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Categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds
consonance and dissonance are categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds. Within the Western tradition, some listeners associate consonance
Consonance_and_dissonance
Study of the practices and possibilities of music
with abstract musical aspects such as tuning and tonal systems, scales, consonance and dissonance, and rhythmic relationships. There is also a body of
Music_theory
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is described as a mental phenomenon in which people unknowingly or subconsciously hold fundamentally conflicting
Cognitive_dissonance
1650 work by Athanasius Kircher
Great Art of Consonance and Dissonance") is a 1650 work by the Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher. It was printed in Rome by Ludovico Grignani and dedicated
Musurgia_Universalis
Musical change from dissonance to consonance
note or chord from dissonance (an unstable sound) to a consonance (a more final or stable sounding one). Dissonance, resolution, and suspense can be used
Resolution_(music)
Topics referred to by the same term
Cultural dissonance, an uncomfortable sense experienced by people in the midst of change in their cultural environment Consonance and dissonance in music
Dissonance
Aspect of music
a balance between consonance and dissonance. This occurs when there is a balance between "tense" and "relaxed" moments. Dissonance is an important part
Harmony
Musical interval
considered interesting and dynamic consonances along with their inverses the sixths, but in medieval times they were considered dissonances unusable in a stable
Major_third
Harmonic structure with a central pitch
the dominant. David Cope considers key, consonance and dissonance (relaxation and tension, respectively), and hierarchical relationships the three most
Tonality
Interference pattern between signals of similar frequency
(ASMR) Consonance and dissonance Gamelan tuning Heterodyne Moiré pattern, a form of spatial interference that generates new frequencies. Music and sleep
Beat_(acoustics)
Sketch of a keyboard composition
lines, and culminating in the advanced exercises of imitative partimenti and partimento fugues. Music is composed of consonances and dissonances. The four
Partimento
American music theorist and engineer
formalization of consonance. In the 1980s, Sethares began exploring microtonality. In 1990, he realized traditional definitions of consonance and dissonance can be
William_Sethares
American composer and music theorist (1934–2006)
consonance and dissonance, and harmonic perception. James Tenney was born on August 10, 1934, in Silver City, New Mexico, and grew up in Arizona and Colorado
James_Tenney
In music, ratio of pitch frequencies
one and one-half (3:2) that of the open string (not to be confused with inversion). Intervals may be ranked by relative consonance and dissonance. As
Interval_ratio
Pattern in a homophonic or polyphonic setting of a melody
quarter of the beat; the skip from the dissonance must be a descending third to a consonance; and this consonance must be followed by some number of ascending
Cambiata
Scale degree that is musically unpleasant
semitone above the third, an interval which was historically heard as dissonance. Treating the F as a passing tone is a simpler way to use it in a melody
Avoid_note
Sequence of frequencies
strength, consonance, or stability (see consonance and dissonance) is determined by its approximation to a lower and stronger, or higher and weaker, position
Harmonic_series_(music)
American social psychologist (1919–1989)
motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance [or consistency]. 2. When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce
Leon_Festinger
Legend about the discovery of musical tuning
listening to the sounds of four blacksmith's hammers, which produced consonance and dissonance when they were struck simultaneously. According to Nicomachus
Pythagorean_hammers
The Lipps–Meyer law, named for Theodor Lipps (1851–1914) and Max Friedrich Meyer (1873–1967), hypothesizes that the closure of melodic intervals is determined
Lipps–Meyer_law
Music genre
Transmission and Music. 2003. pp. 47–52 Tenney, James. A History of "Consonance" and "Dissonance". White Plains, New York: Excelsior; New York: Gordon and Breach
Noise_music
Music unstructured from harmonic patterns
natural overtones. As music becomes more complex, dissonance becomes indistinguishable from consonance. In the latter part of the 19th century, composers
Post-tonal_music_theory
American jazz pianist (1929–1980)
stayed for long periods of time on a single chord, weaving in and out of consonance and dissonance. Another influence was George Russell's treatise. Both influences
Bill_Evans
and slow is sad, faster and high is happy). Cross-cultural studies show that associations between major and minor modes and consonance and dissonance
Music_and_emotion
Melodic mode of improvisation in Indian music
p. 14. Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1985), Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music, Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology 2:28–51
Raga
Relationships between music and mathematics
