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Algorithm for determining whether a number is prime
A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime. Among other fields of mathematics, it is used for cryptography. Unlike
Primality_test
Algorithm checking for prime numbers
The AKS primality test (also known as the Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test and the cyclotomic AKS test) is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm
AKS_primality_test
Probabilistic primality test
The Miller–Rabin primality test or Rabin–Miller primality test is a probabilistic primality test: an algorithm which determines whether a given number
Miller–Rabin_primality_test
Number divisible only by 1 and itself
called primality. A simple but slow method of checking the primality of a given number n {\displaystyle n} , called trial division, tests whether
Prime_number
Probabilistic primality test
is the number of times we test a random a, and n is the value we want to test for primality; see Miller–Rabin primality test for details. There are infinitely
Fermat_primality_test
Probabilistic primality testing algorithm
primality test? More unsolved problems in mathematics The Baillie–PSW primality test is a probabilistic or possibly deterministic primality testing algorithm
Baillie–PSW_primality_test
Test if a Mersenne number is prime
In mathematics, the Lucas–Lehmer test (LLT) is a primality test for Mersenne numbers. The test was originally developed by Édouard Lucas in 1878 and subsequently
Lucas–Lehmer_primality_test
Number-theoretic algorithm
{\displaystyle N} is prime. It produces a primality certificate to be found with less effort than the Lucas primality test, which requires the full factorization
Pocklington_primality_test
Algorithm for checking if a number is prime
algorithm lucas_primality_test is input: n > 2, an odd integer to be tested for primality. k, a parameter that determines the accuracy of the test. output: prime
Lucas_primality_test
Methods to test or prove primality
curve primality testing techniques, or elliptic curve primality proving (ECPP), are among the quickest and most widely used methods in primality proving
Elliptic_curve_primality
A prime p divides a^p–a for any integer a
multiple of 7. Fermat's little theorem is the basis for the Fermat primality test and is one of the fundamental results of elementary number theory. The
Fermat's_little_theorem
Probabilistic primality test
The Solovay–Strassen primality test, developed by Robert M. Solovay and Volker Strassen in 1977, is a probabilistic primality test to determine if a number
Solovay–Strassen primality test
Solovay–Strassen_primality_test
American mathematician (1927–2010)
Derrick Henry Lehmer, and Selfridge developed a method of proving the primality of p given only partial factorizations of p − 1 and p + 1. Together with
John_Selfridge
Algorithm for determining whether a number is prime
In computational number theory, the Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test is an algorithm for determining whether a number is prime. Unlike other, more
Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test
Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely_primality_test
Proof that a number is prime
science, a primality certificate or primality proof is a succinct, formal proof that a number is prime. Primality certificates allow the primality of a number
Primality_certificate
Probabilistic test for the primality of an integer
test with a Fermat primality test, say, to base 2, one can obtain very powerful probabilistic tests for primality, such as the Baillie–PSW primality test
Lucas_pseudoprime
Algorithmic runtime requirements for common math procedures
hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-717D-0. Tao, Terence (2010). "1.11 The AKS primality test". An epsilon of room, II: Pages from year three of a mathematical blog
Computational complexity of mathematical operations
Computational_complexity_of_mathematical_operations
Algorithms to generate prime numbers
Eratosthenes or trial division) followed by Baillie–PSW primality test or the Miller–Rabin primality test; a probable prime with a chance of 2-112 of being
Generation_of_primes
Israeli mathematician and computer scientist (1931–2026)
primality testing.[citation needed] In 1976 Rabin was invited by Joseph Traub to meet at Carnegie Mellon University and presented the primality test,
Michael_O._Rabin
Generalization of the Legendre symbol in number theory
theory, but its main use is in computational number theory, especially primality testing and integer factorization; these in turn are important in cryptography
Jacobi_symbol
Primality test for numbers of a certain form
theorem is a theorem which forms the basis of a primality test for Proth numbers known as Proth's test. Proth numbers, sometimes called Proth Numbers of
Proth's_theorem
American computer scientist
ACM Paris Kanellakis Award (with three others) for the Miller–Rabin primality test. He was made an ACM Fellow in 2002 and won the Knuth Prize in 2013.
