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See searches and references containing CURONIAN LANGUAGE!CURONIAN LANGUAGE
Extinct Baltic language of Courland
Curonian language (German: Kurisch; Latvian: Kuršu valoda; Lithuanian: Kuršių kalba), or Old Curonian, was a Baltic language spoken by the Curonians,
Curonian_language
Medieval Baltic tribe
spoke the Curonian language. The ethnic origin of the Curonians has been disputed in the past. Some researchers place the Curonians in the eastern Baltic
Curonians
Extinct and revived Western Baltic language
to the other extinct West Baltic languages, namely Sudovian, West Galindian and possibly Skalvian and Old Curonian. Other linguists consider Western
Old_Prussian_language
Eastern Baltic language spoken in Lithuania
Baltic language spoken primarily in Samogitia, that is often considered a dialect of Lithuanian. It has preserved many features of the extinct Curonian language
Samogitian_language
Latvian dialect of the Curonian Spit
Kursenieki language (Kursenieki: kursineeki wahloda; Latvian: kursenieku valoda; German: Nehrungskurisch; Lithuanian: kuršininkų kalba) or Curonian language of
Kursenieki_language
Branch of Baltic languages
now-extinct Selonian, Semigallian, and possibly Old Curonian. Lithuanian is the most-spoken East Baltic language, with more than 3 million speakers worldwide
East_Baltic_languages
Freshwater lagoon separated from the Baltic Sea by the Curonian Spit
The Curonian Lagoon (or Bay, Gulf; Lithuanian: Kuršių marios, German: Kurisches Haff, Prussian: Kursjanmari, Russian: Куршский залив) is a freshwater lagoon
Curonian_Lagoon
Extinct Branch of Baltic languages
Baltic languages, along with East Baltic. It includes Old Prussian, Sudovian, West Galindian, possibly Pomeranian Baltic, Skalvian and Old Curonian. The
West_Baltic_languages
Topics referred to by the same term
Curonian may refer to: Curonian language Curonians, or Kurs, a Baltic tribe in present-day western Latvia and Lithuania from Curonia, Latin for Courland
Curonian
Sand dune spit on the Baltic
The Curonian Spit, sometimes called Courish Split (Lithuanian: Kuršių nerija; Russian: Ку́ршская коса́ / Kurshskaya kosa, German: Kurische Nehrung), is
Curonian_Spit
Ethnic group
never designated themselves as Latvians and called their own language "Curonian language" (kursisk valoud). From a linguistic point of view, it is a southwestern
Kursenieki
respectively.[citation needed] There are also several extinct Baltic languages, including: Curonian, Galindian, Old Prussian, Selonian, Semigallian, and Sudovian
Languages_of_Europe
East Baltic language
languages of other neighbouring Baltic tribes—Curonian, Semigallian, and Selonian—which resulted in these languages gradually losing their most distinct characteristics
Latvian_language
The Curonian colonization of the Americas was performed by the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (now Latvia), which was the second-smallest state to colonise
Curonian colonization of the Americas
Curonian_colonization_of_the_Americas
East Baltic language
Latgalian, which developed into Latvian, and extinct Curonian, Semigallian, and Selonian). The language of Southern Balts was less influenced by this process
Lithuanian_language
Lithuanian ethnic group
lived in western Lithuania and were closely related to Semigallians and Curonians. In 1413, they became the last group of Europeans to convert to Christianity
Samogitians
dialect South Slavic dialects used in medieval Greece Baltic Proto-Baltic Curonian Old Prussian Selonian Semigallian Sudovian Dnieper-Oka Golyad Pomeranian
List of Balto-Slavic languages
List_of_Balto-Slavic_languages
Dune in Lituania
the highest dune on the spit. The dune's name is derived from the Curonian language ("vece" + "kruogs" = "old" + "tavern") and allegedly refers to a small
Vecekrugas_Dune
National park in Lithuania
established in 1991 to protect the unique ecosystems of the Curonian Spit and Curonian Lagoon. Curonian Spit National Park is protected by the state, under the
Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)
Curonian_Spit_National_Park_(Lithuania)
Extinct Baltic language of Semigallia
the 16th century. Semigallian shares some phonological similarities to Curonian and, to a lesser extent, Latvian. The Common Baltic /k/, /ɡ/ consonants