tunings and just tunings is differences in acoustical beat when two notes are sounded together, which affects the subjective experience of consonance and dissonance
Music_and_mathematics
Sanskrit text on the performing arts (200 BCE to 200 AD)
Nijenhuis 1974, p. 14. NA Jairazbhoy (1985), Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music, Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology, University
Natya_Shastra
Musical concept by Arnold Schoenberg
needed] Some argue further that they are not dissonances, but consonances higher up the harmonic series and thus more complex.[citation needed] The musicologist
Emancipation of the dissonance
Emancipation_of_the_dissonance
Polyphonic music with separate melodies
species counterpoint must be all dissonances, establishing "dissonance, rather than consonance, as the rule," and consonances are "resolved" through a skip
Counterpoint
Unpitched, indeterminate, uncontrolled, loud, unmusical, or unwanted sound
unpitched Consonance and dissonance#Dissonance for discussion of the nature and usage of discords in melody and harmony and similar devices in rhythm and metre
Noise_in_music
Musical tuning based on pure intervals
intervals like the octave, fifth, and fourth were recognized as consonances, respectively referred to as diapason, diapente, and diatessaron. Using a monochord
Just_intonation
American musical group
A History of "Consonance" and "Dissonance" (1988) White Plains, New York: Excelsior; New York: Gordon and Breach "La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela at
Theatre_of_Eternal_Music
Difference in pitch between two notes
and were traditionally classified as mediocre consonances, imperfect consonances, or near-dissonances. Within a diatonic scale all unisons (P1) and octaves
Interval_(music)
Classical music from the Indian subcontinent
p. 14. Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1985), Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music, Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology 2:28–51
Indian_classical_music
which precedes a dissonant nonharmonic tone. The move from a dissonance to a consonance constitutes a resolution. In the following example, the C major
Preparation_(music)
Application of acoustics to music
3425 Hz and 3426 Hz would beat once per second, since | 3425 Hz − 3426 Hz | = 1 Hz . The difference between consonance and dissonance is not clearly
Musical_acoustics
Italian composer
Padua in the 1720s. Several manuscript copies of his treatise on consonance and dissonance survive. The Italian oratorio La risurrezione di Lazzaro 1779
Francesco_Antonio_Calegari
Art movement
aesthetic and technical restraints of Western musical composition, in The Rite of Spring the composer employs harsh consonance and dissonance and loud, repetitive
Primitivism
French architect (1613–1688)
media, sources of sound and sound receivers. In musical acoustics, he noted the importance of vibration on consonance and dissonance. His study "De la Musique
Claude_Perrault
American composer, arranger, orchestrator, and conductor
the words and reveal underlying meanings through dramatic shading and color, the tension between consonance and dissonance, counterpoint, and other musical
J._A._C._Redford
Pleasantness associated with the sounds of words or parts of words
unpleasant, chaotic, and often discordant; these sounds are perhaps meaningless and jumbled together. This is similar to consonance and dissonance in music, which
Phonaesthetics
Composition by György Ligeti
because its handling of consonance and dissonance was the most sensitively defined of all historical styles. Ligeti saw permeability and impermeability of groups
Atmosphères
Writer of a treatise of medieval music theory
rhythmic modes, and genres of composition; and gives rules for the use of notation and of consonance and dissonance. The standard edition of the treatise of
Anonymous_IV
Uruguayan writer (1871–1917)
Retrieved June 7, 2026. Pavón-Belizón, Manuel (March 31, 2026). "Consonances and dissonances in the Chinese translation of Ariel by José Enrique Rodó" (PDF)
José_Enrique_Rodó
Perceived quality of sound
velocity increases in accordance with Weber's Law. Auditory masking Consonance and dissonance Psychoacoustics (Masking effects) Hollins, M; Bensmaia S.J. (2007)
Roughness_(psychophysics)
German philosopher (1848–1936)
the determinants of melody, tonal fusion (Verschmelzung), and the consonance and dissonance of tones. This research was made possible by the excellent
Carl_Stumpf
Study of the cultural aspects of music
debates questioning e.g., what people consider music, and whether perceptions of consonance and dissonance have a biological or cultural basis.[citation needed]
Ethnomusicology
1636 work by Marin Mersenne
mathematical, acoustical, and theological. The book covers topics including the nature of sounds, movements, consonance, dissonance, genres, modes of composition
Harmonie_universelle
Tuning system for musical instruments
Electronic tuner Consonance and dissonance Wright, David (2009). Mathematics and Music, pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-8218-4873-9. Johnston, Ben and Gilmore, Bob
Five-limit_tuning
Interval content of a given set in musical set theory
sixths) sound more consonant. While the actual perception of consonance and dissonance involves many contextual factors, such as register, an interval
