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Type of quark
The down quark (symbol: d) is a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. The down quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, and
Down_quark
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons. Owing to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never found in isolation;
Quark
Type of quark
matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It
Up_quark
Type of quark
The strange quark or s quark (from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic
Strange_quark
Type of quark
The bottom quark (symbol: b) is an elementary particle of the third generation. It is a heavy quark with a charge of −1/3 e. All quarks are described
Bottom_quark
Type of quark
bottom quark (most frequently), a strange quark, or, on the rarest of occasions, a down quark. The Standard Model determines the top quark's mean lifetime
Top_quark
Type of quark
The charm quark, charmed quark, or c quark is an elementary particle found in composite subatomic particles called hadrons such as the J/psi meson and
Charm_quark
Subatomic particle having no substructure
mass). Neutrons are made of one up and two down quarks, while protons are made of two up and one down quark. Since the other common elementary particles
Elementary_particle
Compact exotic star which forms matter consisting mostly of quarks
A quark star is a hypothetical type of compact, exotic star, where extremely high core temperature and pressure have forced nuclear particles to form
Quark_star
Quantum number related to the weak interaction
particle physics, isospin ( I ) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. Isospin is also known as isobaric spin or isotopic
Isospin
Subatomic particle with positive charge
valence quarks, and together with neutrons are now classified as hadrons. Protons are composed of two up quarks of charge +2/3e each, and one down quark of
Proton
Interaction between subatomic particles
up quark has T3 = ++1/2 and the down quark has T3 = −+1/2. A quark never decays through the weak interaction into a quark of the same T3: Quarks with
Weak_interaction
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
their corresponding antiquarks replace quarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the
Baryon
Classification scheme of hadrons
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to
Quark_model
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
three positively charged quarks are called "up-type quarks" while the three negatively charged quarks are called "down-type quarks". Leptons do not interact
List_of_particles
Subatomic particle; made of equal numbers of quarks and antiquarks
equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles,
Meson
Type of radioactive decay
example, a neutron, composed of two down quarks and an up quark, decays to a proton composed of a down quark and two up quarks. Electron capture is sometimes
Beta_decay
Degenerate matter made from strange quarks
up and down quarks. Quark matter is a condensed form of matter composed entirely of quarks. When quark matter does not contain strange quarks, it is sometimes
Strange_matter
Component of an atomic nucleus
up quark and two down quarks. Quarks are held together by the strong force, or equivalently, by gluons, which mediate the strong force at the quark level
Nucleon
Subatomic particle; lightest meson
first-generation quarks. In the quark model, an up quark and an anti-down quark make up a π+ , whereas a down quark and an anti-up quark make up the π−
Pion
Subatomic particle with no charge
of protons, save for the difference in quark composition with a down quark in the neutron replacing an up quark in the proton. The neutron magnetic moment
Neutron
Study of subatomic particles and forces
the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of up and down quarks which form protons and neutrons, and electrons and electron neutrinos
Particle_physics
Hypothetical collection of stable heavy nuclides
up quarks and down quarks rather than up and down quarks bound into protons and neutrons. Matter containing these nuclides is termed up-down quark matter
Continent_of_stability
Something that has mass and volume
built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that contains only up and down quarks. At high enough density
Matter
Particle smaller than an atom
less. A proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. These commonly bind together into
Subatomic_particle
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
need to be the same type. So, for example, an up quark may exchange a Z boson with an anti-down quark. This process is the second most important for the
Higgs_boson
Smallest unit of a chemical element
(each with charge +2/3) and one down quark (with a charge of −1/3). Neutrons consist of one up quark and two down quarks. This distinction accounts for
Atom
Composite subatomic particle
physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong nuclear force. Pronounced /ˈhædrɒn/ , the name
Hadron
(parity), C (C-parity), G (G-parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), I (isospin), J (total angular momentum)
List_of_mesons
Type of massless subatomic particle
effected by quark condensation due to the strong interaction. These symmetries are further explicitly broken by the masses of the quarks so that the pions
Goldstone_boson
Classification scheme for hadrons
subatomic particles known as hadrons that led to the development of the quark model. The American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist
Eightfold_way_(physics)
Subatomic particle
three quarks. Ξ baryons, in particular, contain either one up or one down quark and two other, more massive quarks. The two more massive quarks are any
Xi_baryon
Subatomic particle
and either an up (B+ ), down (B0 ), strange (B0 s) or charm quark (B+ c). The combination of a bottom antiquark and a top quark is not thought to be possible
B_meson
Mathematics of a particle physics model
commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Baryon made of specific quark combinations
hadron particles which have two quarks from the first flavour generation (up and / or down quarks), and a third quark from a higher flavour generation
