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Mathematical for factoring integers
Euler's factorization method is a technique for factoring a number by writing it as a sum of two squares in two different ways. For example the number
Euler's_factorization_method
Factorization method based on the difference of two squares
Factorization of polynomials Factor theorem FOIL rule Monoid factorisation Pascal's triangle Prime factor Factorization Euler's factorization method Integer
Fermat's_factorization_method
Decomposition of a number into a product
called prime factorization; the result is always unique up to the order of the factors by the prime factorization theorem. To factorize a small integer
Integer_factorization
(Mathematical) decomposition into a product
example, 3 × 5 is an integer factorization of 15, and (x − 2)(x + 2) is a polynomial factorization of x2 − 4. Factorization is not usually considered meaningful
Factorization
Number of integers coprime to and less than n
{\displaystyle n=p_{1}^{k_{1}}p_{2}^{k_{2}}\cdots p_{r}^{k_{r}}} is the prime factorization of n {\displaystyle n} (that is, p 1 , p 2 , … , p r {\displaystyle
Euler's_totient_function
integer. Euler system Euler's factorization method Euler's Disk – a toy consisting of a circular disk that spins, without slipping, on a surface Euler rotation
List of topics named after Leonhard Euler
List_of_topics_named_after_Leonhard_Euler
Partition of a graph into spanning subgraphs
a k-factorization partitions the edges of the graph into disjoint k-factors. A graph G is said to be k-factorable if it admits a k-factorization. In particular
Graph_factorization
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
proven that none exists; see integer factorization for a discussion of this problem. The first RSA-512 factorization in 1999 used hundreds of computers
RSA_cryptosystem
Number divisible only by 1 and itself
calculator can factorize any positive integer up to 20 digits. Fast Online primality test with factorization makes use of the Elliptic Curve Method (up to thousand-digits
Prime_number
Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems
backslash operator (which uses sparse LU, sparse Cholesky, and other factorization methods) can be sufficient for meshes with a hundred thousand vertices.
Finite_element_method
Algorithm for generating numbers coprime with first few primes
Wheel factorization is a method for generating a sequence of natural numbers by repeated additions, as determined by a number of the first few primes
Wheel_factorization
Prime number of the form 2^n – 1
– Factorization of Mersenne numbers Mn (n up to 1280) Factorization of completely factored Mersenne numbers The Cunningham project, factorization of
Mersenne_prime
Analytic function in mathematics
{s}{2}}\right)\psi '(x)dx} Using integration by parts again with a factorization of x3/2, ξ ( s ) = 1 2 + ψ ( 1 ) − 2 [ x 3 2 ψ ′ ( x ) ( x s − 1 2 +
Riemann_zeta_function
Sum of inverse squares of natural numbers
Weierstrass factorization theorem shows that the right-hand side is the product of linear factors given by its roots, just as for finite polynomials. Euler assumed
Basel_problem
Method of integration for rational functions
Euler substitution is a method for evaluating integrals of the form ∫ R ( x , a x 2 + b x + c ) d x , {\displaystyle \int R(x,{\sqrt {ax^{2}+bx+c}})\,dx
Euler_substitution
Complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers
every unique factorization domain, every Gaussian integer may be factored as a product of a unit and Gaussian primes, and this factorization is unique up
Gaussian_integer
Convergent series relating reciprocals of perfect powers
resemblance between the method of sieving out powers employed in his proof and the method of factorization used to derive Euler's product formula for the
Goldbach–Euler_theorem
Natural number
Leonhard Euler, who reported the proof in a letter to Daniel Bernoulli written in 1772. Euler used trial division, improving on Pietro Cataldi's method, so
2,147,483,647
French polymath (1588–1648)
number/Catalan's Mersenne conjecture Cycloid Equal temperament Euler's factorization method List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics Renaissance skepticism
Marin_Mersenne
Algorithm for computing greatest common divisors
step in several integer factorization algorithms, such as Pollard's rho algorithm, Shor's algorithm, Dixon's factorization method and the Lenstra elliptic
Euclidean_algorithm
