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Problem in linear algebra
computation of the permanent in a class of problems believed to be even more difficult to compute than NP. It is known that computing the permanent is impossible
Computing_the_permanent
Mathematical proof about the permanent of matrices
1979, Leslie Valiant proved that the computational problem of computing the permanent of a matrix is #P-hard, even if the matrix is restricted to have entries
♯P-completeness of 01-permanent
♯P-completeness_of_01-permanent
Polynomial of the elements of a matrix
be used to compute the permanent. Moreover, computing the permanent of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete. Thus, if the permanent can be computed in polynomial
Permanent_(mathematics)
Classification of computer problems
Currently the main focus of the program is on algebraic complexity classes. Proving that computing the permanent cannot be efficiently reduced to computing determinants
Geometric_complexity_theory
investigated the mixing behaviour of Markov chains to construct approximation algorithms for counting problems such as the computing the permanent, with applications
Alistair_Sinclair
Theoretical computer scientist
investigated the mixing behaviour of Markov chains to construct approximation algorithms for counting problems such as the computing the permanent, with applications
Mark_Jerrum
Complexity class
344. ISBN 978-0-521-42426-4. Leslie G. Valiant (1979). "The Complexity of Computing the Permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2). Elsevier: 189–201
♯P
Path in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once
and only if the digraph is Hamiltonian. The relationship between the computational complexities of computing it and computing the permanent was shown by
Hamiltonian_path
Distributed computing paradigm
Edge computing is a distributed computing model that brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data. More broadly, it refers to any
Edge_computing
Type of distributed computing
Jungle computing is a form of high performance computing that distributes computational work across cluster, grid and cloud computing. The increasing
Jungle_computing
Set of edges without common vertices
because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1 matrix (another #P-complete problem) is the same as computing the number of perfect matchings in the bipartite
Matching_(graph_theory)
Complexity class
1007/BF00383444. S2CID 119697949.. Leslie G. Valiant (1979). "The Complexity of Computing the Permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2). Elsevier: 189–201
♯P-complete
System with multiple networked computers
share a common goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have much overlap, and no clear distinction
Distributed_computing
Matching which covers every node of the graph
However, counting the number of perfect matchings, even in bipartite graphs, is #P-complete. This is because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1
Perfect_matching
False assumptions programmers make who are new to distributed computing
Distributed computing Fine vs coarse grained SOA Wilson, Gareth (2015-02-06). "The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing - Tech Talk". Archived from the original
Fallacies of distributed computing
Fallacies_of_distributed_computing
Mathematical function generalizing the determinant and permanent
these functions. While the determinant can be computed in polynomial time using Gaussian elimination, computing the permanent of a general matrix is ♯P-complete
Immanant
Museum in Cambridge, England
The Centre for Computing History is a computer museum in Cambridge, England, established to create a permanent public exhibition telling the story of the
Centre_for_Computing_History
International Society for Computing
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing founded on September 15, 1947, and headquartered in New
Association for Computing Machinery
Association_for_Computing_Machinery
Additional storage that enables faster access to main storage
computing, a cache (/kæʃ/ KASH) is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data
Cache_(computing)
Mixing property of Markov chains and graphs
from the set of all perfect matchings in the bipartite graph, which in turn gives rise to the polynomial-time approximation scheme for computing the permanent
Conductance_(graph_theory)
US non-profit organization
education on the uses of cloud computing to help secure all other forms of computing." The CSA has over 80,000 individual members worldwide. The CSA gained
Cloud_Security_Alliance
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum
Quantum_algorithm
Research institute at the University of Utah
The Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute is a permanent research institute at the University of Utah that focuses on the development of new
Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute
Scientific_Computing_and_Imaging_Institute
in the history of computing from 1990 to 1999. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing. "Vision for the Future"
Timeline of computing 1990–1999
Timeline_of_computing_1990–1999
This fact is used in a simplified proof showing that computing the permanent is #P-complete. The problems of finding a vertex disjoint and edge disjoint
Vertex_cycle_cover
American multinational technology company
cloud computing, software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI). It has been referred to as "the most
Canadian businessman (born 1961)
ca/institute-for-quantum-computing). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: UW Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC). Archived from the original on November 11, 2017
Mike_Lazaridis
Methods that imitate, replicate or use natural processes
systems, fractal geometry, artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others. However, the field is more related to biological computation
