging
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
Male
Egyptian
, a high Egyptian functionary.
Male
Egyptian
, Functionary of the Interior.
Female
Hebrew
(סִיגָל) Hebrew name SIGAL means "treasure."
Girl/Female
Hindu
God of child
Surname or Lastname
English
English : reduced form of Aspinwall.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a spindle maker, from Middle English spindle, spindel (Old English spinel).Americanized spelling of German and Jewish Spindel.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
English, German, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a spindle maker, from an agent derivative of Middle English spindle, Middle High German spindel, German Spindel, Yiddish shpindl ‘spindle’, ‘distaff’.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Watch of him that sleeps.
Boy/Male
Buddhist, Indian, Japanese
Mysterious Function
Girl/Female
Hindu
Male
Egyptian
, a great functionary.
Male
Egyptian
, an Egyptian functionary.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Always Smile
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Spink.
Male
Celtic
, great justiciary, or functionary.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Father of changing.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
God of Children
Female
Turkish
Turkish name PINAR means "spring."
Boy/Male
Indian
Male
Egyptian
, an Egyptian functionary.
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
Male
Finnish
 Finnish ornamental name, MANNI means "man." Compare with other forms of Manni.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Gift of Allah; God Gift; Variant of Ataullah
Boy/Male
Indian
The good of the faith
Girl/Female
Tamil
Earth, River
Girl/Female
Arabic, Gujarati, Indian, Kannada, Muslim, Parsi
Delicate Body; Worthy of Praise
Boy/Male
Tamil
Calm, Unmovable, Unshakable
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a sheriff, from Middle English schiref, shreeve, shryve ‘sheriff’, from Old English scīr ‘shire’, ‘administrative district’ + (ge)rēfa ‘reeve’ (see Reeve). In some cases it may have arisen from a nickname.
Girl/Female
Celtic German
noble.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese, Christian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish
Sweet; Form of Dulcie; Candy; Candy and Sweet
Boy/Male
Hindu
A flower, Rain tree
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
FUNCTIONAL SPINAL-UNIT
a.
Full of spines; thorny; as, a spiny tree.
a.
Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a fractional part of the population.
a.
Anything which has a spiral form, as a spiral shell.
n.
One charged with the performance of a function or office; as, a public functionary; secular functionaries.
n.
See Spinny.
a.
Of or pertaining to a spiral; like a spiral.
n.
A spinny.
adv.
In a functional manner; as regards normal or appropriate activity.
a.
Pertaining to, or connected with, a function or duty; official.
n.
Alt. of Spinage
n.
A kind of ruby. See Spinel.
a.
Furnished with spines; spiny.
n.
The appropriate action of any special organ or part of an animal or vegetable organism; as, the function of the heart or the limbs; the function of leaves, sap, roots, etc.; life is the sum of the functions of the various organs and parts of the body.
a.
Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting a fraction; as, fractional numbers.
v. i.
To execute or perform a function; to transact one's regular or appointed business.
v. i.
Alt. of Functionate
a.
Relating to friction; moved by friction; produced by friction; as, frictional electricity.
a.
Of or pertaining to the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
a.
Of or pertaining to a spine or spines.
a.
Pertaining to the function of an organ or part, or to the functions in general.