Polynomial equation of degree 3
straightforward computation allows verifying that the existence of this factorization is equivalent with Δ 0 = Δ 1 = 0. {\displaystyle \Delta _{0}=\Delta
Cubic_equation
Ancient algorithm for generating prime numbers
appears in the original algorithm. This can be generalized with wheel factorization, forming the initial list only from numbers coprime with the first few
Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
Analysis and solving of problems that involve fluid flows
needed] For indefinite systems, preconditioners such as incomplete LU factorization, additive Schwarz, and multigrid perform poorly or fail entirely, so
Computational_fluid_dynamics
Algorithm for determining whether a number is prime
integer factorization, primality tests do not generally give prime factors, only stating whether the input number is prime or not. Factorization is thought
Primality_test
Extension of the factorial function
evaluated in terms of the gamma function as well. Due to the Weierstrass factorization theorem, analytic functions can be written as infinite products, and
Gamma_function
Prime factorization algorithm Trial division Sieve of Eratosthenes Probabilistic algorithm Fermat primality test Pseudoprime Carmichael number Euler pseudoprime
List_of_number_theory_topics
Mathematical polynomial formula
in elementary algebra. Binomial numbers generalize this factorization to higher odd powers. Starting with the expression, a 2 − a b + b 2
Sum_of_two_cubes
difference quotient Fermat's factorization method Fermat's Last Theorem Fermat's little theorem Fermat's method Fermat's method of descent Fermat's principle
List of things named after Pierre de Fermat
List_of_things_named_after_Pierre_de_Fermat
Computation modulo a fixed integer
coefficients in intermediate calculations and data. It is used in polynomial factorization, a problem for which all known efficient algorithms use modular arithmetic
Modular_arithmetic
ax + by = c Integer factorization: breaking an integer into its prime factors Congruence of squares Dixon's algorithm Fermat's factorization method General number
List_of_algorithms
Positive integer of the form (2^(2^n))+1
Yves Gallot, Generalized Fermat Prime Search Mark S. Manasse, Complete factorization of the ninth Fermat number (original announcement) Peyton Hayslette
Fermat_number
Branch of pure mathematics
in the product. The unique factorization theorem is the fundamental theorem of arithmetic that relates to prime factorization. The theorem states that every
Number_theory
Method for partial-fraction expansion
The Heaviside cover-up method, named after Oliver Heaviside, is a technique for quickly determining the coefficients when performing the partial-fraction
Heaviside_cover-up_method
Probabilistic primality test
nontrivial factorization of n). This base a is called an Euler witness for n; it is a witness for the compositeness of n. The base a is called an Euler liar
Solovay–Strassen primality test
Solovay–Strassen_primality_test
Number that is not a ratio of integers
contradictory pair of prime factorizations and hence violates the fundamental theorem of arithmetic (unique prime factorization). A stronger result is the
Irrational_number
Integer having only small prime factors
proper subset of the primes as seen in the factor base of Dixon's factorization method and the quadratic sieve. Likewise, it is what the general number
Smooth_number
Integer that is a perfect square modulo some integer
composite moduli whose prime factorization is known. In the case of a composite modulus with unknown prime factorization, the problem of identifying quadratic
Quadratic_residue
Branch of number theory
arithmetic, that every (positive) integer has a factorization into a product of prime numbers, and this factorization is unique up to the ordering of the factors
Algebraic_number_theory
French mathematician and lawyer (1601–1665)
discovered Fermat's little theorem. He invented a factorization method — Fermat's factorization method — and popularized the proof by infinite descent,
Pierre_de_Fermat
Polynomial function of degree 4
In fact, several methods of solving quartic equations (Ferrari's method, Descartes' method, and, to a lesser extent, Euler's method) are based upon finding
Quartic_function
Concept in modular arithmetic
this method include: The value ϕ ( m ) {\displaystyle \phi (m)} must be known and the most efficient known computation requires m's factorization. Factorization