Semigallian_language
Western Baltic tribe
the now extinct Scalovians inhabited the land of Scalovia south of the Curonians and Samogitians, by the lower Neman River ca. 1240. This region is located
Skalvians
Extinct dialect of Livonian
recorded the dialect. While Curonian and Salaca Livonian share many phonologic changes from other Southern Finnic languages there are some changes that
Salaca_Livonian
Extinct Western Baltic language
Sudovian (also known as Yotvingian, or Jatvingian) was a West Baltic language of Northeastern Europe. Sudovian was closely related to Old Prussian. It
Sudovian_language
Former principality in Latvia
Bandava (in Latvian and Lithuanian; Latin: Bandowe) was an old Curonian land which existed in the territory of the Latvia during the late Iron Age until
Bandava
extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes
List of languages by time of extinction
List_of_languages_by_time_of_extinction
Historical region in Latvia
third largest city in Latvia. The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians". Situated in western Latvia, Courland roughly corresponds to the former
Courland
Finnic language in western Latvia
Courland dialects. It was translated into eastern Curonian by Nick Pollmann and into western Curonian by Jānis Prints and Peteris. The plan with the book
Livonian_language
City Municipality in Lithuania Minor, Lithuania
Klaipėda County in westernmost Lithuania, comprising several villages in the Curonian Spit. In terms of population, it is the second smallest municipality of
Neringa_Municipality
Unusual pine forest in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Танцующий лес, romanized: Tantsuyushchiy les) is a pine forest on the Curonian Spit in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia noted for its unusually twisted trees
Dancing_Forest
Latvian cultural group
Curonian Kings (Middle Low German: Cursken konyngh; German: Kurische Könige; Latvian: kuršu ķoniņi) are a Latvian cultural group, originally lesser vassals
Curonian_Kings
Semigallia — Zemgale) Curonians (they lived in Curonia or Courland) Curonian Kings (Kuršu Koniņi) (a distinct Latvian cultural group of Curonian ancestry) (they
List of ancient Baltic peoples and tribes
List_of_ancient_Baltic_peoples_and_tribes
Historical Baltic tribal group
the Vistula Lagoon to the west and the Curonian Lagoon to the east. As Balts, they spoke an Indo-European language of the Baltic branch now known as Old
Old_Prussians
12th–13th-century Baltic Christianisation campaign
against the crusaders soon afterwards broke out in the Curonian and Prussian lands. Curonian resistance was finally subdued in 1266 when the whole of
Livonian_Crusade
century competes as one of the oldest European sign languages. Three Baltic languages, Curonian, Selonian and Semigallian were assimilated to Lithuanian
Evolution_of_languages
Settlement in Lithuania
administrative centre of Neringa municipality. Located on the Curonian Spit between the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea, it is the westernmost point of
Nida,_Lithuania
Sand dune in Lithuania
Parnidžio kopa) is a drifting (semi-permanent) coastal sand dune on the Curonian Spit, southeast of Nida, Lithuania, near the Lithuania-Russia border of
Parnidis_Dune
Yatvingian (extinct) Curonian / Old Curonian? (extinct) Pomeranian Baltic (extinct) Proto-Slavic (extinct) East Slavic languages Old East Slavic / Common
List of Indo-European languages
List_of_Indo-European_languages
Coastal city in Lithuania
either *Mēmele or *Mēmela by Scalovians and local Curonian inhabitants. In the Latvian Curonian language, it means mute, silent (memelis, mimelis, mēms)
Klaipėda
Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million
Baltic_languages
East Baltic language
language, which later spread through the rest of modern Latvia, absorbing features of the Old Curonian, Semigallian, Selonian and Livonian languages.
Latgalian_language
Nude beach in Northern Europe
nudistų paplūdimys) is a designated clothing-optional beach located on the Curonian Spit, near the town of Nida. Officially opened as a naturist beach in 2008
Nida_nudist_beach
Batsford. p. 131. ISBN 0713432535. Haarmann, Harald (2002). "Kurisch" [Curonian]. In Okuka, Miloš (ed.). Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens.
