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Cognitive bias
In psychology and behavioral economics, the endowment effect, also known as divestiture aversion, is the finding that people are more likely to retain
Endowment_effect
Minimum price a seller is willing to accept for one unit of their product
to pay. Showing that the endowment effect makes people value a good or service more if they possess it. The endowment effect theory's conclusions about
Willingness_to_accept
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
surcharge avoided, has a significant effect on consumer behavior. Although traditional economists consider this "endowment effect", and all other effects of loss
Loss_aversion
American economist and Nobel Laureate (born 1945)
many of the economic anomalies that he had identified, such as the endowment effect. From 1978 to 1995, he was a faculty member at the SC Johnson College
Richard_Thaler
feels like undoing past progress rather than making future gains. Endowment effect, the tendency for people to demand much more to give up an object than
List_of_cognitive_biases
Theory of economic choice
Gerald Häubl, and Anat Keinan as an attempt to explain the endowment effect. This effect is, empirically, a difference between the price at which an
Query_theory
Concept in behavioral economics
suitable explanation for phenomena such as the status-quo bias and the endowment effect than loss aversion. The psychological inertia account asserts that
Psychological_inertia
Psychological phenomenon
Psychological hypothesis about intergroup contact Endowment effect – Cognitive bias Illusory truth effect – Repeating a falsity increases believability Interpersonal
Mere-exposure_effect
Topics referred to by the same term
total funds available for spending Endowment effect, a cognitive bias Endowment, a term used for land reclamation Endowment of natural or other resources that
Endowment
Many colleges and universities in the United States maintain a financial endowment consisting of assets that are invested in financial securities, real estate
List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment
List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment
Cross-race effect Curse of knowledge Diderot effect Dunning–Kruger effect Einstellung effect Endowment effect Face superiority effect False fame effect False-consensus
List_of_psychological_effects
Unrecoverable cost that has been incurred
money after bad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Disposition effect Endowment effect Escalation of commitment Region-beta paradox Foot-in-the-door technique
Sunk_cost
Cognitive bias
Further non-rational cognitive processes include existence bias, endowment effect, longevity, mere exposure, and regret avoidance. Experimental evidence
Status_quo_bias
Factors influencing economic decisions
remaining comfortable with what is known. Connected to this concept is the endowment effect, a theory that people value things more if they own them - they require
Behavioral_economics
Physical aspects of culture
if they do not own the object. The endowment effect is found to occur as soon as an item is acquired and the effect increases over time. Another way in
Material_culture
Tendency to place higher value on an object one owns
the endowment effect that cannot be parsimoniously explained by loss aversion. Two routes have been proposed to explain the mere ownership effect. Both
Mere_ownership_effect
Theory of behavioral economics
various gambling and betting puzzles, intertemporal consumption, and the endowment effect. It has also been argued that prospect theory can explain several empirical
Prospect_theory
2008 book by Dan Ariely
higher if we own the object. This illustrates the phenomenon of the endowment effect—placing a higher value on property once possession has been assigned
Predictably_Irrational
effect (photosynthesis) Endowment effect (behavioral finance) (cognitive biases) (psychological theories) Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect (medicine)
List_of_effects
Probability puzzle
explained by phenomena known in the psychological literature as: The endowment effect, in which people tend to overvalue the winning probability of the door
Monty_Hall_problem
Difference between males and females
victims in Iraq versus the United States), spending in stores, and the endowment effect-or asking price for goods people have. Neuroscience of sex differences
Sex_differences_in_humans
Psychological feeling of possession
belonging and manage intergroup relations. Conversazione Endowment effect Prospect theory Ikea effect Consumer behavior Organizational behavior Organizational
Ownership_(psychology)
Concept in economics
generally. Herbert Hovenkamp (1991) has argued that the presence of an endowment effect has significant implications for law and economics, particularly in
Indifference_curve
Topics referred to by the same term