Natural_computing
quasipolynomial time). It is known that computing the permanent is impossible for LOGTIME-uniform ACC0 circuits, which implies that the complexity class PP is not
ACC0
arbitrary commutative semirings. Valiant, L.G. (1979). "The complexity of computing the permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2): 189–201. doi:10
♯SAT
Digital workload distribution techniques
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units) with the aim of making their overall
Load_balancing_(computing)
First working programmable, fully automatic digital computer
because it lacked conditional branching, the Z3 only satisfies this definition by speculatively computing all possible outcomes of a calculation. Thanks
Z3_(computer)
Function of a matrix
semi-definite. Computing the hafnian of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete, because computing the permanent of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete. The hafnian of a
Hafnian
Computing Announces Trillium 3G / 4G Wireless Protocol Software Upgrades". 2008-12-05. Jim Barthold (2008-02-11). "Femto glue: Continuous Computing and
Continuous_Computing
self-reductions. The discrete logarithm problem, the quadratic residuosity problem, the RSA inversion problem, and the problem of computing the permanent of a matrix
Random_self-reducibility
ability and local interactions. The term amorphous computing was coined at MIT in 1996 in a paper entitled "Amorphous Computing Manifesto" by Abelson, Knight
Amorphous_computing
statement for the case that k {\displaystyle k} is not a divisor of n {\displaystyle n} is an open mathematical problem. Computing the permanent Henryk Minc
Bregman–Minc_inequality
Physical components of a computer
hardware terms History of computing hardware Microprocessor MOSFET List of computer hardware manufacturers Open-source computing hardware Open-source hardware
Computer_hardware
American multinational technology conglomerate
and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon. In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment
Amazon_(company)
Data and process for mutating a software resource to a desired state
applied in a permanent way (i.e. to storage), but in some cases, a patch is applied to memory (i.e. via a tool such as a debugger) in which case the change
Patch_(computing)
identifier=3005888[permanent dead link] General Motors Research Laboratories site. Domain is one of the first .com domains. First true operating
General Motors Research Laboratories
General_Motors_Research_Laboratories
American multinational technology company
materials science using a combination of AI, high-performance computing and quantum computing. The service includes Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language model
Microsoft
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The newest manifestation of cluster computing is cloud computing. The components of
Computer_cluster
Multiprocessor computer system where not all of the CPUs are treated equally
65MP. 3B20C Cellular multiprocessing Giant lock Heterogeneous computing Multi-core (computing) Software lockout Symmetric multiprocessing IBM (December 1976)
Asymmetric_multiprocessing
Book by Edward Snowden
Permanent Record is a 2019 autobiography by Edward Snowden, whose revelations sparked a global debate about surveillance. It was published on September
Permanent Record (autobiography)
Permanent_Record_(autobiography)
Type of malware
In computing, a trojan horse or trojan is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program. Trojans
Trojan_horse_(computing)
American conference for women in computing
The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing
National Archive for the History of Computing, University of Manchester National Videogame Arcade, Nottingham Museum of Computing, Swindon Time Line Computer
List_of_computer_museums
Type of data center server computer
Blade Server Comparison at the Wayback Machine (archived 2012-10-19) Cisco Unified Computing System White Paper[permanent dead link] "Cisco and Docker
Cisco Unified Computing System
Cisco_Unified_Computing_System
Distributed application structure in computing
without needing to install any permanently resident malware. Distributed computing projects such as SETI@home and the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
Client–server_model
Cluster of IBM mainframes
In computing, a Parallel Sysplex is a cluster of IBM mainframes acting together as a single system image with z/OS. Used for disaster recovery, Parallel
IBM_Parallel_Sysplex
Computing concept
In computing, entropy is the randomness collected by an operating system or application for use in cryptography or other uses that require random data
Entropy_(computing)
Private university in Milan, Italy
Legal Studies; Social and Political Sciences; and Computing Sciences. Permanent research centers include the Paolo Baffi Centre (economics, finance and regulation)
Bocconi_University
On-demand cloud computing provider
use more computing in times of high application usage, and then scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic). These cloud computing web services
Amazon_Web_Services
American research institute
Scientific Computing Core (SCC) that manages the institutes computational resources and provides software development expertise. In addition to the permanent computational
Flatiron_Institute
Technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group
Trusted Computing (TC) is a technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group. The term is taken from the field of trusted systems and has
Trusted_Computing
Nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet
Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014. "Letter Frequencies in the English Language". Retrieved 2 July 2021.[permanent dead link]
S
Short length of conductor
In electronics and particularly computing, a jumper is a short length of conductor used to close, open or bypass part of an electronic circuit. They are