List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe
List_of_extinct_languages_and_dialects_of_Europe
Lithuanian island
an island in the Curonian Lagoon, Port of Klaipėda, Lithuania. The name of island means the back of a pig in the Lithuanian language. One of the biggest
Kiaulės_Nugara
kursineeki wahloda Spoken in: Curonian Spit (historically), Germany (currently) Kven – kvääni, kainu Recognised Minority Language in: Norway Kwanyama – Oshikwanyama
List_of_language_names
1236 battle of the Livonian Crusade
the Teutonic Order in 1237. The battle inspired rebellions among the Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians, and Oeselians, tribes previously conquered by
Battle_of_Saule
Group of peoples in northern Europe
well as the Old Prussians, Curonians, Sudovians, Skalvians, Yotvingians and Galindians — the Western Balts — whose languages and cultures are now extinct
Balts
Extinct Baltic language
simply referred to as Galindian, is the poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Galindians previously spoken in what is today northeastern Poland
West_Galindian_language
Peninsula in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea. The peninsula is bounded by the Curonian Lagoon to the north-east, the Vistula Lagoon in the southwest, the Pregolya
Sambia_Peninsula
Country in Northern Europe
coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. The warm-water port at Klaipėda lies at the narrow mouth of the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršių
Lithuania
River in Northeast Europe
exclave, which specifically follows its southern channel. It drains into the Curonian Lagoon, narrowly connected to the Baltic Sea. The 937 km (582 mi) long
Neman
Historical region on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Europe
Baltic Sea that ranges from the Vistula delta in the west to the end of the Curonian Spit in the east and extends inland as far as Masuria, divided between
Prussia_(region)
1794 anti-Russian revolt in Poland–Lithuania
The Curonian Uprising was a series of battles during the Kościuszko Uprising, fought between the Russian Empire and Polish–Lithuanian insurgents. It took
Curonian_Uprising
International border
border passes (from west to south-east clockwise) through the Curonian Spit and Curonian Lagoon, and then follows along the Neman River, Šešupė, Širvinta
Lithuania–Russia_border
Peninsular stretch of land in the Baltic Sea on the border between Russia and Poland
Spit canal was opened in September 2022. Vistula Spit canal Language: Nehrungisch Curonian Spit (Polish: Mierzeja Wiślana; Russian: Балтийская коса,
Vistula_Spit
Period of European history (about 800–1050)
to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there." Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the
Viking_Age
County of Lithuania
Russia, to the south via the Nemunas, which drains into the Curonian Lagoon. The Curonian Spit, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is split between Klaipėda
Klaipėda_County
1673 book about grammar of the Lithuanian language
Lithuanian language is described as pure (Latin: Pura), half-Samogitian (Latin: SemiSamogitizans) and having elements of the Curonian language (Latin: Curonizans)
Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae
Compendium_Grammaticae_Lithvanicae
Vladimir Trinity Lavra Kazan Kremlin, Observatories Ferapontov Monastery Curonian Spit Derbent Yaroslavl Bolghar Sviyazhsk Pskov Gogland (Struve Arc) Kenozero
List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia
National park in Russia
Curonian Spit National Park (Russian: Национальный парк «Куршская коса») covers the Russian-owned southern 41 km of the 98 km long, curved Curonian Spit
Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)
Curonian_Spit_National_Park_(Russia)
Baltic tribe
chronicler Saxo Grammaticus wrote that the Viking Starkad crushed the Curonians, all the tribes of Estonia, and the peoples of Semgala. When the Rurikid
Semigallians
Master (Herrmeister) of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword from 1209 to 1236
the Northern Crusades in Latvia and Estonia against the Samogitians, Curonians, Semigallians, and Selonians. He was ultimately killed by the Samogitians
Volkwin
1795–1918 unit of Russia
of Russification in the late 19th century, the official administrative language of higher authorities and courts was German, while parish courts also kept
Courland_Governorate
continental coast and the "Curonian Spit" coast. Lithuania's major warm-water port of Klaipėda lies at the narrow mouth of Curonian Lagoon, a shallow lagoon
Geography_of_Lithuania
Outdoor sculpture gallery in Lithuania
It is located on a forested sand dune about 0.5 kilometer west of the Curonian Lagoon, on the Lithuanian Seaside Cycle Route. Begun in 1979, it has been
Hill_of_Witches
12th- and 13th-century crusades around the Baltic Sea
and Estonians (by the Germans and Danes, 1193–1227). Semigallians and Curonians (1219–1290). Old Prussians (1219 and 1222). Lithuanians and Samogitians
Northern_Crusades
Baltic ethnic group