aversion Brand aversion Dissent aversion in the United States of America Endowment effect, also known as divestiture aversion Food aversion (disambiguation)
Aversion
Tendency to favor inaction over action
trolley problem and has also been described as an explanation for the endowment effect and status quo bias. Baron and Ritov (1990) reported the omission bias
Omission_bias
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
friend Jack Knetsch they worked on two papers on fairness and on the endowment effect. From 1979 to 1986, Kahneman published multiple articles and chapters
Daniel_Kahneman
Possibility of something bad happening
victims in Iraq versus the United States), spending in stores, and the endowment effect-or asking price for goods people have. Peter L. Bernstein (2012) showed
Risk
reference point, or status quo. It is related to loss aversion and the endowment effect. In prospect theory it is appropriate to use the selected status quo
Reference_dependence
Management attitude for innovation or development
Editor wars Endowment effect – ascribing higher value to what is one's own Ethnocentrism Galápagos syndrome Genetic fallacy Groupthink IKEA effect In-group
Not_invented_here
Cognitive bias
investment goal rather than a generic investment. Cognitive dissonance Endowment effect Escalation of commitment Loss aversion Status quo bias Shefrin, Hersh;
Disposition_effect
Israeli-born business academic
for his research on placebo effects of commercial actions and on the endowment effect, and his presentations and teachings about Customer Insight. After
Ziv_Carmon
Consumer behaviour model
Knetsch, Jack L.; Thaler, Richard H. (1990). "Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem". Journal of Political Economy. 98 (6): 1325–48
Mental_accounting
Tendency of people to prefer the letters in their name over other letters in the alphabet
psychology. The endowment effect has found that people ascribe more value to things merely because they own them. Nuttin puts the name-letter effect down to people
Name-letter_effect
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. and Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, Journal of Economic Perspectives
Cognitive_bias
Coming to work at an office for a short period and leaving to work elsewhere
Kahneman, Daniel; Knetsch, Jack; Thaler, Richard (1991). "Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias". The Journal of Economic Perspectives
Coffee_badging
Behavioral model of risky decision-making
various gambling and betting puzzles, intertemporal consumption and the endowment effect. Parameters for cumulative prospect theory have been estimated for
Cumulative_prospect_theory
Data collection techniques
January 2005). "The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap, the 'Endowment Effect,' Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting
Elicitation_technique
Proposed medical diagnosis related to overuse of social media
this above its actual value, which is referred to as the endowment effect), and the exposure effect (repeated exposure to a distinct stimulus by the user
Problematic_social_media_use
Theorem in economics
that asking prices often exceed offer prices, due to the so-called endowment effect. Essentially, a person who already has an entitlement is likely to
Coase_theorem
Ability to understand or feel what another is feeling
a strong, unified self. Fritz Breithaupt calls this the "empathic endowment effect". Because the empathic person must temporarily dampen their own sense
Empathy
Tax on financial endowments not otherwise taxed
Endowment tax is the taxation of financial endowments in the United States. Previous to 2018, the proceeds from endowments were not taxed. Endowment income
Endowment_tax
American law professor (born 1969)
methodology used to establish the endowment effect theory: "The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap, the 'Endowment Effect,' Subject Misconceptions,
Kathryn_Zeiler
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
hypothesis. From this they argued the endowment effect acts on us by making it painful for us to give up the endowment. Kahneman also argued against the rational-agent
Homo_economicus
Idea of performance-based pay
testing loss aversion through the concepts of the Endowment effect and the Coase Theorem. The endowment effect reveals the notion that people place a higher
Merit_pay
Set of constraints conceptualised as a border
their reference position. This is demonstrated by Richard Thaler’s endowment effect experiment, whereby individuals were sold small objects and then offered
Margin_(economics)
Accumulation of sufficient resources to not need employment
mentality. Hindsight bias, confirmation bias, anchoring, familiarity bias, endowment effect, similarity heuristics, affect heuristic are examples of other biases
Financial_independence
Negotiation between a buyer and seller over the price and nature of their transaction