Jumper_(computing)
Term in human–computer interaction
Any change in a computing system, such as a new feature or new component, is transparent if the system after change adheres to previous external interface
Transparency (human–computer interaction)
Transparency_(human–computer_interaction)
Temporary storage for deleted files
In computing, the trash, also known by other names such as trash bin, dustbin, wastebasket, and similar names, is a graphical user interface desktop metaphor
Trash_(computing)
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
encrypted tunnel between the SSL server and the SSL client. Cloud computing Cyberspace Distributed computing History of the Internet Information Age ISO/IEC
Computer_network
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
mathematics and computing which has become widely recognised with statues and many things named after him, including an annual award for computing innovation
Alan_Turing
Standard model in theoretical computer science
expressions it has already computed. Arithmetic circuits provide a formal way to understand the complexity of computing polynomials. The basic type of question
Arithmetic_circuit_complexity
2017 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM
from the original on May 21, 2020. "T2P9D01 Mainboard User's Guide" (PDF). Raptor Computing Systems. 2018. "OpenPOWER - RCS Wiki". "Raptor Computing Systems::CP9M01"
POWER9
When a process becomes non-responsive
(computing) Blue screen of death Crash (computing) Livelock Infinite loop Uninterruptible sleep Windows appends the text "(Not responding)" to the window
Hang_(computing)
American businessman (born 1964)
the founder, executive chairman, and former president and CEO of Amazon, the world's largest e-commerce and cloud computing company. According to the
Jeff_Bezos
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up commit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Commit may refer to: Commit (data management), a set of permanent changes in a database COMMIT (SQL)
Commit
Seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet
contain truly individual parts [are] S, ... Q...[permanent dead link] "2: Q Shape". Identifont. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February
Q
Global computing organization
Computing and Education 2 (HCE2): IFIP 19th World Computer Congress, WG 9.7, TC 9: History of Computing, Proceedings of the Second Conference on the History
International Federation for Information Processing
International_Federation_for_Information_Processing
Audio programming language
Stéphane (2004). "Syntactical and Semantical Aspects of Faust". Soft Computing (PDF).[permanent dead link] Scaringella, Nicolas; Orlarey, Yann; Fober, Dominique
FAUST_(programming_language)
Topics referred to by the same term
administers the registration of automobiles Sex offender registry, a system to allow government authorities to keep track of sex offenders Permanent residence
Registry
Topics referred to by the same term
compiler design Codename for the Nokia Lumia 920 Phi (language model) Permanent health insurance, against becoming disabled Protected health information
Phi_(disambiguation)
Ministerial department of the UK Government
'100 Computing Lessons' by Scholastic. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a 'Network of Teaching Excellence'to support schools with the new
Department_for_Education
Computer memory testing equipment
affect the functional behavior of a system (memory chip, logic chips or PCB): Non-Permanent faults and Permanent faults. Permanent faults affect the logic
Memory_tester
Topics referred to by the same term
(Myanmar), armed wing of the Burmese government-in-exile since 2021 People's Defence Force (Singapore) Permanent Defence Forces, the standing branches of
PDF_(disambiguation)
Aerospace and defense division
"Anecdotes". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 32 (2): 80–83. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.29. Project MUSE 394131. "Computing Devices of Canada Ltd. (CDC)"
General Dynamics Mission Systems - Canada
General_Dynamics_Mission_Systems_-_Canada
Topics referred to by the same term
a charity bike-a-thon Permanent Mandates Commission, a commission of the League of Nations Philippine Marine Corps, part of the Philippine Navy Polymer
PMC
American multinational technology company
Rotovision. p. 15. ISBN 2-88046-750-0.[permanent dead link] Walters, E. Garrison (2001). The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology
IBM
A Business and Computing is a dual degree program offered jointly by some computing and business schools. The program generally lasts four-five years instead
Business_and_Computing
Aiming device
sight depending on an optical or computing system"[permanent dead link] Hawks, Chuck. chuckhawks.com; "Choosing the Right Sight". Retrieved July 24, 2008
Iron_sights
Organization that shares designs of data center products
significantly influenced the design and operation of large-scale computing facilities worldwide. As of February 2025, over 400 companies across the world are members
Open_Compute_Project
Annual event in America established 1988
the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, is the annual conference established in 1988 by the Association
ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference
ACM/IEEE_Supercomputing_Conference
Hybrid video game console
the hardware determined that Nintendo has the capacity to permanently ban specific Switch consoles used to obtain software via this exploit from the Nintendo
Nintendo_Switch
Brazilian artist
for Computing Machinery; SIGGRAPH. (1996). Visual proceedings: the art and interdisciplinary programs of SIGGRAPH 96. Association for Computing Machinery
Eduardo_Kac
performance computing product, Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003." University of Southampton TACC - University of Texas Austin[permanent dead link] University