Interval_vector
2020 studio album by Autechre
and that the track contained "layered synths slipping between consonance and dissonance". Sherburne also stated that tracks such as "Psin AM" contained
Sign_(Autechre_album)
Renaissance music theorist and composer (1435–1511)
intervals, consonance and dissonance, and their usage. He devised strict rules for introducing dissonances, limiting them to unstressed beats and syncopations
Johannes_Tinctoris
Topics referred to by the same term
tempus imperfectum and tempus imperfectum diminutum - see Mensural notation for consonances see Consonance and dissonance#Antiquity and the middle ages This
Imperfectum
Musical interval
unison, octave, and perfect fifth, and it is a sensory consonance. In common practice harmony, however, it is considered a stylistic dissonance in certain
Perfect_fourth
Ancient philosophical concept
of the planets and their distances from the sun. Book three focuses on defining musical harmonies, including consonance and dissonance, intervals (including
Musica_universalis
1960 book by Howard Hanson
specific interval content, independent of tonality, chord root, or consonance versus dissonance. Boatwright, Howard (1964). "Review: Harmonic Materials of Modern
Harmonic Materials of Modern Music
Harmonic_Materials_of_Modern_Music
Italian composer
treatise mainly consists of already established rules regarding consonance and dissonance. The book was adapted from the works of Gioseffo Zarlino. Bohn
Carlo_Abbate
Theory within the practice of psychology
dissonance and achieve consonance. 2) When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information
Selective_exposure_theory
Branch of both psychology and musicology
consonance, the harmonic series, and resonance were furthered through the Scientific Revolution, including work by Galileo, Kepler, Mersenne, and Descartes
Psychology_of_music
German composer and music theorist
the right hand strikes consonances and dissonances, so that this results in a well sounding Harmony for the Honor of God and the permissible delight
Friedrich_Erhard_Niedt
Band of audio frequencies that produce the effect of auditory masking in the human ear
above. Loudness Psychoacoustics, Masking effects Auditory masking Consonance and dissonance Equivalent rectangular bandwidth, Bark scale, Mel scale https://archive
Critical_band
American classical composer
contrasting consonance and dissonance, occasional use of the serialist approach, dramatic gestures and sudden silences - to express his thoughts and feelings
Herman_Berlinski
Form of art using sound
Pitch Scale Mode Chord Dynamics (music) Articulation Texture Consonance and dissonance Expression Harmony Melody Musical form Notation Rhythm Timbre
Outline_of_music
Musical technique
from the rustle noise and desirable consonance and dissonance effects produced. The technique of simultaneous playing a note and singing into an instrument
Growling_(wind_instruments)
Coordination of organisms towards sounds
S2CID 14960818. Shapira Lots, I.; Stone, L. (2008). "Perception of musical consonance and dissonance: An outcome of neural synchronization". Journal of the Royal Society
Entrainment_(biomusicology)
Topics referred to by the same term
Tension and release may refer to: Consonance and dissonance Tension (music) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tension and release
Tension_and_release
American physicist and theologian
Russell has published papers exploring consonance and dissonance between modern physics, evolutionary biology and Christian theology. He is the Principal
Robert_John_Russell
Interdisciplinary theory
that vary in tonal stability, consonance, and dissonance, creating expectations that guide melodic intentionality and the perception of musical motion
Embodied_cognition
Set of notes used in Chinese music
64:81, etc.). The gamut or its subsets were used for tuning and are preserved in bells and pipes. Unlike the Western chromatic scale, the shi'er lü was
Shi'er_lü
Note in the octave (Indian classical music)
p. 14. Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy (1985), Harmonic Implications of Consonance and Dissonance in Ancient Indian Music, Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology 2:28–51
Svara
Negative arousal or discomfort in an individual observing others in their in-group
Vicarious cognitive dissonance (also vicarious dissonance) is the state of negative arousal in an individual from observing a member of their in-group
Vicarious cognitive dissonance
Vicarious_cognitive_dissonance
Boys school in Baltimore, Maryland, US
coach saved a program and lost his opponents". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 15, 2022. "Magazine Preview: Consonance and Dissonance". Gilman School. Retrieved
Gilman_School
Soh-Leong (2002). Acculturation Consonance and Dissonance: Effect on Parenting Style, Parent-Adolescent Relationship, and Adolescent Psychological Well-Being
Health status of Asian Americans
Health_status_of_Asian_Americans
Durezze e ligature (consonance and dissonance). Tiento pleno: an irregular tiento consisting of three sections: a prelude, fugue, and postlude. It has more
Tiento
2000 studio album by Kalmah
classical influenced runs and keyboard swells are a nice touch as are the band's experiments with dissonance vs. consonance in 'Heritance of Berija.'"