inhabited by several Baltic tribal entities (Sudovians, Lithuanians, Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians, Samogitians, Skalvians, Old Prussians (Nadruvians))
Lithuanians
Bay located in the Baltic Sea
Kuršininkai, are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit. In 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Gdańsk
Gdańsk_Bay
Place in Klaipėda County, Lithuania
German: Schwarzort) is a Lithuanian seaside resort town located on the Curonian Spit with a permanent population of about 720 people. A part of Neringa
Juodkrantė
Ethnic group in the Baltics
the Livonian language and culture also came under heavy pressure, but here it retained a last foothold on the outermost tip of the Curonian Peninsula. Several
Livonians
Traditional Latvian dish
Sklandrausis (pl.: sklandrauši; Livonian dialect: sklandrouš, from Curonian: sklanda – 'fence-post, wattle fence, slope, declivity'; Livonian: sūrkak,
Sklandrausis
Exclave of Russia bounded by Poland, Lithuania, and the Baltic Sea
the Lithuania–Russia border. Notable geographical features include the Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) and the Vistula Lagoon (shared with Poland)
Kaliningrad_Oblast
Three countries east of the Baltic Sea
of Finnic and Baltic tribal societies, including the Estonians, Livs, Curonians, Semigallians, Latgalians, and Selonians. Farther south, in the lands
Baltic_states
1260 battle of the Livonian Crusade
the battle started, local Curonians abandoned the knights because the knights did not agree to free any captured Curonians from the Samogitian camp. Peter
Battle_of_Durbe
Geographic region in Courland and Semigallia
the north, and the Vadakste Plain [lv] adjoins it to the south. The East Curonian Upland consists of a broad bedrock uplift under a relatively thin cover
Eastern_Kurzeme_Upland
Noble corporation in Livonia
Estonian Knighthood House Governorate of Estonia Livonian Knighthood Curonian Knighthood Saaremaa Knighthood "Ajalooarhiivi fondiloend". www.eha.ee.
Estonian_Knighthood
Rural locality in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
in Zelenogradsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Curonian Spit. As of 2010 it has about 839 residents. It was formerly known for
Rybachy,_Kaliningrad_Oblast
German state from 1525 to 1947
northernmost Prussian tribe of the Skalvians as well as of the western Baltic Curonians, and erected Memel Castle, which developed into the major port city of
Prussia
Rural locality in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Russia. Population: 425 (2011 est.).[citation needed] It is located on the Curonian Spit. The German name of the town was derived from the Prussian word Szarka
Lesnoy,_Kaliningrad_Oblast
Kuršininkai, are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig
Ethnic minorities in Lithuania
Ethnic_minorities_in_Lithuania
Catholic military order (1204–1237)
culture Amber Road / Aesti Baltic Finns (Livonians, Vends) Balts Latgalians Curonians Selonians Semigallians Middle Ages Principality of Jersika Principality
Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword
Colonization efforts of the Order of Saint John in the Americas
colonization of the Americas First wave Basque British Scottish Welsh Curonian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller Italian Norse Portuguese Russian
Hospitaller colonization of the Americas
Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas
River delta of the Vistula
Kuršininkai are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig
Vistula_Fens
Historic province of Prussia and Germany
Baltic Sea, with the Vistula Spit and Curonian Spit separating the sea itself from the Vistula Lagoon and Curonian Lagoon, respectively. The Sambia Peninsula
East_Prussia
Geomorphological region in Europe
freshwater lagoons including the Szczecin Lagoon, the Vistula Lagoon and the Curonian Lagoon are found on the Baltic Sea coast. The North European Plain covers
North_European_Plain
Historical term for inhabitants of Saaremaa, Estonia
the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle: "The Oeselians, neighbors to the Kurs (Curonians), are surrounded by the sea and never fear strong armies as their strength
Oeselians
Region spanning Europe and Asia
aside from Indo-European and Turkic languages, the Kartvelian, Northwest Caucasian, and Northeast Caucasian language families are indigenous to the area
Caucasus
Law enforcement agency
security of the Lithuanian borders on land, in the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon. VSAT is a member of the EU Frontex and is responsible for the security
Lithuanian State Border Guard Service
Lithuanian_State_Border_Guard_Service
Country in Northern Europe
seaborne raids by Curonians and by Estonians from the island of Saaremaa, known as Oeselians. In 1187 Estonians (Oeselians), Curonians or/and Karelians
Estonia
Capital of The Gambia
Herzog von Kurland und Semgallen) from the King of Kombo, as part of the Curonian colonization. On 23 April 1816, Tumani Bojang, the King of Kombo, ceded
Banjul
Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform
Polynesian languages like Rarotongan (or variants like Samoan: loto, Hawaiian: loko) refer to lagoons typical of tropical atolls. Some languages differentiate
Lagoon
Ukrainian television travel series
2022[citation needed]), Israel, and Kazakhstan in Russian and Ukrainian languages. Its reruns are also available on Polish and Israeli television. Heads
Oryol_i_Reshka
Medieval military order
State and did not move into the lands of Nadruva, Skalva, and the southern Curonian mountains until the 18th century, due to invasions by the army of the Grand
Teutonic_Order
Town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
kilometers (21 mi) north of Kaliningrad, on the Sambian coastline near the Curonian Spit on the Baltic Sea. Population: 17,296 (2021 census); 13,026 (2010
Zelenogradsk
Parish of Latvia
The parish has a population of 815 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 76.94 km2. Kundi Snēpele Viesalgciems Curonian Kings Snēpele Palace v t e
Snēpele_Parish
invented chattel slavery: dehumanizing native Americans and Africans with language, laws, guns, and religion (Vol. 56). Peter Lang. Knight, F.W., 2008. Slavery
Slavery in colonial Spanish America
Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America
City in Samogitia, Lithuania
origin of the town's name is Curonian, as similar names are common in territories inhabited by the Curonians. In other languages Gargždai is referred to as:
Gargždai
15th–19th century colonization
Indigenous scribes to write their own languages in Latin letters. There is a significant body of texts in Indigenous languages created by and for Indigenous peoples
European colonization of the Americas
European_colonization_of_the_Americas
Female name
Kendra Pronunciation KEN-drah Gender Female Origin Word/name Anglo-Saxon Curonian Scottish Gaelic Meaning (Disputed) greatest champion
Kendra
Lazdijai Kalvarija Neringa Rietavas Birštonas Pagėgiai Baltic Sea Curonian Lagoon Curonian Spit Port of Klaipėda Vilnius Airport Kaunas Airport Šiauliai Airport
List_of_cities_in_Lithuania
Freshwater rift lake in Russia
Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Northwestern Curonian Spit2 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the
Lake_Baikal
travel, tourism, insurance
CURONIAN LANGUAGE
CURONIAN LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : patronymic from the Middle English personal name Jon(e) (see John). The surname is especially common in Wales and southern central England. In North America this name has absorbed various cognate and like-sounding surnames from other languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Matthew. In North America, this form has assimilated numerous vernacular derivatives in other languages of Latin Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus.Irish (Ulster and County Louth) : used as an Americanized form of McMahon.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, and German
English, French, and German : from the vernacular form of the Hebrew personal name Yehuda ‘Judah’ (of unknown meaning). In the Bible, this is the name of Jacob’s eldest son. It was not a popular name among Christians in medieval Europe, because of the associations it had with Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Among Jews, however, the Hebrew name and its reflexes in various Jewish languages (such as Yiddish Yude) have been popular for generations, and have given rise to many Jewish surnames.French : name for a Jew, Old French jude (Latin Iudaeus, Greek Ioudaios, from Hebrew Yehudi ‘member of the tribe of Judah’).English : from a pet form of Jordan.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German
English, French, Danish, Dutch, and German : from a short form of the personal name Matthias (see Matthew) or any of its many cognates, for example Norman French Maheu.English, French, Dutch, and German : from a nickname or personal name taken from the month of May (Middle English, Old French mai, Middle High German meie, from Latin Maius (mensis), from Maia, a minor Roman goddess of fertility). This name was sometimes bestowed on someone born or baptized in the month of May; it was also used to refer to someone of a sunny disposition, or who had some anecdotal connection with the month of May, such as owing a feudal obligation then.English : nickname from Middle English may ‘young man or woman’.Irish (Connacht and Midlands) : when not of English origin (see 1–3 above), this is an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Miadhaigh ‘descendant of Miadhach’, a personal name or byname meaning ‘honorable’, ‘proud’.French : habitational name from any of various places called May or Le May.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : habitational name from Mayen, a place in western Germany.Americanized spelling of cognates of 1 in various European languages, for example Swedish Ma(i)j.Chinese : possibly a variant of Mei 1, although this spelling occurs more often for the given name than for the surname.Cape May, at the mouth of Delaware Bay, is named after the Dutch explorer Cornelius Jacobsen May.