Modular multiplicative inverse
Modular_multiplicative_inverse
Cryptographic attack on the RSA system
(mod N) (using Euler's Theorem). Using the Euclidean algorithm, one can efficiently recover the secret key d if one knows the factorization of N. By having
Wiener's_attack
Infinitely many prime numbers exist
mathematician Leonhard Euler, relies on the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: that every integer has a unique prime factorization. What Euler wrote (not with
Euclid's_theorem
Area of discrete mathematics
genus. Tait's reformulation generated a new class of problems, the factorization problems, particularly studied by Petersen and Dénes Kőnig. The works
Graph_theory
Product of numbers from 1 to n
a prime factorization of the factorials, and can be used to count the trailing zeros of the factorials. Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler interpolated
Factorial
Largest integer that divides given integers
= 720. In practice, this method is only feasible for small numbers, as computing prime factorizations takes too long. The method introduced by Euclid for
Greatest_common_divisor
Unsolved problem in computer science
quasi-polynomial time. The integer factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as
P_versus_NP_problem
Kaczmarz method Preconditioner Incomplete Cholesky factorization — sparse approximation to the Cholesky factorization Incomplete LU factorization — sparse
List of numerical analysis topics
List_of_numerical_analysis_topics
Algebra with unique prime factorization
factors into a product of prime ideals. It can be shown that such a factorization is then necessarily unique up to the order of the factors. There are
Dedekind_domain
Method in number theory
this polynomial is equivalent to finding its factorization into linear factors. To find such factorization it is sufficient to split the polynomial into
Berlekamp–Rabin_algorithm
Method for solving certain nonlinear partial differential equations
The inverse scattering problem is equivalent to a Riemann–Hilbert factorization problem, at least in the case of equations of one space dimension. This
Inverse_scattering_transform
Australian mathematician and computer scientist
Computation of Euler's Constant". Mathematics of Computation 34 (149) 305-312. Brent, Richard Peirce; Pollard, J. M. (1981). "Factorization of the Eighth
Richard_P._Brent
Type of mathematical expression
form, called factorization is, in general, too difficult to be done by hand-written computation. However, efficient polynomial factorization algorithms
Polynomial
Positive integer that is an integer power of another positive integer
result, the minimal value of k must necessarily be prime. If the full factorization of n is known, say n = p 1 α 1 p 2 α 2 ⋯ p r α r {\displaystyle n=p_{1}^{\alpha
Perfect_power
Polynomial root-finding algorithm
economics (see St. Petersburg paradox), and hydrodynamics. Euler called Bernoulli's method "frequently very useful" and gave a justification for why it
Bernoulli's_method
Type of Diophantine equation
45 and 41 decimal digits respectively. Methods related to the quadratic sieve approach for integer factorization may be used to collect relations between
Pell's_equation
numbers c. 1600 BC – Babylonians develop earliest known algorithms for factorization and finding square roots c. 300 BC – Euclid's algorithm c. 200 BC –
Timeline_of_algorithms
mappings Pick matrix Runge approximation theorem Schwarz lemma Weierstrass factorization theorem Mittag-Leffler's theorem Sendov's conjecture Infinite compositions
List of complex analysis topics
List_of_complex_analysis_topics
Special mathematical function
be factorized as an Euler product, thus leading to the idea of Dirichlet character defining the exact set of Dirichlet series having a factorization over
Dirichlet_beta_function
Decomposition of an integer as a sum of positive integers
different notion of rank Crank of a partition Dominance order Factorization Integer factorization Partition of a set Stars and bars (combinatorics) Plane partition
Integer_partition
Group of units of the ring of integers modulo n
in cryptography, integer factorization, and primality testing. It is an abelian, finite group whose order is given by Euler's totient function: | ( Z /
Multiplicative group of integers modulo n
Multiplicative_group_of_integers_modulo_n
German polymath and scholar (1777–1855)