likely to make concessions (Thompson et al., 2010). Additionally, the endowment effect—a cognitive bias where people overvalue items they own—can impact bargaining
Bargaining
Application of behavioral economics to legal systems
experiments. Plott and Zeiler have argued that prominent effects such as the endowment effect may disappear under improved experimental controls, suggesting that
Behavioral_law_and_economics
Breakdown in empathy
"Egocentric Empathy Gaps between Owners and Buyers: Misperceptions of the Endowment Effect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 79 (1): 66–76. doi:10
Empathy_gap
Decision-making concept
cognitive biases related to loss aversion like the status quo bias or endowment effect might be at work, or consumers may fail to opt-out of the default due
Choice_architecture
Business school of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Sterman, leading expert on system dynamics Richard Thaler, inventor, endowment effect Eric von Hippel, leading expert on user innovation Jack Welch, former
MIT Sloan School of Management
MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management
List of wishes of an organization or an individual
Jennifer; Raoofpanah, Iman (2021). "Wish list thinking: The quasi‐endowment effect's impact on online wish lists outcomes". Journal of Consumer Behaviour
Wish_list
Memory effect in educational psychology
The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) suggests long-term memory is increased
Testing_effect
has been particularly relevant for describing phenomenon such as the endowment effect and asymmetric time discounting mechanistically. Throughout his career
Eric_J._Johnson
Belgian banker and academic
Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of political Economy, 1325-1348. De
Philippe_De_Brouwer
American marketing professor
particular, Gal has cited psychological inertia as an explanation for the endowment effect and status quo bias. In addition to his specific critique of loss aversion
David_Gal
Emotions that depend upon other people
Jack L. Knetsch; Richard H. Thaler (Winter 1991). "Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias". The Journal of Economic Perspectives
Social_emotions
Scientific tests related to game theory
particularly if they are stable and competitive). The endowment effect affects fairness: reducing someone's endowment is considered unfair. There are also information
Fair_division_experiments
Reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases
only a few, including loss aversion, anchoring and adjustment bias, endowment effect, and perhaps others. No mention is made in formal prospect theory of
Cognitive_bias_mitigation
American economist
between Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept often called the endowment effect, predicted by prospect theory, disappears with market experience. List's
John_A._List
significantly influence choice, helping to explain phenomena like the endowment effect and asymmetric time discounting. Weber and Johnson have collaborated
Elke_U._Weber
Dutch-Belgian psychologist (born 1944)
Zeelenberg, M.; Rijsman, John B. (2011). "Regret, disappointment and the endowment effect" Journal of Economic Psychology 32 (6), 962–968. Martinez, L.M.; Zeelenberg
John_Rijsman
Statutory body
Hindu Endowments Board (HEB) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY) in Singapore. The Hindu Endowments Board (HEB)
Hindu_Endowments_Board
her offer. Sally suggests to Adam that they offer the university a $20M endowment in exchange for a first pass on any of its projects. Adam suggests $10M
List_of_Traders_episodes
Junior Hocker the "Hooterville Hop". Billie Jo receives a $500 insurance endowment, which her late father set aside for his first-born to become a doctor
List of Petticoat Junction episodes
List_of_Petticoat_Junction_episodes
Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu
by Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act XXII of 1959 which came into force with effect from 28 April 1960. Since 1991, religious and
Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department
Hindu_Religious_and_Charitable_Endowments_Department
Person who has at least one trillion units of a currency
questioned the feasibility of precious metal extraction as well as of the effect on prices that a sudden influx of a supply of precious metals might have
Trillionaire
American businessman (1954–2021)
David Frederick Swensen (January 26, 1954 – May 5, 2021) was an American endowment fund manager, who was chief investment officer at Yale University from
David_F._Swensen
Libyan World Bank employee
English, French and Italian. At the National Endowment for Democracy she set up and led the endowment's Middle East programs, specializing in Middle East
Shaha_Riza
Past Mormon temple ritual promising to pray for divine retribution