Gary Miller (computer scientist)
Gary_Miller_(computer_scientist)
Prime pair of the form (p, 2p+1)
Pocklington's criterion can be used to prove the primality of 2p + 1 once one has proven the primality of p. Just as every term except the last one of
Safe and Sophie Germain primes
Safe_and_Sophie_Germain_primes
Composite number which passes Miller–Rabin primality test
is a composite number that passes the Miller–Rabin primality test. All prime numbers pass this test, but a small fraction of composites also pass, making
Strong_pseudoprime
Estimate of time taken for running an algorithm
very weakly superpolynomial. For example, the Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test runs for nO(log log n) time on n-bit inputs; this grows faster than
Time_complexity
Baillie–PSW primality test Miller–Rabin primality test Lucas–Lehmer primality test Lucas–Lehmer test for Mersenne numbers AKS primality test Pollard's p − 1
List_of_number_theory_topics
French mathematician (1842–1891)
Later Derrick Henry Lehmer refined Lucas's primality tests and obtained the Lucas–Lehmer primality test. He worked on the development of the umbral calculus
Édouard_Lucas
Integers that satisfy a specific condition
in the same interval is 1,091,987,404. Probable primality is a basis for efficient primality testing algorithms, which find application in cryptography
Probable_prime
Primality test for Fermat numbers
Pépin's test is a primality test, which can be used to determine whether a Fermat number is prime. It is a variant of Proth's test. The test is named
Pépin's_test
Decomposition of a number into a product
digits of n) with the AKS primality test. In addition, there are several probabilistic algorithms that can test primality very quickly in practice if
Integer_factorization
Classification of algorithm
practical for numbers with merely billions or trillions of digits." The AKS primality test is galactic. It is the most theoretically sound of any known algorithm
Galactic_algorithm
Type of randomized algorithm
algorithms include the Solovay–Strassen primality test, the Baillie–PSW primality test, the Miller–Rabin primality test, and certain fast variants of the Schreier–Sims
Monte_Carlo_algorithm
Prime number of the form 2^n – 1
test to determine whether a given Mersenne number is prime: the Lucas–Lehmer primality test (LLT), which makes it much easier to test the primality of
Mersenne_prime
Composite number that passes Fermat's probable primality test
numbers is to generate random odd numbers and test them for primality. However, deterministic primality tests are slow. If the user is willing to tolerate
Fermat_pseudoprime
Numbers obtained by adding the two previous ones
-~\!\left({\frac {5}{p}}\right)}.} The above formula can be used as a primality test in the sense that if n ∣ F n − ( 5 n ) , {\displaystyle n\mid F_{n\
Fibonacci_sequence
Freeware application to search for primes
be claimed and distributed by GIMPS. Prime95 tests numbers for primality using the Fermat primality test (referred to internally as PRP, or "probable
Prime95
Prime number of the form k*(2^n)+1
093322456 for the reciprocal sum of Proth numbers. The primality of Proth numbers can be tested more easily than many other numbers of similar magnitude
Proth_prime
Primality tests: determining whether a given number is prime AKS primality test Baillie–PSW primality test Fermat primality test Lucas primality test
List_of_algorithms
American mathematician (born 1938)
set theory, developing (with Volker Strassen) the Solovay–Strassen primality test, used to identify large natural numbers that are prime with high probability
Robert_M._Solovay
Primality test for certain numbers
mathematics, the Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel test is a primality test for numbers of the form N = k · 2n − 1 with odd k < 2n. The test was developed by Hans Riesel and
Lucas–Lehmer–Riesel_test
Type of computer science algorithm
are simple randomized in-place algorithms for primality testing such as the Miller–Rabin primality test, and there are also simple in-place randomized
In-place_algorithm
Collection of software tests