clean presentation of modular arithmetic. It deals with the unique factorization theorem and primitive roots modulo n. In the main sections, Gauss presents
Carl_Friedrich_Gauss
Generalization of the Legendre symbol in number theory
Laws: from Euler to Eisenstein. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-66957-4. Riesel, Hans (1994), Prime Numbers and Computer Methods for Factorization (second edition)
Jacobi_symbol
Concept in group theory (mathematics)
{\displaystyle F\in {\mathfrak {spin}}(p,q,r)} is a bivector, and thus permits a factorization R = e F = e F 1 e F 2 ⋯ e F k . {\displaystyle R=e^{F}=e^{F_{1}}e^{F_{2}}\cdots
Invariant_decomposition
Irreducible polynomial whose roots are nth roots of unity
integers, since Hensel's lemma allows lifting a factorization over the field with p elements to a factorization over the p-adic integers. If x takes any real
Cyclotomic_polynomial
Number equal to the sum of its proper divisors
Two millennia later, Leonhard Euler proved that all even perfect numbers are of this form. This is known as the Euclid–Euler theorem. It is not known whether
Perfect_number
Partial results found before the complete proof
This unique factorization property is the basis on which much of number theory is built. One consequence of this unique factorization property is that
Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents
Proof_of_Fermat's_Last_Theorem_for_specific_exponents
Product of an integer with itself
integer can be represented as a sum of two squares precisely if its prime factorization contains no odd powers of primes of the form 4k + 3. This is generalized
Square_number
Product of the first "n" prime numbers
4^{n}} . Using elementary methods, Denis Hanson showed that n # ≤ 3 n {\displaystyle n\#\leq 3^{n}} . Using more advanced methods, Rosser and Schoenfeld
Primorial
Every polynomial has a real or complex root
proof: https://mizar.org/version/current/html/polynom5.html#T74 Prime Factorization Method — Prime Factorization Method explained in detail with Example.
Fundamental theorem of algebra
Fundamental_theorem_of_algebra
Conjecture on zeros of the zeta function
infinitely many n, where φ(n) is Euler's totient function and γ is Euler's constant. Ribenboim remarks that: "The method of proof is interesting, in that
Riemann_hypothesis
Mathematical term
recently published over 2017–2018 relates to so-termed Lambert series factorization theorems of the form ∑ n ≥ 1 a n q n 1 ± q n = 1 ( ∓ q ; q ) ∞ ∑ n ≥
Lambert_series
Prime pair of the form (p, 2p+1)
system being broken by some factorization algorithms such as Pollard's p − 1 algorithm. However, with the current factorization technology, the advantage
Safe and Sophie Germain primes
Safe_and_Sophie_Germain_primes
17th-century conjecture proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994
Theorem until Lejeune Dirichlet told him his argument relied on unique factorization; but the story was first told by Kurt Hensel in 1910 and the evidence
Fermat's_Last_Theorem
Pair of integers related by their divisors
Riele (2003), Sándor & Crstici (2004)]. The Thābit ibn Qurrah theorem is a method for discovering amicable numbers invented in the 9th century by the Arab
Amicable_numbers
Stochastic volatility model used in derivatives markets
can be solved using the heat kernel, by means of the Wei-Norman factorization method and Lie algebraic techniques. Explicit solutions obtained by said
SABR_volatility_model
Field of knowledge
mathematics traces its roots back to Ancient Greece. The problem of integer factorization, for example, which goes back to Euclid in 300 BC, had no practical
Mathematics
Algorithm for computing trigonometric, hyperbolic, logarithmic and exponential functions
linear systems, eigenvalue estimation, singular value decomposition, QR factorization and many others. As a consequence, CORDIC has been used for applications
CORDIC
Methods for numerical approximations
include Gaussian elimination, the QR factorization method for solving systems of linear equations, and the simplex method of linear programming. In practice
Numerical_analysis
Concept of complex analysis
around c {\displaystyle c} . Various methods exist for calculating this value, and the choice of which method to use depends on the function in question
Residue_theorem
142. Lemmermeyer, F. (2013). "Václav Šimerka: quadratic forms and factorization". LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics. 16: 118–129. doi:10
List of examples of Stigler's law
List_of_examples_of_Stigler's_law