Swamplord
Cultural practices common to Christianity
Cross. Robert John Russell has examined consonance and dissonance between modern physics, evolutionary biology, and Christian theology. Christian philosophers
Christian_culture
American conductor (1927–2019)
Criticism and Theory of Music), University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-3088-4 (August 1991) Theodore Lipps, Consonance and Dissonance in Music,
William_Ennis_Thomson
Ancient musical and scientific laboratory instrument
bridge, so that various intervals can be compared to each other [consonance and dissonance]." A "bichord instrument" is one, "having two strings in unison
Monochord
Set of notes played on a guitar
intervals and other seventh-intervals are discussed in the section on intermediate chords. The unison and octave intervals have perfect consonance. Octave
Guitar_chord
Musical interval
considered interesting and dynamic consonances along with their inverses the thirds, but in medieval times they were considered dissonances unusable in a stable
Minor_sixth
Musical interval unit
around the world, Ellis used cents to report and compare the scales employed, and further described and utilized the system in his 1875 edition of Hermann
Cent_(music)
Canadian-American Arts and Humanities Distinguished Professor at the Ohio State University, in both the School of Music and the Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences
David_Huron
Book by Harry Partch
death in 1974. Partch presents 4 "basic monophonic concepts": Consonance and dissonance: "The ear informs us that tones which are in small-number proportion
Genesis_of_a_Music
1956 book of social psychology
event did not occur, focusing on the cognitive dissonance between the members' beliefs and actual events, and the psychological consequences of these disconfirmed
When_Prophecy_Fails
American composer and flutist (1937–2018)
worked with a student of Hindemith, … and became familiar with Hindemith's theories of consonance and dissonance. Bartok also influenced Hoover's music
Katherine_Hoover
Comedy in the video game medium
"Ludo-comedic consonance", an affinity between narrative and gameplay, reinforces comedy in a similar manner to how ludonarrative dissonance is a disconnect
Comedy_in_video_games
Emotional effect in music
(partial) syncopations between consonance and dissonance. Experiments in music perception have explored perceived tension in music, and perceived emotional intensity
Tension_(music)
French classical composer (1862–1918)
and the first in which we get a hint of the Debussy we were to know later – the lover of vague outlines, of half-lights, of mysterious consonances and
Claude_Debussy
Cross. Robert John Russell has examined consonance and dissonance between modern physics, evolutionary biology, and Christian theology. Christian philosophers
Christianity_and_science
German historian (1358–1421)
encompassed a thorough discussion of modes, plainchant, intervals, and consonance and dissonance among other topics. Gobelinus was also an historian. He wrote
Gobelinus_Person
Belgian composer
table of two, three and four-part chordal formations with consonances and dissonances to help with practicing, along with fugues and organ points, all of
Henri_Moreau_(composer)
Rating scale measuring emotions elicited by music
tension, and sadness. The nine dimensions can be further organized into three second-order factors: vitality, consisting of joyful activation and power,
Geneva_Emotional_Music_Scale
Concept in social psychology
elements of the rejected option, and the negative elements in the chosen one, one can increase cognitive consonance and lessen discomfort. This approach
Attitude-behavior_consistency
German philosopher (born 1948)
Siebeck 2021. I. U. Dalferth/ T. W. Kimball (eds.), Love and Justice. Consonance or Dissonance? Claremont Studies in the Philosophy of Religion, Conference
Ingolf_U._Dalferth
American composer (born 1964)
and perception of consonance and dissonance (particularly the consonant use of dissonance and the dissonant use of consonance), (2) juxtaposition and
Lansing_McLoskey
Pitch content
between given macroharmonies? What are the intervallic qualities (consonance or dissonance) of a given macroharmony? He proposed to show the rate at which
Macroharmony
Philosophy subfield
expression and concepts of artistic value to include new subject matters, techniques and styles in painting and sculpture, new harmonies, consonances or dissonances
Everyday_Aesthetics
Russian composer (born 1955)
“sound magma the juxtapositions between consonance and dissonance, sound and noise, harmony and timbre, acoustic and electronic instruments are alleviated
Vladimir_Tarnopolsky
German composer and music theorist
concords and discords, the proper succession of Consonance and dissonance, musical modes, cadences, composed versus improvised counterpoint, and proper
Johannes_Nucius
Musicology concept
that vary in tonal stability, consonance, and dissonance, creating expectations that guide melodic intentionality and the perception of musical motion
Embodied_music_cognition
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