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Line code used in early magnetic data storage
Modified frequency modulation (MFM) is a run-length limited (RLL) line code used to encode data on most floppy disks and some hard disk drives. It was
Modified_frequency_modulation
Encoding method used on early floppy and hard disk drives
Frequency modulation encoding, or simply FM, is a method of storing data that saw widespread use in early floppy disk drives and hard disk drives. The
Frequency_modulation_encoding
Process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform
low-frequency radio waves, wavelength is on the scale of kilometers and building such a large antenna is not practical. Another purpose of modulation is
Signal_modulation
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
Frequency modulation (FM) is a signal modulation technique used in electronic communication, originally for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In
Frequency_modulation
Digital representation of sampled analog signals
pulse-code modulation (LPCM) is a specific type of PCM in which the quantization levels are linearly uniform. This is in contrast to PCM encodings in which
Pulse-code_modulation
Pattern used within a communications system to represent digital data
Modified frequency modulation, Miller encoding and delay encoding Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) Non-return-to-zero, inverted (NRZI) Pulse-position modulation (PPM)
Line_code
Self-synchronizing line code
Differential Manchester encoding (DM) is a line code in digital frequency modulation in which data and clock signals are combined to form a single two-level
Differential Manchester encoding
Differential_Manchester_encoding
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
carrier wave. Phase modulation is one of the two principal forms of angle modulation, together with frequency modulation. In phase modulation, the instantaneous
Phase_modulation
Represents an analog signal using only two levels
Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) is a modulation method for representing an analog signal using only two levels (1 and 0). It is analogous to pulse-width
Pulse-frequency_modulation
Representation of a signal as a rectangular wave with varying duty cycle
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), is any method of representing a signal as
Pulse-width_modulation
Form of modulation
The output of a 1-bit DAC is the same as the PDM encoding of the signal. In a pulse-density modulation bitstream, a 1 {\displaystyle 1} corresponds to
Pulse-density_modulation
Method for converting signals between digital and analog
sigma-delta, ΣΔ) modulation is an oversampling method for encoding signals into low bit depth digital signals at a very high sample-frequency as part of the
Delta-sigma_modulation
Line code used in early magnetic data storage and Ethernet
storage, Manchester code (also known as phase encoding, or bi-phase code) is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or
Manchester_code
Form of signal modulation
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) is a form of signal modulation in which the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a pulse train interrupting
Pulse-amplitude_modulation
Data communications modulation protocol
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is encoded on a carrier signal by periodically shifting the
Frequency-shift_keying
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM), and is based on altering the frequency or the phase, respectively, of a carrier signal to encode the message
Angle_modulation
Form of signal modulation using time shifts
Pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a form of signal modulation in which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a single pulse in one of 2 M {\displaystyle
Pulse-position_modulation
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
telecommunications, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a type of digital transmission used in digital modulation for encoding digital (binary) data
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Digital optical disc data storage format
100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using modified frequency modulation encoding. In September 1978, Sony demonstrated an optical digital audio
Compact_disc
Family of digital modulation methods
Another key property is that the modulations are low-frequency/low-bandwidth waveforms compared to the carrier frequency, which is known as the narrowband
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
Technique used to encode voices in telephony
GameCube supports ADPCM encoding on 64 simultaneous audio channels. Audio coding format Audio data compression Pulse-code modulation (PCM) Ken C. Pohlmann
Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation
Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation
Type of data encoding
is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a constant frequency carrier wave. The modulation is accomplished
Phase-shift_keying
ITU-T recommendation
audio encoding, titled Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies released for use in 1972. G.711 passes audio signals in the frequency band of
G.711
Data format used for audio compact discs
100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using modified frequency modulation encoding. In September 1978, Sony demonstrated an optical digital audio
Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio
Method for modulation of data
phase modulation (CPM) is a method for modulation of data commonly used in wireless modems. In contrast to other coherent digital phase modulation techniques
Continuous_phase_modulation
Rate of modulation of a digital signal
same frequency, but can be in one of two phases. During each symbol, the phase either remains the same, encoding a 0, or jumps by 180°, encoding a 1.
Symbol_rate
Floppy disk or optical disk drive made by Apple
possible as the SuperDrive now utilitized the same MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) encoding scheme used by the IBM PC, yet still retained backward compatibility
SuperDrive
Radio transmission of audio by frequency modulation
FM broadcasting is a radio broadcasting method that uses frequency modulation (FM) transmissions. In November 1919, Hans Idzerda began broadcasts, using
FM_broadcasting
Coding technique in communication technology
refer to more elaborate encodings, but the original Frequency Modulation code, also called differential Manchester encoding, can be seen as a degenerate
Run-length_limited
Signal conversion technique
differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted
Delta_modulation
Radio modulation design
Galileo and is a square sub-carrier modulation, where a signal is multiplied by a rectangular sub-carrier of frequency f sc {\displaystyle f_{\text{sc}}}
Binary offset carrier modulation
Binary_offset_carrier_modulation
Compact encoding of digital data
data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular
Data_compression
Type of amplitude-shift keying modulation
is analogous to unipolar encoding line code. On–off keying is most commonly used to transmit Morse code over radio frequencies (referred to as CW (continuous
On–off_keying
Radios operating in the very high frequency maritime mobile band
(9 km; 6 mi) between aerials mounted on small boats at sea level. Frequency modulation (FM) is used, with vertical polarization, meaning that antennas have
Marine_VHF_radio
Emergency aeronautical frequency
The aircraft emergency frequency (also known in the USA as Guard) is a frequency used on the aircraft band reserved for emergency communications for aircraft
Aircraft_emergency_frequency
Signal able to be decoded without an outside source of synchronization
(PDH) signals Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM) 4B5B 8b/10b encoding 64b/66b encoding HDLC Modified frequency modulation (MFM) Anisochronous Morse code
Self-clocking_signal
Type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins
Minimum-shift_keying
Communications protocol standard in FM radio broadcasts
transmitted the same radio programme on a number of different frequencies. The modulation system was based on that used in a Swedish paging system and
Radio_Data_System
Color encoding system for analogue television
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others
PAL
Line code in which the signal value returns to zero between each pulse
amplitude in pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), zero phase shift in phase-shift keying (PSK), or mid-frequency in frequency-shift keying (FSK). That "zero"
Return-to-zero
Measurement of a signal at discrete time intervals
nonlinear function. Digital audio systems typically employ pulse-code modulation (PCM) to encode sound as a series of discrete samples of the electrical level
Sampling_(signal_processing)
Analog television system
This frequency was chosen so horizontal line-rate modulation components of the chrominance signal fall between the horizontal line-rate modulation components
NTSC
1980s analog high-definition television standard
but NHK abandoned all composite encoding systems. Because of the use of satellite transmission, Frequency modulation (FM) should be used with power-limitation
Multiple Sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding
Multiple_Sub-Nyquist_Sampling_Encoding
Information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth
undersampling or a superheterodyne receiver), with upper cut-off frequency W/2. If double-sideband modulation schemes such as QAM, ASK, PSK or OFDM are used, this
Spectral_efficiency
Transmission of information electromagnetically
several different modulation schemes available to achieve this [two of the most basic being amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM)]. An example
Telecommunications
also called amplitude modulation equivalent (AME) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM) Digital voice modes encode speech into a data stream
List_of_amateur_radio_modes
Lossy audio coding technique
Au file format for sound is a popular example of mu-law encoding. Using 8-bit mu-law encoding would cut the per-channel bitrate of CD audio down to about
Sub-band_coding
Signal processing technique
that uses wideband linear frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode information. A chirp is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency increases or decreases over
Chirp_spread_spectrum
Representation of auditory sensation and perception in the nervous system
The neural encoding of sound is the representation of auditory sensation and perception in the nervous system. The complexities of contemporary neuroscience
Neural_encoding_of_sound
Digital audio format
reservoir increases encoding delay.There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less
MP3
DC-free run-length limited line code used by several optical disc formats