Algorithmic runtime requirements for common math procedures
1007/s00037-004-0185-3. Bunch, James R.; Hopcroft, John E. (1974). "Triangular Factorization and Inversion by Fast Matrix Multiplication". Mathematics of Computation
Computational complexity of mathematical operations
Computational_complexity_of_mathematical_operations
Theorem on the number of primes in arithmetic sequences
either composite or prime. If N is composite, then N has a unique prime factorization N = a1a2...ar, where each ai is prime. Because N ≡ 3 (mod 4), N is odd
Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions
Dirichlet's_theorem_on_arithmetic_progressions
Statement in complex analysis
complex geometry, and become an essential tool in the use of geometric PDE methods in complex geometry. Let D = { z : | z | < 1 } {\displaystyle \mathbf {D}
Schwarz_lemma
Mathematical function
development of the Weierstrass factorization theorem. Following from the infinite product definitions for the gamma function, due to Euler and Weierstrass respectively
Reciprocal_gamma_function
Branch of mathematics studying functions of a complex variable
Taylor series in some neighborhood of each point of its domain. This makes methods and results of complex analysis significantly different from that of real
Complex_analysis
Provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function
vector and general multivector functions as well. Cauchy–Riemann equations Methods of contour integration Nachbin's theorem Morera's theorem Mittag-Leffler's
Cauchy's_integral_formula
Divergent sum of positive unit fractions
natural logarithm and γ ≈ 0.577 {\displaystyle \gamma \approx 0.577} is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. Because the logarithm has arbitrarily large values
Harmonic_series_(mathematics)
Matrix representing a Euclidean rotation
quadratic), and whose sum is 2 cos θ (the negated linear term). This factorization is of interest for 3 × 3 rotation matrices because the same thing occurs
Rotation_matrix
Number of form 2^(2^p-1)-1 with prime exponent
factor of MM61 Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. Status of the factorization of double Mersenne numbers Double Mersennes Prime Search Operazione
Double_Mersenne_number
Number with an integer power equal to 1
ISBN 9781470415549. Riesel, Hans (1994). Prime Factorization and Computer Methods for Factorization. Springer. p. 306. ISBN 0-8176-3743-5. Apostol, Tom
Root_of_unity
Composite number in number theory
above is known. Riesel, Hans (1994). Prime Numbers and Computer Methods for Factorization. Progress in Mathematics. Vol. 126 (second ed.). Boston, MA: Birkhäuser
Carmichael_number
Characteristic property of holomorphic functions
first appeared in the work of Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Later, Leonhard Euler connected this system to the analytic functions. Augustin-Louis Cauchy then
Cauchy–Riemann_equations
Mathematical function
MR 0031958. Kruppa, Alexander (2010). Speeding up Integer Multiplication and Factorization (PDF) (PhD thesis). Henri Poincaré University. – Work describes algorithms
Dickman_function
the method tian yuan shu. 1260 – Al-Farisi gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorization and
Timeline_of_mathematics
Mathematical technique
the symmetric group S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} , which form a unique factorization domain. (The orbits with respect to two groups from the same conjugacy
Symbolic method (combinatorics)
Symbolic_method_(combinatorics)
Algebraic structure
coefficients in F. As every polynomial ring over a field is a unique factorization domain, every monic polynomial over a finite field may be factored in
Finite_field
Second-order partial differential equation
approach to the Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation is the Perron method, which constructs a candidate solution as the supremum of all subharmonic
Laplace's_equation
Finite extension of the rationals
necessarily a principal ideal domain, and not necessarily even a unique factorization domain. The Gaussian rationals, denoted Q ( i ) {\displaystyle \mathbb
Algebraic_number_field
Certain vector fields are the sum of an irrotational and a solenoidal vector field
decomposition Hodge theory generalizing Helmholtz decomposition Polar factorization theorem Helmholtz–Leray decomposition used for defining the Leray projection
Helmholtz_decomposition
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Elder.