Surname or Lastname
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc.
English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, etc. : from the Latin personal name Lucas (Greek Loukas) ‘man from Lucania’. Lucania is a region of southern Italy thought to have been named in ancient times with a word meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’. Compare Lucio. The Christian name owed its enormous popularity throughout Europe in the Middle Ages to St. Luke the Evangelist, hence the development of this surname and many vernacular derivatives in most of the languages of Europe. Compare Luke. This is also found as an Americanized form of Greek Loukas.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Lùcais (see McLucas).As a French name Lucas has been recorded in Canada since 1653, taken to Trois Rivières, Quebec, by one Lucas-Lépine from Normandy.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : patronymic from Jack 1. As an American surname this has absorbed other patronymics beginning with J- in various European languages.This extremely common British name was brought over by numerous different bearers in the 17th and 18th centuries. One forebear was the father and namesake of the seventh U.S. president, Andrew Jackson, who migrated to SC from Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland in 1765. The Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson came from VA, where his great-grandfather John, likewise of Scotch–Irish stock, had settled after emigrating to America in 1748.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : from Latin Marcus, the personal name of St. Mark the Evangelist, author of the second Gospel. The name was borne also by a number of other early Christian saints. Marcus was an old Roman name, of uncertain (possibly non-Italic) etymology; it may have some connection with the name of the war god Mars. Compare Martin. The personal name was not as popular in England in the Middle Ages as it was on the Continent, especially in Italy, where the evangelist became the patron of Venice and the Venetian Republic, and was allegedly buried at Aquileia. As an American family name, this has absorbed cognate and similar names from other European languages, including Greek Markos and Slavic Marek.English, German, and Dutch (van der Mark) : topographic name for someone who lived on a boundary between two districts, from Middle English merke, Middle High German marc, Middle Dutch marke, merke, all meaning ‘borderland’. The German term also denotes an area of fenced-off land (see Marker 5) and, like the English word, is embodied in various place names which have given rise to habitational names.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Marck, Pas-de-Calais.German : from Marko, a short form of any of the Germanic compound personal names formed with mark ‘borderland’ as the first element, for example Markwardt.Americanization or shortened form of any of several like-sounding Jewish or Slavic surnames (see for example Markow, Markowitz, Markovich).Irish (northeastern Ulster) : probably a short form of Markey (when not of English origin).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : patronymic from the personal name John. As an American family name, Johnson has absorbed patronymics and many other derivatives of this name in continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)Johnson is the second most frequent surname in the U.S. It was brought independently to North America by many different bearers from the 17th and 18th centuries onward.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a Latinist, a clerk who wrote documents in Latin, from Anglo-Norman French latinier, latim(m)ier. Latin was more or less the universal language of official documents in the Middle Ages, displaced only gradually by the vernacular—in England, by Anglo-Norman French at first, and eventually by English.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of
the elements haim, heim ‘home’ + rīc ‘power’,
‘ruler’, introduced to England by the Normans in the form
Henri. During the Middle Ages this name became enormously
popular in England and was borne by eight kings. Continental forms of
the personal name were equally popular throughout Europe (German
Heinrich, French Henri, Italian Enrico and
Arrigo, Czech Jindřich, etc.). As an American family
name, the English form Henry has absorbed patronymics and many
other derivatives of this ancient name in continental European
languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.) In the period in
which the majority of English surnames were formed, a common English
vernacular form of the name was Harry, hence the surnames
Harris (southern) and Harrison (northern). Official
documents of the period normally used the Latinized form
Henricus. In medieval times, English Henry absorbed an
originally distinct Old English personal name that had hagan
‘hawthorn’. Compare Hain 2 as its first element, and there has
also been confusion with Amery.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó hInnéirghe ‘descendant of
Innéirghe’, a byname based on éirghe
‘arising’.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac ÉinrÃ
or Mac Einri, patronymics from the personal names
ÉinrÃ, Einri, Irish forms of Henry. It is
also found as a variant of McEnery.Jewish (American) : Americanized form of various like-sounding Ashkenazic Jewish names.A bearer of the name from the Touraine region of France is
documented in Quebec city in 1667. Another (also called
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the male personal name Manasseh, Hebrew Menashe ‘one who causes to forget’ (see Manasse), borne in the Middle Ages by Christians as well as by Jews. Hebrew Menashe and its reflexes in other Jewish languages have always been popular among Jews.English : occupational name for someone who made handles for agricultural and domestic implements, from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French mance ‘handle’ (Old French manche, Late Latin manicus, a derivative of manus ‘hand’).