Eight-to-fourteen modulation (EFM) is a data encoding technique – formally, a line code – used by compact discs (CD), laserdiscs (LD) and pre-Hi-MD MiniDiscs
Eight-to-fourteen_modulation
Standards for terrestrial television signals
(or terrestrial television systems outside the US and Canada) are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of terrestrial
Broadcast_television_systems
Electromagnetic wave range of 30–300 MHz
one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency (UHF). VHF
Very_high_frequency
Time between start and end of a pulse
pulse width to produce the desired signal, a concept known as pulse-width modulation. "How To Measure Pulse Width & Duty Cycle" (PDF). Archived from the original
Pulse_width
Computer bus used for data storage systems
(Modified Frequency Modulation) for the data encoding method. ST412, an ST-506 variant was available in either MFM or RLL (Run-Length Limited) encoding variants
Hard_disk_drive_interface
IEC standard
13.56 MHz (RFID HF). The main differences between these types concern modulation methods, coding schemes (Part 2) and protocol initialization procedures
ISO/IEC_14443
Group of video-transmitting modulation modes
efficiently through long distances. In general, video modulation means that a higher frequency carrier wave is modified according to the original video
Video_modulation
Extracting timing information in serial communication
Recovery 64B/66B encoding 8B/10B encoding B8ZS encoding Burst mode clock and data recovery Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation HDB3 encoding Jitter Line code
Clock_recovery
codes that use ternary signals are: hybrid ternary code bipolar encoding MLT-3 encoding used in 100BASE-TX Ethernet B3ZS 4B3T used in some ISDN basic rate
Ternary_signal
Multimedia framework
and ShutterEncoder. FFmpeg is used by ffdshow, FFmpegInterop, the GStreamer FFmpeg plug-in, LAV Filters and OpenMAX IL to expand the encoding and decoding
FFmpeg
Type of electromagnetic radiation
radiation with the lowest frequencies and the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, typically with frequencies below 300 gigahertz (GHz)
Radio_wave
Digital radio broadcasting standard
interference which often plague conventional broadcasting in these frequency ranges. The encoding and decoding can be performed with digital signal processing
Digital_Radio_Mondiale
Cartridge-based hard disk drive format
the data cartridge during manufacture. Data is encoded on the disk using Modified Frequency Modulation, where a one bit will result in a magnetic flux
RL01/RL02
S-FSK (spread frequency-shift keying) is a modulation scheme that combines some of the advantages of classical spread-spectrum modulation (immunity against
IEC_61334
Aviation navigation system
in frequency modulation. The amplitude modulated signal is transmitted from a separate omnidirectional antenna. The roles of amplitude and frequency modulation
VHF_omnidirectional_range
Device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information
with one-time pad and encoded the digital data as tones using frequency shift keying (FSK). This was also a digital modulation technique, making this
Modem
American longwave time signal radio station
shortwave radio frequencies. WWVB is not an acronym or abbreviation but a call sign for the radio station. While most time signals encode the local time
WWVB
Signals broadcast by GPS satellites
transmit several BPSK streams at the same frequency in quadrature, in a form of quadrature amplitude modulation. However, unlike typical QAM systems where
GPS_signals
Modem for computers released by AT&T in 1962
modems are no longer in common use, this encoding scheme is referred to generically as "Bell 103 modulation", and any device employing it as "Bell 103-compatible"
Bell_103
Adoption of digital audio technology in the computer industry
to play digital audio using an encoding technique known as pulse-code modulation ("PCM"). Unlike pulse-width modulation ("PWM"), which turns a signal on
Digital_sound_revolution
American shortwave time signal radio station
of the standard carrier frequencies, WWV carries additional information using standard double-sideband amplitude modulation. WWV's transmissions follow
WWV_(radio_station)
Sensor implementation technique
detection is a method of extracting information encoded as modulation of the phase and/or frequency of an oscillating signal, by comparing that signal
Homodyne_detection
Consumer devices using infrared communication
of the carrier frequency. Modulation schemes: typically 100% amplitude-shift keying (ASK). It may also involve pulse-position modulation, biphase/manchester
Consumer_IR
Commercial modem
in 1959, shortly after AT&T's Bell Labs announced their 110 baud modulation frequencies. The Bell 101 allowed digital data to be transmitted over regular
Bell_101
System for digitally encoding audio signals
digitally encoding audio signals for the Super Audio CD (SACD). DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique
Direct_Stream_Digital
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
synchronized frequency information in active cortical networks". Neuron. 2005; 47: 423-435. Val Danilov I. (2023). "Shared Intentionality Modulation at the