Male
German
Frisian and Scandinavian form of German Eckhard, EILERT means "strong edge."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metronymic from Ellen.Dutch : patronymic from Ellen.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English unisex Hillary, ELLERY means "joyful; happy."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hillary.William Ellery, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Newport, RI, in 1727.
Surname or Lastname
North German
North German : patronymic from the personal name Eggert (see Eckert).Dutch : patronymic from the personal name Egger 2.English : variant of Edgar.
Male
English
From an Old English place name ELLERY means "island of elder trees."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Buller 2.
Female
Welsh
Welsh legend name of the daughter of Brychan, possibly derived from the name of a river, from the word alar, ELERI means "more than full; overflowing."
Male
English
 French form of Roman Latin Julius, JULES means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)." In use by the English.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Allard.Perhaps a shortened form of Swedish Ellertsson (see Ellertson).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Feller.
Surname or Lastname
Respelling of German Ehlers.English
Respelling of German Ehlers.English : habitational name from High and Low Ellers in West Yorkshire, named from Old English alras, plural of alor ‘alder’.
Male
French
Variant form of Norman French Eudo, EUDES means "child."Â
Female
English
Pet form of Roman Latin Julia, JULES means "descended from Jupiter (Jove)."
Boy/Male
Danish, German, Swedish
Edge of the Sword; Brave; Hardy; Strong Point of a Sword
Boy/Male
Teutonic English German Greek
Dwells by the alder trees.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : origin uncertain, perhaps a variant of Allard.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Yorkshire)
English (mainly Yorkshire) : patronymic from Seller 1–4.
Female
Native American
Native American Algonquin name PULES means "pigeon."
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Clouds
Boy/Male
Hindu
Moksh ki Ichchha rakhne wala, Liberation
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Yiphtach, JIPHTAH means "he opens" or "whom God sets free." In the bible, this is the name of a city and the name of a son of Gilead. Also spelled Jephthah.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Saprathas | ஸபà¯à®°à®¾à®¤à¯à®¹à®¸
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Tamil
Saumitr | ஸௌமிதà¯à®°
Good friend
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi
Calm
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Clear; Pure; Lord Hanuman
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Eye; Long Sighted
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English not(e), nut ‘nut’; either a metonymic occupational name for a gatherer and seller of nuts, or a nickname for a man supposedly resembling a nut (for example in having a rounded head and brown complexion).Irish : reduced form of McNutt 1.North German : nickname for an industrious person, from Middle High German nutte ‘useful’, ‘efficient’.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Sea of Compassion
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
EULERS FACTORIZATION-METHOD
n.
A stickler for rules; a slave of rules
a.
Producing or bearing tubers.
a.
Tending to cause ulcers; exulceratory.
n.
One who enters a caveat.
n. pl.
Cannibals; man-eaters; anthropophagi.
a.
Pertaining to Euler, a German mathematician of the 18th century.
adv. & conj.
See Else.
n.
A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a).
n. pl.
Eaters of horseflesh.
n.
A government by seven persons; also, a country under seven rulers.
n.
A gathering of buyers and sellers, assembled at a particular place with their merchandise at a stated or regular season, or by special appointment, for trade.
n. pl.
Man eaters; cannibals.
n.
Government by many rulers; polyarchy.
a.
A person who, on account of his age, occupies the office of ruler or judge; hence, a person occupying any office appropriate to such as have the experience and dignity which age confers; as, the elders of Israel; the elders of the synagogue; the elders in the apostolic church.
n.
One who enters; a beginner.
n.
The tincture red, indicated in seals and engraved figures of escutcheons by parallel vertical lines. Hence, used poetically for a red color or that which is red.
n.
One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor.
n.
A government in the hands of five persons; five joint rulers.
a.
One who rules or reigns; a governor; a ruler.
n.
One who pules; one who whines or complains; a weak person.