Boy/Male
Irish Gaelic
Little dark one.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : from the Middle English personal name Ma(t)thew, vernacular form of the Greek New Testament name Matthias, Matthaios, which is ultimately from the Hebrew personal name Matityahu ‘gift of God’. This was taken into Latin as Mat(t)hias and Matthaeus respectively, the former being used for the twelfth apostle (who replaced Judas Iscariot) and the latter for the author of the first Gospel. In many European languages this distinction is reflected in different surname forms. The commonest vernacular forms of the personal name, including English Matthew, Old French Matheu, Spanish Mateo, Italian Matteo, Portuguese Mateus, Catalan and Occitan Mateu are generally derived from the form Matthaeus. The American surname Matthew has also absorbed European cognates from other languages, including Greek Mathias and Mattheos.It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the U.S. is used as a family name among families from southern India.
Surname or Lastname
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás)
English, German, French, Jewish (Ashkenazic), Lithuanian, Czech and Slovak (Jonáš), and Hungarian (Jónás) : from a medieval personal name, which comes from the Hebrew male personal name Yona, meaning ‘dove’. In the book of the Bible which bears his name, Jonah was appointed by God to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh, but tried to flee instead to Tarshish. On the voyage to Tarshish, a great storm blew up, and Jonah was thrown overboard by his shipmates to appease God’s wrath, swallowed by a great fish, and delivered by it on the shores of Nineveh. This story exercised a powerful hold on the popular imagination in medieval Europe, and the personal name was a relatively common choice. The Hebrew name and its reflexes in other languages (for example Yiddish Yoyne) have been popular Jewish personal names for generations. There are also saints, martyrs, and bishops called Jonas venerated in the Orthodox Church. Ionas is found as a Greek family name.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : respelling of Yonis, with Yiddish possessive -s.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jacob. As an American surname this name has absorbed cognates from other languages, for example Danish, Norwegian, and Dutch Jacobsen and Swedish Jacobsson.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Surname or Lastname
English and French (Léonard)
English and French (Léonard) : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements leo ‘lion’ (a late addition to the vocabulary of Germanic name elements, taken from Latin) + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was taken to England by the Normans. A saint of this name, who is supposed to have lived in the 6th century, but about whom nothing is known except for a largely fictional life dating from half a millennium later, was popular throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages and was regarded as the patron of peasants and horses.Irish (Fermanagh) : adopted as an English equivalent of Gaelic Mac Giolla Fhionáin or of Langan.Americanized form of Italian Leonardo or cognate forms in other European languages.The French Léonard family were at Château Richer, Quebec, by 1698, having come from Maine, France.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : status name or occupational name from Middle English, Old French maresc(h)al ‘marshal’. The term is of Germanic origin (compare Old High German marah ‘horse’, ‘mare’ + scalc ‘servant’). Originally it denoted a man who looked after horses, but by the heyday of medieval surname formation it denoted on the one hand one of the most important servants in a great household (in the royal household a high official of state, one with military responsibilities), and on the other a humble shoeing smith or farrier. It was also an occupational name for a medieval court officer responsible for the custody of prisoners. An even wider range of meanings is found in some other languages: compare for example Polish Marszałek (see Marszalek). The surname is also borne by Jews, presumably as an Americanized form of one or more like-sounding Jewish surnames.As the fourth chief justice of the U.S., John Marshall (1755–1835) was the principal architect in consolidating and defining the powers of the Supreme Court. He was a descendant of John Marshall of Ireland, who settled in Culpeper Co., VA, sometime before 1655.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the female personal name Elizabeth. Compare Hibbs 2.English : nickname for someone with very fair hair or skin, from Middle English, Old English lilie ‘lily’ (Latin lilium). The Italian equivalent Giglio was used as a personal name in the Middle Ages. In English and other languages there has also been some confusion with forms of Giles.English : habitational name from places called Lilley, in Hertfordshire and Berkshire. The Hertfordshire place was named in Old English as ‘flax-glade’, from līn ‘flax’ + lēah ‘woodland clearing’. The Berkshire name is from Old English Lillinglēah ‘wood associated with Lilla’, an Old English personal name.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
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