Sigma_baryon
Subatomic particle made of a charm quark and antiquark
meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. Mesons formed by a bound state of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark are generally known as "charmonium"
J/psi_meson
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
interact with baryonic matter. There are six quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Quarks carry color charge, and hence interact via the
Standard_Model
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
composite of an up quark and two down quarks (udd). It is one of the down quarks that interacts in beta decay, turning into an up quark to form a proton
W_and_Z_bosons
Hypothetical faster-than-light particle
to the spacelike portion of the energy–momentum graph, they cannot slow down to subluminal (slower-than-light) speeds. In a Lorentz invariant theory,
Tachyon
Subatomic particle
is a flavourless meson formed from a superposition of an up quark–antiquark and a down quark–antiquark pair. It is part of the vector meson nonet and mediates
Omega_meson
Elementary particle that mediates the strong force
massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless
Gluon
Subatomic hadron particle
elementary charge. Additionally, they contain no up or down quarks. Omega baryons containing top quarks are also not expected to be observed. This is because
Omega_baryon
Subatomic particles composed of an odd number of quarks
angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness)
List_of_baryons
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
third baryon called a hyperon, containing one or more strange quarks and/or other unusual quark(s), can also share the wave function. However, this type of
Atomic_nucleus
Isosinglet meson made of quarks and antiquarks
prime meson (η′) are isosinglet mesons made of a mixture of up, down and strange quarks and their antiquarks. The charmed eta meson (η c) and bottom eta
Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons
Meson whose constituents are a quark and its own antiquark of the same flavor
particle physics, quarkonium (from quark and -onium, pl. quarkonia) is a flavorless meson whose constituents are a heavy quark and its own antiquark, making
Quarkonium
Exotic meson composed of four valence quarks
the 21st century. The quark contents of these states are almost all qqQQ, where q represents a light (up, down or strange) quark, Q represents a heavy
Tetraquark
Hypothetical particle
physics, leptoquarks are hypothetical particles that would interact with quarks and leptons. Leptoquarks are color-triplet bosons that carry both lepton
Leptoquark
Hypothetical subatomic particle
preons are hypothetical point particles, conceived of as sub-components of quarks and leptons. The word 'preon' was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam
Preon
Subatomic particle
Nobel Prize in Physics. In terms of valence quarks, an antiproton consists of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark (uud). The properties of the antiproton
Antiproton
Ionizing radiation
the quark level, W− emission turns a down quark into an up quark, turning a neutron (one up quark and two down quarks) into a proton (two up quarks and
Beta_particle
Subatomic particle
understood to be hadrons – that is, particles made of quarks – and thus subject to the nuclear force. In the quark model, a meson was no longer defined by mass
Muon
Type of hypothetical particle
particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment
Strangelet
Particle whose invariant mass is zero
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Massless_particle
Species of elementary particle
quarks (up, charm, and top quarks) are called up-type quarks and have T3 = ++1/2 ; the negatively charged quarks (down, strange, and bottom quarks)
Flavour_(particle_physics)
Transient quantum fluctuation (physics)
strong nuclear force between quarks is the result of interaction of virtual gluons. The residual of this force outside of quark triplets (neutron and proton)
Virtual_particle
Elementary subatomic particle with negative electric charge
1489P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1489. Okun, L.B. (1980). Leptons and Quarks. Translated by Kisin, V.I. North-Holland Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-444-86924-1
Tau_(particle)
Baryon made of specific quark combinations
family of subatomic hadron particles containing one up quark, one down quark, and a third quark from a higher flavour generation, in a combination where
Lambda_baryon
Type of star
star, also called a strange quark star, is a hypothetical compact astronomical object, a quark star made of strange quark matter. Strange stars might
Strange_star
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Graviton
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
compared to those of the other elementary particles, such as electrons or quarks. Majorana neutrinos would have the property that the neutrino and antineutrino
Neutrino
Subatomic Particle with Five Quarks
four quarks and one antiquark bound together. Evidence for the existence of pentaquarks has been found in decays of the bottom lambda baryon. As quarks have
Pentaquark
Elementary particle with negative charge
comprises the ordinary matter that makes up the universe, along with up and down quarks. Electrons are extremely lightweight particles. In atoms, an electron's
Electron
Bound state of an electron and positron
annihilation. The positronium created in such an excited state will quickly cascade down to the ground state, where annihilation will occur more quickly. Measurements
Positronium
Type of radioactive decay
particles called quarks. The two most common types of quarks are up quarks, which have a charge of +2⁄3, and down quarks, with a −1⁄3 charge. Quarks arrange themselves
Positron_emission
Quantum particle
strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark (or antiquark) and an up or down antiquark (or quark). Kaons have proved
Kaon
Physics term for multiple concepts
liquid, string-net liquid, supercritical fluid, color-glass condensate, quark–gluon plasma, Rydberg matter, Rydberg polaron, photonic matter, Wigner crystal
Exotic_matter