executable test suite with the SUT. A test suite for a primality testing subroutine might consist of a list of numbers and their primality (prime or composite)
Test_suite
than a power of two, because they can be verified by a specialized primality test that is faster than the general one. As of October 2024[update], the
Largest_known_prime_number
Indian computer scientist and mathematician
computer scientist and mathematician noted for development of the AKS primality test, along with Manindra Agrawal and Nitin Saxena. Kayal was born and raised
Neeraj_Kayal
Prime number of the form (2ᵖ+1)/3
"An efficient probable prime test for numbers of the form (2p + 1)/3". Tony Reix, "Three conjectures about primality testing for Mersenne, Wagstaff and
Wagstaff_prime
Volunteer project using software to search for Mersenne prime numbers
project relied primarily on the Lucas–Lehmer primality test (LL), an algorithm that is both specialized for testing Mersenne primes and particularly efficient
Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
Great_Internet_Mersenne_Prime_Search
discovery. New Mersenne primes are found using the Lucas–Lehmer test (LLT), a primality test for Mersenne primes that is efficient for binary computers. Due
List of Mersenne primes and perfect numbers
List_of_Mersenne_primes_and_perfect_numbers
Wonderlic Test Iq test Trust metric Ames test Chi-squared test Draize test Dixon's Q test F-test Fisher's exact test GRIM test Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Kuiper's
List_of_tests
Set of problems solved by small circuits
popular Miller–Rabin primality test can be formulated as a P/poly algorithm: the "advice" is a list of candidate values to test. It is possible to precompute
P/poly
Mathematics textbook
Primality Testing for Beginners is an undergraduate-level mathematics book on primality tests, methods for testing whether a given number is a prime number
Primality Testing for Beginners
Primality_Testing_for_Beginners
Indian computer scientist (born 1966)
Research Award for this work. The test is the first unconditional deterministic algorithm to test an n-digit number for primality in a time that has been proven
Manindra_Agrawal
Theorem on prime numbers
that is, the result. In practice, Wilson's theorem is useless as a primality test because computing (n − 1)! modulo n for large n is computationally complex
Wilson's_theorem
Integer that is a perfect square modulo some integer
formula may or may not compute (a|p) correctly. The Solovay–Strassen primality test for whether a given number n is prime or composite picks a random a
Quadratic_residue
Algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure
randomized primality test (i.e., determining the primality of a number). Soon afterwards Michael O. Rabin demonstrated that the 1976 Miller's primality test could
Randomized_algorithm
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
with the Newton method and checking each integer result for primality (AKS primality test). Ekerå, Martin (June 2021). "On completely factoring any integer
Shor's_algorithm
Calendar year
number theory in 2002: Manindra Agrawal led a team in developing the AKS primality test, and Preda Mihăilescu created a proof for the 150-year-old Catalan's
2002
which primality has not been certified (i.e. rigorously proven), but they have undergone probable prime tests such as the Miller–Rabin primality test, which
Industrial-grade_prime
Unsolved problem in computer science
happens to be in P, a fact demonstrated by the invention of the AKS primality test. There are many equivalent ways of describing NP-completeness. Let L
P_versus_NP_problem
Rabin, 94, Israeli mathematician and computer scientist (Miller–Rabin primality test, Pumping lemma, Rabin cryptosystem). Raymond Riotte, 86, French road
Deaths_in_April_2026
Mathematical identity of polynomials
sieve) and can be combined with the Fermat primality test to give the stronger Miller–Rabin primality test. The identity also holds in inner product spaces
Difference_of_two_squares
Indian mathematician and computer scientist
complexity. He attracted international attention for proposing the AKS Primality Test in 2002 in a joint work with Manindra Agrawal and Neeraj Kayal, for
Nitin_Saxena
Number sequence 3,0,2,3,2,5,5,7,10,...