Mormonism, the oath of vengeance (or law of vengeance) was part of the endowment ritual of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)
Oath_of_vengeance
revenue Religious organizations Charities Philanthropists Universities Endowment size Number of billionaire alumni Other Cities by number of billionaires
Wealth_of_Elon_Musk
Religious site in Jerusalem
according to Islamic law. It is considered specifically part of the waqf (endowment) land that had included the Western Wall (Wailing Wall), property of an
Temple_Mount
Theory in economics
resource-movement effect may be more significant than often assumed, even over the short run. In a model of international trade based on resource endowments as the
Dutch_disease
International trade theorem
(1923–1998). It states that at constant relative goods prices, a rise in the endowment of one factor will lead to a more than proportional expansion of the output
Rybczynski_theorem
Worldwide protests by Generation Z individuals
adulthood of some, issues surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, as of March 2026, there have been at least 120
Gen_Z_protests
Country in South Asia
Haqqani, Husain (2010). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Carnegie Endowment. ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1. Retrieved 18 July 2024. Haqqani, Husain (5 November
Pakistan
Tendency for consumer prices to be systematically higher in more developed countries
Balassa–Samuelson effect, also known as Harrod–Balassa–Samuelson effect (Kravis and Lipsey 1983), the Ricardo–Viner–Harrod–Balassa–Samuelson–Penn–Bhagwati effect (Samuelson
Balassa–Samuelson_effect
President of the United States (2017–2021; since 2025)
(October 1, 2018). "Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved October 19, 2019. McGurk 2020. Swanson
Donald_Trump
American filmmaker and author (born 1954)
Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023. National Endowment for the Humanities. "About The Flint voice. [volume] (Burton, MI) 1977–1982"
Michael_Moore
Economic gap between northern and southern Italy
feudal backwardness of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the regional endowments of raw materials and rail infrastructure, and the public policies implemented
Southern_question
Country primarily in North America
Political Violence in the United States: What the Research Says". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved September 13, 2024. Pape, Robert (January
United_States
Ongoing armed conflict in West Asia
Eastern Regional Order: Türkiye-Iraq Relations in Context". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 18 February 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026. Ali-Khan
2026_Iran_war
Fruit in the Garden of Eden
Mormonism Adam in Islam Adam in rabbinic literature Al-A'raf Book of Moses Endowment Manu (Hinduism) Mashya and Mashyana Serpent seed Tree of Jiva and Atman
Forbidden_fruit
Romanian writer and historian (1921–1993)
founded by poet and dissident Dorin Tudoran with support from the National Endowment for Democracy. Recognition of Negoiţescu's contribution in Romania was
Ion_Negoițescu
Most populous city in the United States
government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions
New_York_City
Economic model for international trade
Stolper–Samuelson theorem). The Magnification effect on production quantity-shifts induced by endowment changes (via the Rybczynski theorem) predicts
Heckscher–Ohlin_model
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
Moved Russia From Authoritarianism to Hybrid Totalitarianism". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 7 March 2025. Retrieved
Russia
Ottoman charity in Palestine
public bath houses, soap factories, and flourmills. Haseki Hürrem Sultan's endowment deed includes 195 topoynyms and 32 estates mainly along the road between
Haseki_Sultan_Imaret
Indian multinational conglomerate
Massachusetts. The building, now known as Tata Hall, is the largest endowment received by Harvard Business School from an international donor. In 2017
Tata_Group
Saint Benedict established in Palestine. The facility had no apparent endowments, relying instead on the merchants and Benedictines of Amalfi. No documents
History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant
History_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller_in_the_Levant
James M.; Dalton, Toby (8 August 2015). "Parsing the Iran Deal". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015
History of the nuclear program of Iran
History_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran
American legal cases for the second Trump presidency since 2025
National Endowment for the Arts, 1:25-cv-00079". CourtListener. Retrieved April 4, 2025. "Rhode Island Latino Arts v. National Endowment for the Arts
Legal affairs of the second Trump presidency
Legal_affairs_of_the_second_Trump_presidency
Israeli military operation against Lebanon