Class of subatomic particle
Whereas the elementary particles that make up ordinary matter (leptons and quarks) are fermions, elementary bosons occupy a special role in particle physics
Boson
Family of subatomic particles
a family of subatomic particle made of three up and/or down quarks, the same constituent quarks that make up the more familiar protons and neutrons. Four
Delta_baryon
Particle in physics
The D mesons are the lightest particles that contain charm quarks. They are often studied to gain knowledge on the weak interaction. The strange D mesons
D_meson
Type of subatomic particle
etc.) and obey the Pauli exclusion principle. These particles include all quarks and leptons and all composite particles made of an odd number of these,
Fermion
Exotic particle made of an antiproton and positron
antiproton, on the other hand, is made up of antiquarks that combine with quarks in either neutrons or protons, resulting in high-energy pions, that quickly
Antihydrogen
Atoms composed of exotic particles
quarkonium states, which are made of a heavy quark such as the charm or bottom quark and its antiquark. (Top quarks are so heavy that they decay through the
Exotic_atom
Hypothetical particle interactions that would signal physics beyond the Standard Model
change a particle's flavor (i.e., its type, such as a strange quark changing into a down quark) without changing its electric charge. In the Standard Model
Flavor-changing neutral current
Flavor-changing_neutral_current
Subatomic particle
antiquarks, while neutrons are composed of quarks. The antineutron consists of one up antiquark and two down antiquarks. The antineutron was discovered
Antineutron
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
transition from normal nuclear matter to a new state, the quark–gluon plasma, in which the quarks mingle with one another, rather than being segregated in
Nuclear_physics
Anti-particle to the electron
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Positron
Subatomic particle
meson (η b) or eta-b meson is a flavourless meson formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle. It was first observed by the BaBar experiment at SLAC
Bottom_eta_meson
Subatomic particle
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Electron_neutrino
Concept in condensed matter physics
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Quasiparticle
Elementary particle or quantum of light
structure of the photon appears to have as components a charge-neutral flux of quarks and gluons, quasi-free according to asymptotic freedom in QCD. That flux
Photon
Hypothetical phases of matter
Quark matter or QCD matter refers to matter governed by quantum chromodynamics and involving quarks and gluons. At different temperatures and densities
QCD_matter
Bosonic superpartner of a fermion
For instance, the electron's superpartner is the selectron and the top quark's superpartner is the stop squark. One corollary from supersymmetry is that
Sfermion
855R. doi:10.1038/160855a0. PMID 18917296. S2CID 33881752. The Strange Quark O. Chamberlain; E. Segrè; C. Wiegand; T. Ypsilantis (1955). "Observation
Timeline of particle discoveries
Timeline_of_particle_discoveries
Fermion that is its own antiparticle
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Majorana_fermion
Hypothetical elementary particles
decay products in each process have opposite chirality, u is an up quark, d is a down antiquark, and e+ is a positron. A Y boson would have the following
X_and_Y_bosons
Particle with opposite charges
satisfy canonical anti-commutation relations. However, if one now writes down the Hamiltonian H = ∑ k E ( k ) a k † a k , {\displaystyle H=\sum _{k}E(k)a_{k}^{\dagger
Antiparticle
Subatomic particles; baryons with atypical quark content
bound states of 3 quarks and a gluino. The lightest R-baryon is denoted as S0 and consists of an up quark, a down quark, a strange quark and a gluino. This
Exotic_baryon
Everything in space and time
quarks and leptons. For example, the proton is formed of two up quarks and one down quark; the neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quark;
Universe
Type of two-dimensional quasiparticle
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Anyon
Subatomic particle
composed of a top quark and one additional subatomic particle. The second subatomic particle can be either an up antiquark (T0 ), down antiquark (T+ ),
T_meson
Elementary particles that are force carriers
(the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms
Gauge_boson
Small localized object
Since protons and neutrons are made of quarks and gluons, this mass primarily traced to the interactions of quarks and gluons. The electrons and the electromagnetic
Particle
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
Fermions Quarks Up (quark antiquark) Down (quark antiquark) Charm (quark antiquark) Strange (quark antiquark) Top (quark antiquark) Bottom (quark antiquark)
Polariton
Class of elementary particles
intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Unlike quarks, however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are
Lepton
Subatomic particle
(ϒ) is a quarkonium state (i.e. flavourless meson) formed from a bottom quark and its antiparticle. It was discovered by the E288 experiment team, headed
Upsilon_meson
Quasiparticle of mechanical vibrations
considered bosons. As well as photons, phonons can interact via parametric down conversion and form squeezed coherent states. Recent research has shown that
Phonon
Hypothetical elementary particle
the quarks of the Standard Model is massless, CP-violation becomes unobservable. However, empirical evidence strongly suggests that none of the quarks are
Axion
Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms
their composition and chemical properties. This definition often breaks down since many substances in ordinary experience, such as rocks, salts, and metals
Molecule
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
The realization of this effective supersymmetry is readily explained in quark–diquark models: Because two different color charges close together (e.g
Supersymmetry
DOWN QUARK
DOWN QUARK
Male
Hebrew
(×ï‹×Ÿ) Hebrew name OWN means "vigor" or "wealth." In the bible, this is the name of a leader of the Korah group.