Presumably, combining the Perrin and Lucas tests should make a primality test as strong as the reliable BPSW test which has no known pseudoprimes – though
Perrin_number
Integer factorization algorithm
P(6542) = 65521 for unsigned sixteen-bit integers. That would suffice to test primality for numbers up to 655372 = 4,295,098,369. Preparing such a table (usually
Trial_division
Fermat–Weber problem Fermat polygonal number theorem Fermat polynomial Fermat primality test Fermat pseudoprime Fermat quintic threefold Fermat quotient Fermat's
List of things named after Pierre de Fermat
List_of_things_named_after_Pierre_de_Fermat
Prime integer calculated using a primality-proving algorithm
calculated to be prime using a primality-proving algorithm. Boot-strapping techniques using Pocklington primality test are the most common ways to generate
Provable_prime
Probable prime that is composite
instead of primes. On the other hand, deterministic primality tests, such as the AKS primality test, do not give false positives; because of this, there
Pseudoprime
Concept in complexity theory
steps (see Big O notation.) In the case of primality, it turns out there is a different algorithm for testing whether n is prime (discovered in 2002) that
Pseudo-polynomial_time
Algorithm for generating prime numbers
reduce computation where those computations would never pass the modulo tests anyway (i.e. would produce even numbers, or multiples of 3 or 5): limit
Sieve_of_Atkin
Wiki-based programming chrestomathy
sequence Lucas numbers Lucas–Lehmer primality test Mandelbrot set (draw) Mersenne primes Miller–Rabin primality test Morse code Numerical integration Pascal's
Rosetta_Code
Problem of determining whether polynomials are identical
applications to Tutte matrices and also to primality testing, where PIT techniques led to the AKS primality test, the first deterministic (though impractical)
Polynomial_identity_testing
Overview of and topical guide to algorithms
Euclidean algorithm Sieve of Eratosthenes Integer factorization Primality test AKS primality test Modular exponentiation Fast Fourier transform Karatsuba algorithm
Outline_of_algorithms
Topics referred to by the same term
Lucas test may refer to Lucas primality test for primality of general numbers Lucas–Lehmer primality test for Mersenne primes Lucas' reagent, used to
Lucas_test
American mathematician (born 1945)
Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. (July 2021). "Strengthening the Baillie-PSW Primality Test" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 90 (330): 1931–1955. arXiv:2006
Samuel_S._Wagstaff_Jr.
conjecture were true, it would decrease the runtime complexity of the AKS primality test from O ~ ( log 6 n ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}{\mathord {\left(\log
Agrawal's_conjecture
Notation describing limiting behavior in computational number theory
The existence of the AKS primality test, which runs in polynomial time, means that the time complexity for primality testing is known to be at most L
L-notation
Integer having a non-trivial divisor
called the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. There are several known primality tests that can determine whether a number is prime or composite, which do
Composite_number
Positive integer of the form (2^(2^n))+1
difficult to factorize or even to check primality. Pépin's test gives a necessary and sufficient condition for primality of Fermat numbers, and can be implemented
Fermat_number
Type of pseudoprime
the Miller–Rabin primality test), 1.5 times that of a Lucas pseudoprimality test, and slightly more than a Baillie–PSW primality test. Note that the quadratic
Frobenius_pseudoprime
Ancient algorithm for generating prime numbers
is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. Once all the multiples
Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
Mathematical conjectures about Mersenne primes
numbers of prime factors of Mersenne numbers Lucas–Lehmer primality test Lucas primality test Catalan's Mersenne conjecture Mersenne's laws Bateman, P
Mersenne_conjectures
Leonard Adleman – RSA, DNA computing Manindra Agrawal – polynomial-time primality testing Luis von Ahn – human-based computation Alfred Aho – compilers book
List_of_computer_scientists
Prime number of the form 2^u × 3^v + 1
thus its primality can be tested by Proth's theorem. On the other hand, when 2 u < 3 v {\displaystyle 2^{u}<3^{v}} alternative primality tests for M =
Pierpont_prime
German mathematician and algorithms researcher (b.1936)
Konrad Zuse Medal, the Paris Kanellakis Award for work on randomized primality testing, the Knuth Prize for "seminal and influential contributions to the
Volker_Strassen
test (QFT) is a probabilistic primality test to determine whether a number is a probable prime. It is named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius. The test
Quadratic_Frobenius_test
Australian computer scientist (born 1944)
proofs of the primality of a number, demonstrated in a practical way that primality can be efficiently verified, placing the primality testing problem in
Vaughan_Pratt
Certain constant-recursive integer sequences