Neural_oscillation
Read-only optical disc for high-fidelity audio storage
systems using pulse-code modulation (PCM), where audio amplitude is determined by numbers encoded in the bit stream. Both modulations require neighboring samples
Super_Audio_CD
German longwave time signal radio station
to amplitude modulation, phase modulation makes better use of the available frequency spectrum and results in a more precise low frequency time distribution
DCF77
Wireless personal area network technology
4 GHz radio frequencies as classic Bluetooth, which allows dual-mode devices to share a single radio antenna, but uses a simpler modulation system. In
Bluetooth_Low_Energy
Components of a train protection system
same frequency, causing the ETCS onboard equipment to apply a safety reaction. The downlink uses an amplitude modulation on the 27.095 MHz frequency. This
Eurobalise
the 2B1Q - encoding used by the baud rate #Vs# at a constant transmission rate #VUE# in half and allows the signal to a lower frequency band to relocate
PCM30
Television that uses analog signals
separation, and so on. A color encoding scheme (NTSC, PAL, or SECAM) could be added to the base monochrome signal. Using RF modulation the signal is then modulated
Analog_television
French analog color television system
Saturation errors. SECAM is free of this problem. SECAM uses frequency modulation (FM) to encode chrominance information on the colour carrier, which does
SECAM
Encoding methods for representing data on magnetic media
according to differential Manchester encoding or (digital) FM (frequency modulation). Known as 4-and-4 encoding, the resulting Apple implementation allowed
Group_coded_recording
Frequency shift keying digital mode
FT8 (short for Franke–Taylor design, 8-FSK modulation) is a frequency shift keying digital mode of radio communication used by amateur radio operators
FT8
Type of optical device
modulate a beam of light. The modulation may be imposed on the phase, frequency, amplitude, or polarization of the beam. Modulation bandwidths extending into
Electro-optic_modulator
French longwave time signal radio station
the 59th second of each minute. This modulation pattern is repeated to indicate a binary one. The binary encoding of date and time data during seconds
ALS162_time_signal
Shortwave radio stations broadcasting only numbers
(AM) transmitters with optionally–variable frequency, using class-C power output stages with plate modulation, are the workhorses of international shortwave
Numbers_station
Mobile data technology for GSM networks
EGPRS/EDGE, the modulation and coding schemes MCS-1 to MCS-9 take the place of the coding schemes of GPRS, and additionally specify which modulation scheme is
EDGE_(telecommunication)
Radio hardware tool
functionality such as modulation/demodulation, while a microcontroller cares for the high-level functionality (command-line interface, protocol encoding/decoding,
Proxmark3
Modem standard developed by Bell System in 1976
standard developed by the Bell System. It specifies audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) to encode and transfer data at a rate of 1200 bits per second (bit/s)
Bell_202
Channel access method used by various radio communication technologies
can be combined with any modulation scheme like (in advanced cases) quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
Code-division_multiple_access
Type of adjustable-speed drive
and medium-voltage AC–AC and DC–AC topologies. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) variable-frequency drive projects started in the 1960s at Strömberg in Finland
Variable-frequency_drive
Digital satellite television standard
exceptionally poor reception conditions in combination with QPSK modulation. Encoding values 8/9 and 9/10 behave poorly under marginal link conditions
DVB-S2
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
Non-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (N-OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies with non-orthogonal intervals
Non-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Non-orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Storage density for magnetic disks
by replacing FM encoding with an improved line code, such as modified frequency modulation (MFM), modified modified frequency modulation (M²FM), FM/MFM
Disk_density
Electro-mechanical data storage device
transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using an encoding scheme, such as run-length limited encoding, which determines how the data is represented
Hard_disk_drive
System that converts an analog signal into a digital signal
the frequency signal passed through an opto-isolator or transmitted wirelessly. Some such ADCs use sine wave or square wave frequency modulation; others
Analog-to-digital_converter
Telecommunications networks transmitted by radio waves
transceiver, the terrain, and the frequency band being used. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference
Cellular_network