Microsoft Institute for High Performance Computing
Microsoft_Institute_for_High_Performance_Computing
Unit of digital information, usually 8 bits
optimize for this usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit byte. Modern architectures
Byte
Cloud business entity
manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. As cloud computing evolves
Cloud_broker
Academic department of the Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Interactive Computing School of Computing Instruction CODA Building College of Computing Building Klaus Advanced Computing Building Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing
Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Computing
Topics referred to by the same term
IATA airline code P5 The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council P5+1, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus
P5
Keyboard key often used for tabulated formatting
input. On a typewriter, it advances the insertion point to the next tab stop. In computing, sometimes it has the same behavior, but based on context,
Tab_key
Indian-American business executive (born 1967)
he was the executive vice president of Microsoft's cloud and enterprise group, responsible for building and running the company's computing platforms
Satya_Nadella
American computer scientist and Amazon CTO
2018-03-14.[permanent dead link] "Top 10 cloud computing leaders of 2011". SearchCloudComputing. Retrieved 2018-03-14. "Top 10 cloud computing leaders in
Werner_Vogels
Public university in Tarkwa, Ghana
Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013. "UMaT renamed George Grant University of Mines and Technology".[permanent dead link]
University of Mines and Technology
University_of_Mines_and_Technology
merged in order to become Literary and Linguistic Computing (LLC) in 1986. Literary and Linguistic Computing is a peer-reviewed, international journal that
European Association for Digital Humanities
European_Association_for_Digital_Humanities
Organized collection of data in computing
In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software
Database
Norman; Schilit, Bill N. (1995). "Context-Aware Computing Applications". 1994 First Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. pp. 85–90. doi:10
Context-aware pervasive systems
Context-aware_pervasive_systems
Information science by discipline
widespread introduction of cloud computing provides several benefits in delivering legal services. Legal service providers can use the Software as a Service model
Legal_informatics
Object that has a magnetic field
that was aligned with the Earth's magnetic field would leave the iron permanently magnetized. This led to the development of the navigational compass,
Magnet
Wellcome Collection. Timeline of computing 1950–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–present History of computing hardware Tun, Molly (2014).
Timeline of computing before 1950
Timeline_of_computing_before_1950
2008 war between Russia and Georgia
ground-target coordinate computing. They also did not have long-range surface-to-air missiles that could be fired beyond the air-defence zones of an adversary
Russo-Georgian_War
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Perfecting; Completing
Female
English
 Pet form of English Theodora, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Perfecting; Completing
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name TSE means "rock."
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Completing the Work; Finishing the Task
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Girl/Female
Indian
Completing the work, Finish
Girl/Female
Muslim
Completing the work, Finish
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Male
English
Short form of English Theodore, THEO means "gift of God," and other names beginning with Theo-.
Boy/Male
Greek American German
God given.
Female
Greek
 Short form of Greek and Latin Dorothea, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Boy/Male
Native American
Rock.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English thewe ‘thrall’, ‘slave’ (Old English þēow).
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
Female
Italian
Italian form of Latin Hersilia, ERSILIA means "delicate, tender."
Female
English
Scottish pet form of Norman French Alison, ALLIE means "noble sort."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Happy
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Brave; Lion; Terrible; Held in Awe; Another Name for God
Girl/Female
Polish
Boy/Male
Tamil
Luster, To illuminate
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
The Rain God
Female
Hebrew
(צï‹×¤Ö´×™) Hebrew name TZOFI means "guard" or "scout."Â
Girl/Female
Latin Spanish
Mild.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(पà¥à¤°à¤¦à¥€à¤ª) Hindi name PRADEEP means "shine."
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
a.
Serving to consummate; completing.
definite article.
A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning.
n.
Anything, or any part, corresponding to the toe of the foot; as, the toe of a boot; the toe of a skate.
n.
A computer.
n.
The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning.
n.
The whole material composing the world.
n.
The art of composing or writing; authorship.
v. i.
See Thee.
n.
The art or act of composing hymns.
n.
The act or process of confuting; refutation.
adv.
By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform.
n.
A contrivance for computing the revolutions of a wheel; an odometer.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compute
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compose
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Confute
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Commute
a.
Acting in competition; competing; rival.
a.
Pertaining to, or used in, composition.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compete
a.
Tending to compose or soothe.