Lucas pseudoprime tests, which are part of the commonly used Baillie–PSW primality test. Lucas sequences are used in some primality proof methods, including
Lucas_sequence
Dutch mathematician (born 1949)
Algebraic Number Theory. Bulletin of the AMS, vol. 26, 1992, pp. 211–244. Primality testing algorithms. Séminaire Bourbaki 1981. with Peter Stevenhagen: Artin
Hendrik_Lenstra
Topics referred to by the same term
network algorithm EMS Synthi AKS, an analog synthesizer AKS primality test, a deterministic primality-proving algorithm Azure Kubernetes Service, a software
Aks
Indian inventions
developed by Man Mohan Suri. AKS primality test and Agrawal's conjecture– The AKS primality test is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm created and
List of Indian inventions and discoveries
List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries
Israeli American computer scientist (born 1959)
computations to untrusted servers. With Joe Kilian, she developed a primality test using elliptic curves. Goldwasser is also a lead on Project CETI, an
Shafi_Goldwasser
Composite number in number theory
hold. This fact precludes the use of that theorem as an absolute test of primality. The Carmichael numbers form the subset K1 of the Knödel numbers.
Carmichael_number
Computational complexity class
quasi-polynomial time algorithm was the Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test. However, the problem of testing whether a number is a prime number has subsequently
Quasi-polynomial_time
Tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing
10^{350}\approx 2^{1024}} ) becomes very important and efficient primality testing algorithms are required. Let G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)}
Schwartz–Zippel_lemma
Topics referred to by the same term
status word, a control register in IBM mainframe computers Baillie–PSW primality test in mathematics Part Submission Warrant in production part approval process
PSW
American computer scientist (born 1945)
is one of the original discoverers of the Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test. Fred Cohen, in his 1984 paper, Experiments with Computer Viruses credited
Leonard_Adleman
Integer factorization algorithm
resources about Quadratic Sieve Lenstra elliptic curve factorization primality test Carl Pomerance, Analysis and Comparison of Some Integer Factoring Algorithms
Quadratic_sieve
Topics referred to by the same term
Acute phase reactant, a class of proteins Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test to check whether a given number is prime African Peer Review Mechanism
APR
Formula concerning prime numbers
calculating both and comparing them can be used as a primality test, specifically the Solovay–Strassen primality test. Composite numbers for which the congruence
Euler's_criterion
American computer scientist
necessary run-time of the deterministic version of the Miller–Rabin primality test. Bach also did some of the first work on pinning down the actual expected
Eric_Bach
Mathematical conjecture about zeros of L-functions
test is guaranteed to run in polynomial time. In 2002, Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal and Nitin Saxena proved unconditionally that the AKS primality test
Generalized Riemann hypothesis
Generalized_Riemann_hypothesis
PRIMALITY TEST
PRIMALITY TEST
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, and Jewish
English, German, French, and Jewish : from the personal name, Hebrew Yosef ‘may He (God) add (another son)’. In medieval Europe this name was borne frequently but not exclusively by Jews; the usual medieval English vernacular form is represented by Jessup. In the Book of Genesis, Joseph is the favorite son of Jacob, who is sold into slavery by his brothers but rises to become a leading minister in Egypt (Genesis 37–50). In the New Testament Joseph is the husband of the Virgin Mary, which accounts for the popularity of the given name among Christians.A bearer of the name Joseph with the secondary surname Langoumois (and therefore presumably from the Angoumois region of France) is documented in Quebec City in 1718.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : habitational name primarily from Brenton near Exminster, possibly named in Old English as Br̄ningtūn ‘settlement (Old English tūn) associated with Br̄ni’ (a personal name from Old English bryne ‘fire’, ‘flame’), or from any of the places mentioned at Brinton.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : habitational name, primarily from Risdon in Devon; to a lesser extent possibly from Risden or Riseden, both in Kent.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from Middle English crabbe, Old English crabba ‘crab’ (the crustacean), a nickname for someone with a peculiar gait.English and Scottish : from Middle English crabbe ‘crabapple (tree)’ (probably of Old Norse origin), hence a topographic name for someone who lived by a crabapple tree. It may also have been a nickname for a cantankerous person, a sense which developed primarily from this word, with reference to the sourness of the fruit, but may also have been influenced by the awkward-seeming locomotion of the crustacean.Americanized spelling of German, Dutch, and Danish Krabbe.