wobble frequency of 817.4 kHz, but encodes its addressing information by periodically inverting the phase of the wobble signal (bi-phase modulation) to encode
Wobble_frequency
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Moderation; Neutrality
Surname or Lastname
English (also frequent in Wales)
English (also frequent in Wales) : patronymic from the personal name Watkin.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Balance; Temperance; Moderation
Boy/Male
Indian
Strong, Prosperity population, A prophets name
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
One who Remembers God Frequently
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Population
Girl/Female
Muslim
One who remembers God frequently
Girl/Female
Muslim
Population, Socialism
Surname or Lastname
English (most frequent in northern Ireland)
English (most frequent in northern Ireland) : from Middle English fe(i)th ‘belief (especially Christian belief)’, ‘faithfulness’, ‘loyalty’. This may have been a nickname for a trustworthy person, but was more probably bestowed on one who used ‘Faith!’ frequently as a mild oath or exclamation.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Prolific; Frequently Producing
Surname or Lastname
Swedish (also frequent in Finland)
Swedish (also frequent in Finland) : ornamental name from an unexplained first element + the suffix -lin or -in, common suffixes of surnames.French (Hélin) : from a pet form of Hélie (see Helie 1).French (Hélin) : from the Germanic personal name Heilin, a short form of any of various compound names with the first element heil (see Heilmann 2).English : variant of Hillian.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Population; Socialism; Powerful; Prosperous
Girl/Female
Muslim
Moderation, Equality
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, TEMPERANCE means "moderation, self-restraint."
Girl/Female
Indian
Moderation, Equality
Girl/Female
Indian
Population, Socialism
Surname or Lastname
English (frequent in eastern England)
English (frequent in eastern England) : ethnic name from Norman French aleman ‘German’ or alemayne ‘Germany’ (Late Latin Alemannus and Alemannia, from a Germanic tribal name that probably originally meant ‘all the men’). In some cases the surname may be from the region of Normandy known as Allemagne (south of Caen), probably named as a Germanic-speaking enclave in a Celtic area in Roman times. In North America, the form Allman has probably absorbed some cases of cognates from other languages, in particular Spanish Aleman and French Alleman.German (Allmann) : variant of Allemann (see Alleman) or in some cases probably an Americanized form of the same name.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Strong, Prosperity population, A prophets name
Boy/Male
Muslim
Strong, Prosperity population, A prophets name
Boy/Male
Indian
Strong, Prosperity population, A prophets name
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
Boy/Male
Hindu
One of the kauravas
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Nemesis of Evils and Vices
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Frizzell.
Boy/Male
Hindu
World, A group of shells
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Kitty; Kitten
Female
English
Pet form of English Matilda, TILLY means "mighty in battle."
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Yehuw, JEHU means "God is He." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a king of Israel and a son of Hanani.
Girl/Female
American, Biblical, Christian, Gaelic, Hebrew, Indian, Irish, Punjabi, Sikh
Elevated Place; Hill; A Hair; A Wretch; One Banished
Boy/Male
British, English, Shakespearean
From the Welsh Llewellyn
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Full of Strength
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
FREQUENCY MODULATION-ENCODING
n.
Moderation; temperance.
a.
Ridiculing with moderation.
n.
Moderation.
n.
A crowd; a throng.
n.
A change of key, whether transient, or until the music becomes established in the new key; a shifting of the tonality of a piece, so that the harmonies all center upon a new keynote or tonic; the art of transition out of the original key into one nearly related, and so on, it may be, by successive changes, into a key quite remote. There are also sudden and unprepared modulations.
n.
The condition of returning frequently; occurrence often repeated; common occurence; as, the frequency of crimes; the frequency of miracles.
n.
Infrequency.
n.
Calmness of mind; equanimity; as, to bear adversity with moderation.
n.
Frequency; abundance.
n.
Population; inhabitants.
n.
Abnormally frequent involuntary emission of the semen without copulation.
pl.
of Frequency
n.
Often to be met with; happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring; as, frequent visits.
n.
The whole number of people, or inhabitants, in a country, or portion of a country; as, a population of ten millions.
n.
Commonness; frequency.
n.
Sound modulated; melody.
n.
The act of modulating, or the state of being modulated; as, the modulation of the voice.
adv.
At frequent or short intervals; many times; often; repeatedly; commonly.
n.
Frequency.
n.
Frequency.