agreement, mediated by France and the United States. The ceasefire went into effect on 27 November, though some attacks continued as part of the broader conflict
2024_Lebanon_war
Country in West Asia
that according to Karim Sadjadpour, an expert on Iran at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, there exist in the Islamic Republic of Iran two
Iran
Fuel crisis primarily caused by attacks
Russia Weather a Fuel Crisis Caused by Ukrainian Drone Attacks?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 6 October 2025. Sebastian, Clare; Ullah
2025–2026_Russian_fuel_crisis
Armed conflict in the Gaza Strip
out of 26 hospitals closed. According to the Palestinian Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs, 203 mosques were damaged during the war, with 73
2014_Gaza_War
Miscegenation history
Sally Hemings child. Regarding blacks as "inferior to the whites in the endowments of both body and mind", Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia
History_of_miscegenation
World War II general, U.S. president from 1953 to 1961
reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted, which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized "inexpensive" nuclear
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Canadian pornographic video-sharing website
"same forces that have spent 50 years demonizing Playboy, the National Endowment for the Arts, sex education, LGBTQ rights, women's rights, and even the
Pornhub
Butler (1882), president of Columbia University, chairman of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Nobel Peace Prize winner, founder of Horace
List of Columbia College people
List_of_Columbia_College_people
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Poetic Enjoyment
Biblical
vain; void; mountain of enjoyment
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Wish; Desire; Kindness; Enjoyment
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Enjoyment; Festive Party
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Liberal; Bestowing Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Assamese, Indian
Pleasure; Enjoyment; Joyful
Girl/Female
German, Hebrew
Pleasure; Enjoyment
Girl/Female
American, British, Christian, Danish, English, Swedish
Combination of Luise and Anne; Enjoyment
Girl/Female
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Sikh, Sindhi
Wish; Affection; Enjoyment; Gaiety
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Enjoyment
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Bounty enjoyment
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi
Enjoyment
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Muslim
Fun, Eid, Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Bounty; Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Indian, Modern, Sikh
Enjoyment
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Fun; Eid; Enjoyment
Girl/Female
Biblical
Vain, void, mountain of enjoyment.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Enjoyment; Full of Joy
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
Girl/Female
Muslim
Ornament, Abbreviation of names ending in -gina
Male
Swiss
, son of furrows, or, son of Tolmai.
Boy/Male
Indian
Bounty of the truth i.e. Allah
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Lotus
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Inviting Goddess Laxmi
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Fearless; Goddess Parvati
Boy/Male
Welsh
From Wales.
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Australian, Finnish, Japanese
In the Middle of the Ocean; Ocean Centred
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon English
Gentle.
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
ENDOWMENT EFFECT
n.
Formerly, a church estate or endowment.
a.
Fitted by accomplishments or endowments.
n.
Act of enduing; induement.
n.
That which is bestowed or settled on a person or an institution; property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated to any object; as, the endowment of a church, a hospital, or a college.
n.
Natural endowments.
n.
Enjoyment of one's self; self-satisfaction.
a.
Devoted to enjoyment.
n.
Use; fruition; enjoyment.
n.
A gift; endowment.
n.
Special mental endowment; characteristic knack.
n.
Natural advantages; endowments; accomplishments.
n.
The act of bestowing a dower, fund, or permanent provision for support.
n.
See Endowment.
n.
That which gives pleasure or keen satisfaction.
n.
Renewed enjoyment.
v. t.
To deprive of an endowment, as a church.
n.
The condition of enjoying anything; pleasure or satisfaction, as in the possession or occupancy of anything; possession and use; as, the enjoyment of an estate.
n.
An original faculty or endowment.
n.
That which is given or bestowed upon the person or mind; gift of nature; accomplishment; natural capacity; talents; -- usually in the plural.
n.
The act of depriving of an endowment or endowments.