Surname or Lastname
English (Gloucestershire)
English (Gloucestershire) : habitational name primarily from Wintle in Worcestershire, named from Old English wind ‘wind’ + hyll ‘hill’, but in some cases perhaps from one of the places mentioned at Windle.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (Ashkenazic)
Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a refiner, from Yiddish test ‘crucible’, ‘melting pot’.English : nickname for someone with a large or otherwise remarkable head, from Old French teste ‘head’.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Jewish
English, Scottish, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Jewish : from the Hebrew personal name Gavriel ‘God has given me strength’. This was borne by an archangel in the Bible (Daniel 8:16 and 9:21), who in the New Testament announced the impending birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary (Luke 1:26–38). It has been a comparatively popular personal name in all parts of Europe, among both Christians and Jews, during the Middle Ages and since. Compare Michael and Raphael.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : topographic name from Middle English, Old French court(e), curt ‘court’ (Latin cohors, genitive cohortis, ‘yard’, ‘enclosure’). This word was used primarily with reference to the residence of the lord of a manor, and the surname is usually an occupational name for someone employed at a manorial court.English : nickname from Old French, Middle English curt ‘short’, ‘small’ (Latin curtus ‘curtailed’, ‘truncated’, ‘cut short’, ‘broken off’).Irish : reduced form of McCourt.
Girl/Female
Latin
Firstborn.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of various places named in Old English from bēan ‘beans’ (collective singular) + feld ‘field’, ‘open land’, as for example Benville in Dorset.Irish : variant of the Norman family name Banville (see Bonfield), associated primarily with county Wexford.
Boy/Male
French American
Of the Lord. From the Latin Dominic. This French spelling is used primarily for girls.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English vernacular form, Maudeleyn, of the New Testament Greek personal name Magdalēnē. This is a byname, meaning ‘woman from Magdala’ (a village on the Sea of Galilee, deriving its name from Hebrew migdal ‘tower’), denoting the woman cured of evil spirits by Jesus (Luke 8:2), who later became a faithful follower. In Christian folk belief she was generally identified with the repentant sinner who washed Christ’s feet with her tears in Luke 7; hence the name came to be used as a byname for a prostitute, also a tearful woman. The popularity of the personal name increased with the supposed discovery of her relics in the 13th century.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the female personal name Isabel(l)(a). This originated as a variant of Elizabeth, a name which owed its popularity in medieval Europe to the fact that it was borne by John the Baptist’s mother. The original form of the name was Hebrew Elisheva ‘my God (is my) oath’; it appears thus in Exodus 6:23 as the name of Aaron’s wife. By New Testament times the second element had been altered to Hebrew shabat ‘rest’, ‘Sabbath’. The form Isabella originated in Spain, the initial syllable being detached because of its resemblance to the definite article el, and the final one being assimilated to the characteristic Spanish feminine ending -ella. The name in this form was introduced to France in the 13th century, being borne by a sister of St. Louis who lived as a nun after declining marriage with the Holy Roman Emperor. Thence it was taken to England, where it achieved considerable popularity as an independent personal name alongside its doublet Elizabeth.