Surname or Lastname
Irish (chiefly County Down)
Irish (chiefly County Down) : variant of Prey.English : topographic name for someone who lived by a meadow, from Middle English pre(y), Old French pree ‘meadow’, or a habitational name from any of the minor places deriving their name from this word, of which there are several examples in Surrey.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for a downland dweller, from Old English dūn ‘down’, ‘low hill’. See also Downer.English : variant of Dunn 2.Scottish : possibly a habitational name from Doune in Perthshire.
Boy/Male
English American Irish
In mythology the Irish Donn was known as king of the underworld.
Male
English
Short form of English Donald, DON means "world ruler."
Girl/Female
Australian, Irish
From Doon
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, DAWN means "dawn."
Girl/Female
British, English
Dawn
Male
Irish
Irish Gaelic name DONN means "brown." In mythology, this is the name of a king of the underworld.
Boy/Male
American, British, Celtic, English, Irish
World Ruler; In Mythology the Irish Donn was Known as King of the Underworld; Brown
Girl/Female
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Indian, Italian, Jamaican
Daybreak; Awakening; Dawn; Sun Arising
Male
Hebrew
(עׄבֵד×ֱדׄ×) Hebrew name OBED EDOWN means "servant of Edom" or "he who serves the Edomites." In the bible, this is the name of a Levite and a Gittite.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant spelling of Dunn.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant spelling of Don.
Girl/Female
British, English
Dawn
Female
Hebrew
(דּï‹×¨) Hebrew unisex name DOWR means "generation" or "period of time." In the bible, this is the name of a coastal city in Manasseh, south of Carmel.
Girl/Female
British, English
Dawn
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from a variant of Dunn 2.English : variant (plural) of Down.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant spelling of Dow.
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Dubhda ‘descendant of Dubhda’, a byname derived from dubh ‘dark’, ‘black’. The family were chieftains in Sligo and Mayo.English : from the personal name Dowd, a variant of David.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Lovin, Old English Lēofhūn, composed of the elements lēof ‘dear’, ‘beloved’ + hūn ‘bear cub’.English : habitational name from the city of Louvain in Belgium (Dutch Leuven).
DOWN QUARK
DOWN QUARK
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi
Divine
Male
Danish
, follower of Christ.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(Tamil à®®à¯à®°à¯à®•à®©à¯): Hindi name MURUGAN means "six-faced." In mythology, this is the name of a god of war, the husband of Valli. Variant spelling of Hindi Murukan, meaning "six-faced."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Winders.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Girl/Female
Hindu
Forest
Girl/Female
American, German
Joyful
Male
Hebrew
(×™Ö¸× Ö·Ö¼××™) Variant form of Hebrew Yaanay, YANAI means "whom Jehovah answers."Â
Biblical
a bull striking, or struck
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
DOWN QUARK
DOWN QUARK
DOWN QUARK
DOWN QUARK
DOWN QUARK
a.
Made of, or resembling, down. Hence, figuratively: Soft; placid; soothing; quiet.
v. t.
To cause to go down; to make descend; to put down; to overthrow, as in wrestling; hence, to subdue; to bring down.
adv. & prep.
The body of inhabitants resident in a town; as, the town voted to send two representatives to the legislature; the town voted to lay a tax for repairing the highways.
a.
Covered with down, or with pubescence or soft hairs.
adv.
Hence: Towards the mouth of a river; towards the sea; as, to sail or swim down a stream; to sail down the sound.
a.
Downward; going down; sloping; as, a down stroke; a down grade; a down train on a railway.
p. p. & a.
Cut down by mowing, as grass; deprived of grass by mowing; as, a mown field.
prep.
Down.
a.
Downcast; as, a down look.
n.
That which is made of down, as a bed or pillow; that which affords ease and repose, like a bed of down
adv.
In a descending direction along; from a higher to a lower place upon or within; at a lower place in or on; as, down a hill; down a well.
a.
Ready to fall; dilapidated; ruinous; as, a tumble-down house.
n.
Alt. of Swans-down
a.
Downy; bearing down.
a.
Downright; absolute; positive; as, a down denial.
v. t.
To cover, ornament, line, or stuff with down.
adv.
From a greater to a less bulk, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence; as, to boil down in cookery, or in making decoctions.
v. i.
To go down; to descend.
n.
Nap or down; flue; soft, downy feathers.
adv.
From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground.