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Class of economic value
Existence values are a class of economic value, reflecting the benefit people receive from knowing that a particular environmental resource, such as Antarctica
Existence_value
State of being real
Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of
Existence
when estimating the value of an environmental service or good. Together with the existence value, it makes up the non-use value of such an environmental
Bequest_value
Economic value, even if never used
available for future generations. "Existence value" – an unusual and somewhat controversial class of economic value, reflecting the benefit people receive
Non-use_value
American economist
known for inventing the concept of existence value, the idea that undisturbed wilderness has economic value ("nonuse value"). According to Kenneth Arrow,
John_V._Krutilla
Personal value, basis for ethical action
Relative values differ between people, and on a larger scale, between people of different cultures. On the other hand, there are theories of the existence of
Value_(ethics)
Belief that souls exist before conception
Pre-existence, premortal existence, beforelife, or life before birth, are terms for the belief that each individual human soul existed before conception
Pre-existence
View that life and existence are of negative value
view that life or existence has negative value. It is often stated as the claim that life is not worth living, or that non-existence would be preferable
Philosophical_pessimism
Central claim of existentialism formulated by Sartre
immutable than its existence (the mere fact of its being). To existentialists, human beings—through their consciousness—create their own values and determine
Existence_precedes_essence
Concept in cost-benefit analysis
future use. Bequest value or existence value: Placed on a resource that will never be used by current individuals, derived from the value of satisfaction
Total_economic_value
Existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems
initial value problem has a unique solution. It is also known as Picard's existence theorem, the Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem, or the existence and uniqueness
Picard–Lindelöf_theorem
Benefit provided by a good or service in an economy
(Use value). Though exchange value is recognized, economic value is not, in theory, dependent on the existence of a market and price and value are not
Value_(economics)
Systematic study of values
anti-realism by stating that all value statements are false because there are no values. Another view accepts the existence of values but denies that they are
Value_theory
Theorem in functional analysis
mathematics, and particularly in functional analysis, Fichera's existence principle is an existence and uniqueness theorem for solution of functional equations
Fichera's_existence_principle
Theorem regarding the existence of a solution to a differential equation
Cauchy, is a fundamental theorem which guarantees the existence of solutions to certain initial value problems. Peano first published the theorem in 1886
Peano_existence_theorem
Philosophical question
the theory of value (since some definitions of God include perfection). The Western tradition of philosophical discussion of the existence of God began
Existence_of_God
Option value attributed to preserving the option to utilize ecosystem services in the future. Existence value attributed to the pure existence of an ecosystem
Ecosystem_valuation
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
family of philosophical views that reject the existence of any objectively meaningful purpose, moral value, truth, or knowledge. Nihilistic views span several
Nihilism
Function of the observed sample results
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed
P-value
Type of problem involving ODEs or PDEs
a boundary-value problem is a differential equation subjected to constraints called boundary conditions. A solution to a boundary value problem is a
Boundary_value_problem
Investment paradigm
and one of the oldest US mutual funds still in existence as of 2019, emphasizes value investing. Value stocks do not always beat growth stocks, as demonstrated
Value_investing
Concept in game theory
In cooperative game theory, the Shapley value is a method (solution concept) for fairly distributing the total gains or costs among a group of players
Shapley_value
Idea in ethics; many principles are true at the same time
the basis of the existence of several competing value systems. Littunen says that such societies exhibit value pluralism. If values can be compared with
Value_pluralism
Totality of existing entities
anti-realists span multiple domains, addressing the objective existence of universals, abstract objects, values, and unobservable entities posited by scientific theories
Reality
Statement on solutions to ordinary differential equations
In mathematics, Carathéodory's existence theorem says that an ordinary differential equation has a solution under relatively mild conditions. It is a
Carathéodory's existence theorem
Carathéodory's_existence_theorem
How well a commodity fulfills human purposes
means of existence in the widest sense of the term. Use-value as an aspect of the commodity coincides with the physical palpable existence of the commodity
Use_value
Theory in classical and Marxian economics
The labor theory of value (LTV) posits that the economic value of a good or service is determined by the socially necessary labor time required to produce
Labor_theory_of_value
Amount in information economics
VoI is sometimes distinguished into value of perfect information, also called value of clairvoyance (VoC), and value of imperfect information. They are
Value_of_information
Millennium Prize Problem
The Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, a system of partial
Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness
Navier–Stokes_existence_and_smoothness
and Existence Values in Wildlife Resources," Land Economics, 69: 1-15 Walsh, R.G., J.B. Loomis and R.A. Gillan, 1984. "Valuing Option, Existence and Bequest
Option value (cost–benefit analysis)
Option_value_(cost–benefit_analysis)
Theorem in mathematics
In calculus and real analysis, the mean value theorem (or Lagrange's mean value theorem) is a theorem about differentiable functions, roughly stating
Mean_value_theorem
Type of calculus problem
condition for the solution of an initial value problem to be unique. This condition has to do with the existence of a Lyapunov function for the system.
Initial_value_problem
Value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth
In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical
Truth_value
Stages of human existence according to Greco-Roman mythology
The Ages of Man are the historical stages of human existence according to Greek mythology and its subsequent Roman interpretation. Both Hesiod and Ovid
Ages_of_Man
Set of values held by a majority of Filipinos
Filipino values are social constructs within Filipino culture which define that which is socially considered to be desirable. The Filipino value system
Filipino_values
Human development theory
Graves's emergent cyclical levels of existence (E-C theory or ECLET) is a theory of adult human development constructed from experimental data by Union
Graves's emergent cyclical levels of existence
Graves's_emergent_cyclical_levels_of_existence
1971 book by John McPhee
22–23. ISBN 0-374-51431-3. Nelson, Robert H. (Spring 1997). "Does 'Existence Value' Exist? Environmental Economics Encroaches on Religion". The Independent
Encounters_with_the_Archdruid
Value that has the same worth for all people
relativism, a philosophical stance opposed to the existence of universal moral values. The claim for universal values can be understood in two different ways.
Universal_value
Philosophical concept
intrinsic value are the distinction between what is a means to an end and what is as an end in itself. Things are deemed to have instrumental value (or extrinsic
Instrumental and intrinsic value
Instrumental_and_intrinsic_value
Proportion of worth at which a commodity can be traded for other commodities
exchange-value and actual monetary prices in fixed assets, such as housing, as evidence of the existence and dynamics of fictitious capital. The value of a
Exchange_value
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
the apparent absurdity or incomprehensibility of existence. In examining meaning, purpose, and value, existentialist thought often includes concepts such
Existentialism
Concept in Marxist theory
instead as objective, quasi-natural relations between things. The existence of value and its necessary expression as money are, for Marx, consequences
Value-form
Idea proposed by Mircea Eliade
ritual-filled life constantly unites him with sacred time, giving his existence value. As an example of this phenomenon, Eliade cites church services, by
Eternal_return_(Eliade)
Solution concept in cooperative game theory
game, the Myerson value inherits both existence and uniqueness from the Shapley value. In general, the Myerson value is not efficient in the sense that the
Myerson_value
Matrix decomposition
longer required. This section gives these two arguments for existence of singular value decomposition. Let M {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} } be an m ×
Singular_value_decomposition
Survey-based economic technique for finding the value of resources without market prices
damages which they were able to recover included non-use or existence values. Existence values are unable to be assessed through market pricing mechanisms
Contingent_valuation
2006 book by David Benatar
negative value. On the subject of childlessness, Benatar writes that "the reason why we do not lament our failure to bring somebody into existence is because
Better_Never_to_Have_Been
Ethical theory about values
justification, beyond arbitrary personal preference, for the existence and practise of a given value system. Moreover, although axiological ethics are a subfield
Axiological_ethics
Investment technique
Value averaging (VA), also known as dollar value averaging (DVA), is a technique for adding to an investment portfolio that is controversially claimed
Value_averaging
Entity capable of developing into a person
adding to the values of existence when considering the rightfulness of bringing potential people into existence. The personal opinion on the value of bringing
Potential_person
Classification in social sciences
into the Rokeach Value Survey in his 1973 book The Nature of Human Values. Terminal Values refer to desirable end-states of existence. These are the goals
Rokeach_Value_Survey
Ethical or philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its own sake"
intrinsic value is a property of anything that is valuable on its own. Intrinsic value is in contrast to instrumental value (also known as extrinsic value), which
Intrinsic_value_(ethics)
gives value to the existence of entities. The principle states that the reality of an entity's existence gives greater value to prove its existence than
Evidential_existentiality
Seven mathematical problems with a US$1 million prize for each solution
Hodge conjecture, Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness, P versus NP problem, Riemann hypothesis, Yang–Mills existence and mass gap, and the Poincaré
Millennium_Prize_Problems
Distinction between what is and what ought to be
The fact–value distinction is a fundamental epistemological distinction between: Statements of fact (positive or descriptive statements), which are based
Fact–value_distinction
1988 book by Barbara Herrnstein Smith
relativistic theory of value, contending that value emerges from a dynamic process of changing and interacting variables. Smith's view of value is radically relativistic
Contingencies_of_Value
Process of generalization
abstraction of money, for example, works by drawing away from the particular value of things allowing completely incommensurate objects to be compared (see
Abstraction
Concept in population ethics
ethics that there is a moral or evaluative asymmetry between bringing into existence individuals with good or bad lives. It was first discussed by Jan Narveson
Asymmetry_(population_ethics)
Rare Ceylonese postage stamp
condition stamps (about 10) are known to be in existence, valued at £70,000–100,000, while used ones are valued at about £4,500. List of postage stamps "A
Dull_Rose
Generalized function whose value is zero everywhere except at zero
the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, where it is infinite, and whose integral
Dirac_delta_function
Theory of the basis of human cultural values
measuring these ten basic values: the Schwartz Value Survey and the Portrait Values Questionnaire. In value theory, individual values may align with, or conflict
Theory_of_basic_human_values
Value automatically conferred upon animals
intrinsic value of a human or any other sentient animal comes from within itself. It is the value it places on its own existence. Intrinsic value exists
Intrinsic value in animal ethics
Intrinsic_value_in_animal_ethics
Textbook by Harry L. Weinberg
Levels of Knowing and Existence: Studies in General Semantics (Harper and Row 1959) is a textbook written by Professor Harry L. Weinberg that provides
Levels of Knowing and Existence
Levels_of_Knowing_and_Existence
Subfield of cultural economics concerned with the economic implications of museums
(option value), from the preservation of works for future generations (bequest value), from the existence of preserved objects (existence value), from
Economic_theory_of_museums
Mathematical method
theorem is a theorem that guarantees the existence of a single-valued selection function from a given set-valued map. There are various selection theorems
Selection_theorem
Mathematical index used in Bayesian statistics
effect existence representing the certainty with which an effect is positive or negative. This index is numerically similar to the frequentist p-value. It
Probability_of_direction
Diminution in value is a legal term of art used when calculating damages in a legal dispute, and describes a measure of value lost due to a circumstance
Diminution_in_value
Boundary-value problem in differential equations
solution exists. A Cauchy boundary condition specifies both the function value and normal derivative on the boundary of the domain. This corresponds to
Cauchy_boundary_condition
Philosophical system developed by Ayn Rand
rational organism. The "I value" in whim-worship or hedonism can be replaced with "we value", "he values", "they value", or "God values", and still, it would
Objectivism
International organization
social dialogue: Education and Youth; Culture and Arts; Peace and Co-existence; Values, Religion and Spirituality; Cities and Migration; Media. The purpose
Anna Lindh Euro-Mediterranean Foundation for the Dialogue Between Cultures
Anna_Lindh_Euro-Mediterranean_Foundation_for_the_Dialogue_Between_Cultures
In mathematical logic, the disjunction and existence properties are the "hallmarks" of constructive theories such as Heyting arithmetic and constructive
Disjunction and existence properties
Disjunction_and_existence_properties
Economic theory that determines value based on production costs
In economics, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the
Cost-of-production theory of value
Cost-of-production_theory_of_value
Science fiction theme of 1950s and 1960s
became increasingly evident that no scientific evidence supports the existence of "psionic" abilities. In 1942, two authors—biologist Bertold Wiesner
Psionics
reciprocity, existence of weak or inefficient links impact analysis: can an involved party create value from the received inputs value creation analysis:
Value_network_analysis
Value judgment that procreation is unethical
others into existence is applicable to all sentient beings, including conscious machines. Promortalism or pro-mortalism is the philosophical value judgment
Antinatalism
Set theory concept
out that uncountable cardinals endowed with a two-valued measure are large cardinals whose existence cannot be proved from ZFC. The concept of a measurable
Measurable_cardinal
Supreme being in theistic belief systems
the theory of value (since some definitions of God include "perfection"). Ontological arguments refer to any argument for the existence of God that is
God
Alleged Roman imperial usurper (fl. c. 240-270)
Sponsian, may have been a Roman usurper during the third century. His existence is implied by a series of coins bearing his name, ostensibly part of a
Sponsianus
Concepts from linear algebra
aim at a proof of the existence of eigenvalues...) For the origin and evolution of the terms eigenvalue, characteristic value, etc., see: Earliest Known
Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
Object or record accepted as payment
store of value and sometimes, a standard of deferred payment. Money was historically an emergent market phenomenon that possessed intrinsic value as a commodity;
Money
Buddhist philosophy on economics
principles as exemplified in the rule of the Buddhist king Ashoka. The core values of western economics are based in the selfishness of human nature and profit
Buddhist_economics
Type of psychological inventory
responsibility, and capability. Terminal values are beliefs or conceptions about ultimate goals of existence that are worth surviving for, such as happiness
Values_scale
Concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy
The law of the value of commodities (German: Wertgesetz der Waren), known simply as the law of value, is a central concept in Karl Marx's critique of
Law_of_value
1979 book by Richard Swinburne
The Existence of God is a 1979 book by British philosopher of religion Richard Swinburne, claiming the existence of the Abrahamic God on rational grounds
The_Existence_of_God_(book)
White-supremacist slogans
stands for "white family values" and the "Fourteen Words", a white nationalist slogan that states: "We must secure the existence of our people and a future
Fourteen_Words
Conjecture on zeros of the zeta function
extended to these values too by taking limits (see the article on the Dirichlet eta function), giving a finite value for all values of s {\displaystyle
Riemann_hypothesis
Management of capital assets and investments
financial management that deals with capital assets, which are assets that have value as a function of economic production, or otherwise are of utility to other
Capital_management
Doubt about God's existence
Agnosticism is a position that questions the existence of God or the divine. On a psychological level, it is a personal attitude that suspends judgment
Agnosticism
Argument for the negative view on procreation
Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence, aims to establish that coming into existence is always a harm for the one who's coming into
Benatar's_asymmetry_argument
Lowest perceivable odor concentration
water to be supplied for domestic use in Illinois is 3 TON. The threshold value is the concentration at which an aroma or taste can be detected (air, water
Odor_detection_threshold
Philosophical study of beauty and art
ugliness. Philosophers debate whether aesthetic properties have objective existence or depend on the subjective experiences of observers. According to a common
Aesthetics
strategies. There follows a simple example of a game with no minimax value. The existence of such zero-sum games is interesting because many of the results
Game_without_a_value
Apathy toward the existence or non-existence of God
public and private, to (1) the question of the existence of a deity, (2) the metaphysical and practical value of loyalty to that deity, and/or (3) the interaction
Apatheism
Tendency of an item of evidence to prove/disprove one of the legal elements of a case
determination of the action") and have probative value ("having any tendency to make the existence of any [material] fact...more probable or less probable
Relevance_(law)
1935 essay by Walter Benjamin
where the artwork is located, the existence of the mechanical copy (an art-product) diminishes the aesthetic value of the original work of art. In that
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction
Benefits a vendor promises a customer will receive
customers perceive value. Customer Value Proposition is a complicated principle however, it is the main theory behind the existence and the survival of
Customer_value_proposition
Postulated continued existence after death
The afterlife or life after death is a speculation concerning existence after death, in which the essential part of an individual's stream of consciousness
Afterlife
Economic activities to bring a product to market
products. The existence of a global value chain (i.e. where different stages in the production and consumption of materials and products of value take place
Global_value_chain
future. Existence value – results only from the satisfaction of knowing that a given animal genetic resource exists, even if no other type of value can be
Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
Animal_genetic_resources_for_food_and_agriculture
1851 Canadian postage stamp
pence, and 12 pence values. One shilling was not used as the face value because in local currency, it had more than one meaning of value. In New England,
Canada_12d_black
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Abode, Existence
Boy/Male
Hindu
Existence
Girl/Female
Indian
Abode, Existence
Girl/Female
Indian
Abode, Existence
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Life; Existence
Girl/Female
Hindu
Existence, Real
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Existence
Boy/Male
Hindu
Existence, Real
Girl/Female
Tamil
Abode, Existence
Boy/Male
Tamil
Existence, Real
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Existence
Boy/Male
Tamil
Astitva | அஸà¯à®¤à®¿à®¤à¯à®µ
Existence
Astitva | அஸà¯à®¤à®¿à®¤à¯à®µ
Girl/Female
Hindu
Existence, Real
Girl/Female
Indian
Existence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Existence, Real
Boy/Male
Indian
Existence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Existence, Real
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Existence
Girl/Female
Australian
Existence
Girl/Female
Tamil
Existence
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE
EXISTENCE VALUE