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Old French testard, a pejorative derivative of teste ‘head’ (see Testa).German : from Latin testa ‘head’, hence a nickname for someone with a large or otherwise remarkable head, or, especially in Bavaria, a topographic name for someone who lived at one end of a village or a row of fields, from the same word.German : metonymic occupational name for a silver smelter, from Bavarian test ‘furnace for refining silver’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a personal name that has the same origin as Jacob. However, among English speakers, it is now felt to be a separate name in its own right. This is largely because in the Authorized Version of the Bible (1611) the form James is used in the New Testament as the name of two of Christ’s apostles (James the brother of John and James the brother of Andrew), whereas in the Old Testament the brother of Esau is called Jacob. The form James comes from Latin Jacobus via Late Latin Jac(o)mus, which also gave rise to Jaime, the regular form of the name in Spanish (as opposed to the learned Jacobo). See also Jack and Jackman. This is a common surname throughout the British Isles, particularly in South Wales.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name, possibly in part from Hogston in Angus, Scotland, named from Older Scots hogg ‘young sheep’, but the concentration of the name in the Midlands and southern England suggests that it is primarily from Hoggeston in Buckinghamshire, which is named from the Old English personal name Hogg + Old English tūn.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : habitational name, primarily from Wakeham in Devon, named from the Old English byname Waca (meaning ‘watchful’) + Old English hÄm ‘homestead’, and to a lesser extent from either of two other places called Wakeham: one in Sussex, which has the same etymology, and the other on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, which is probably named from an Old English wacu ‘watch’, ‘wake’ + cumb ‘valley’.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Female
Hebrew
(×¨Ö´× Ö¼Ö¸×”) Hebrew unisex name RINNAH means "shouting for joy." In the bible, this is the name of descendant of Judah. Although this is a masculine name in the bible, it is otherwise used primarily as a feminine name.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, French, German, Jamaican, Latin, Swiss
Of the Lord; From the Latin Dominic; This French Spelling is Used Primarily for Girls; Lord; Belonging to God; Child Born on Sunday
PRIMALITY TEST
PRIMALITY TEST
Girl/Female
Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Singer
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Another Name for Krishna's Bansari; Flute
Female
Hindi/Indian
Hindi name KIRI means "amaranth flower."
Male
Italian
Variant spelling of Italian Gerolamo, GIROLAMO means "holy name."
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
British, English
Born Free
Girl/Female
Australian, Hebrew, Japanese
Fruitful
Boy/Male
Tamil
King, Shantanus father
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
High Minded; Goddess Durga
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Linette, LINNET means "little lake."Â
PRIMALITY TEST
PRIMALITY TEST
PRIMALITY TEST
PRIMALITY TEST
PRIMALITY TEST
adv.
Primarily; originally; essentially; radically; at the foundation; in origin or constituents.
n.
Primarily, a place of standing or staying together; hence, any solemn assembly or council.
n.
The quality or state of being primal.
adv.
Primarily.
n.
That from which anything primarily proceeds; the fountain; the spring; the cause; the occasion.
n.
Animality.
adv.
At first; primarily.
adv.
In a mediate manner; by a secondary cause or agent; not directly or primarily; by means; -- opposed to immediately.
n.
One who regards the Church primarily as an establishment formed by the State, and overlooks its intrinsic spiritual character.
n.
Equality, as of right or rank.
n.
Rivalry; competition.
adv.
In a principal manner; primarily; above all; chiefly; mainly.
n.
Primarily, a square; hence, a square body of troops; a body of troops drawn up in a square.
n.
Three united; state of being three.
n.
Animal existence or nature.
adv.
Primarily; not derivatively.
n.
Quality of being first; primitiveness.
adv.
In a primary manner; in the first place; in the first place; in the first intention; originally.
n.
Probability.
adv.
In the original time, or in an original manner; primarily; from the beginning or origin; not by derivation, or imitation.