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Problem in linear algebra
computation of the permanent in a class of problems believed to be even more difficult to compute than NP. It is known that computing the permanent is impossible
Computing_the_permanent
Mathematical proof about the permanent of matrices
1979, Leslie Valiant proved that the computational problem of computing the permanent of a matrix is #P-hard, even if the matrix is restricted to have entries
♯P-completeness of 01-permanent
♯P-completeness_of_01-permanent
Polynomial of the elements of a matrix
be used to compute the permanent. Moreover, computing the permanent of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete. Thus, if the permanent can be computed in polynomial
Permanent_(mathematics)
Theoretical computer scientist
investigated the mixing behaviour of Markov chains to construct approximation algorithms for counting problems such as the computing the permanent, with applications
Mark_Jerrum
investigated the mixing behaviour of Markov chains to construct approximation algorithms for counting problems such as the computing the permanent, with applications
Alistair_Sinclair
Classification of computer problems
Currently the main focus of the program is on algebraic complexity classes. Proving that computing the permanent cannot be efficiently reduced to computing determinants
Geometric_complexity_theory
Distributed computing paradigm
Edge computing is a distributed computing model that brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data. More broadly, it refers to any
Edge_computing
Type of distributed computing
Jungle computing is a form of high performance computing that distributes computational work across cluster, grid and cloud computing. The increasing
Jungle_computing
Set of edges without common vertices
because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1 matrix (another #P-complete problem) is the same as computing the number of perfect matchings in the bipartite
Matching_(graph_theory)
Mathematical function generalizing the determinant and permanent
these functions. While the determinant can be computed in polynomial time using Gaussian elimination, computing the permanent of a general matrix is ♯P-complete
Immanant
Path in a graph that visits each vertex exactly once
and only if the digraph is Hamiltonian. The relationship between the computational complexities of computing it and computing the permanent was shown by
Hamiltonian_path
Complexity class
344. ISBN 978-0-521-42426-4. Leslie G. Valiant (1979). "The Complexity of Computing the Permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2). Elsevier: 189–201
♯P
Complexity class
1007/BF00383444. S2CID 119697949.. Leslie G. Valiant (1979). "The Complexity of Computing the Permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2). Elsevier: 189–201
♯P-complete
False assumptions programmers make who are new to distributed computing
Distributed computing Fine vs coarse grained SOA Wilson, Gareth (2015-02-06). "The Eight Fallacies of Distributed Computing - Tech Talk". Archived from the original
Fallacies of distributed computing
Fallacies_of_distributed_computing
Matching which covers every node of the graph
However, counting the number of perfect matchings, even in bipartite graphs, is #P-complete. This is because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1
Perfect_matching
System with multiple networked computers
share a common goal for their work. The terms "concurrent computing", "parallel computing", and "distributed computing" have much overlap, and no clear distinction
Distributed_computing
Museum in Cambridge, England
The Centre for Computing History is a computer museum in Cambridge, England, established to create a permanent public exhibition telling the story of the
Centre_for_Computing_History
This fact is used in a simplified proof showing that computing the permanent is #P-complete. The problems of finding a vertex disjoint and edge disjoint
Vertex_cycle_cover
in the history of computing from 1990 to 1999. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing. "Vision for the Future"
Timeline of computing 1990–1999
Timeline_of_computing_1990–1999
Mixing property of Markov chains and graphs
from the set of all perfect matchings in the bipartite graph, which in turn gives rise to the polynomial-time approximation scheme for computing the permanent
Conductance_(graph_theory)
Additional storage that enables faster access to main storage
computing, a cache (/kæʃ/ KASH) is a hardware or software component that stores data so that future requests for that data can be served faster; the data
Cache_(computing)
Computing Announces Trillium 3G / 4G Wireless Protocol Software Upgrades". 2008-12-05. Jim Barthold (2008-02-11). "Femto glue: Continuous Computing and
Continuous_Computing
International Society for Computing
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing founded on September 15, 1947, and headquartered in New
Association for Computing Machinery
Association_for_Computing_Machinery
ability and local interactions. The term amorphous computing was coined at MIT in 1996 in a paper entitled "Amorphous Computing Manifesto" by Abelson, Knight
Amorphous_computing
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum
Quantum_algorithm
quasipolynomial time). It is known that computing the permanent is impossible for LOGTIME-uniform ACC0 circuits, which implies that the complexity class PP is not
ACC0
Digital workload distribution techniques
In computing, load balancing is the process of distributing a set of tasks over a set of resources (computing units) with the aim of making their overall
Load_balancing_(computing)
Methods that imitate, replicate or use natural processes
systems, fractal geometry, artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others. However, the field is more related to biological computation
Natural_computing
American multinational technology company
cloud computing, software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI). It has been referred to as "the most
Research institute at the University of Utah
The Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute is a permanent research institute at the University of Utah that focuses on the development of new
Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute
Scientific_Computing_and_Imaging_Institute
Physical components of a computer
hardware terms History of computing hardware Microprocessor MOSFET List of computer hardware manufacturers Open-source computing hardware Open-source hardware
Computer_hardware
self-reductions. The discrete logarithm problem, the quadratic residuosity problem, the RSA inversion problem, and the problem of computing the permanent of a matrix
Random_self-reducibility
Data and process for mutating a software resource to a desired state
applied in a permanent way (i.e. to storage), but in some cases, a patch is applied to memory (i.e. via a tool such as a debugger) in which case the change
Patch_(computing)
merged in order to become Literary and Linguistic Computing (LLC) in 1986. Literary and Linguistic Computing is a peer-reviewed, international journal that
European Association for Digital Humanities
European_Association_for_Digital_Humanities
arbitrary commutative semirings. Valiant, L.G. (1979). "The complexity of computing the permanent". Theoretical Computer Science. 8 (2): 189–201. doi:10
♯SAT
Technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group
Trusted Computing (TC) is a technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group. The term is taken from the field of trusted systems and has
Trusted_Computing
US non-profit organization
education on the uses of cloud computing to help secure all other forms of computing." The CSA has over 80,000 individual members worldwide. The CSA gained
Cloud_Security_Alliance
American multinational technology conglomerate
and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon. In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment
Amazon_(company)
Short length of conductor
In electronics and particularly computing, a jumper is a short length of conductor used to close, open or bypass part of an electronic circuit. They are
Jumper_(computing)
National Archive for the History of Computing, University of Manchester National Videogame Arcade, Nottingham Museum of Computing, Swindon Time Line Computer
List_of_computer_museums
statement for the case that k {\displaystyle k} is not a divisor of n {\displaystyle n} is an open mathematical problem. Computing the permanent Henryk Minc
Bregman–Minc_inequality
Term in human–computer interaction
Any change in a computing system, such as a new feature or new component, is transparent if the system after change adheres to previous external interface
Transparency (human–computer interaction)
Transparency_(human–computer_interaction)
Annual event in America established 1988
the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, is the annual conference established in 1988 by the Association
ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference
ACM/IEEE_Supercomputing_Conference
American research institute
Scientific Computing Core (SCC) that manages the institutes computational resources and provides software development expertise. In addition to the permanent computational
Flatiron_Institute
2017 family of multi-core microprocessors by IBM
from the original on May 21, 2020. "T2P9D01 Mainboard User's Guide" (PDF). Raptor Computing Systems. 2018. "OpenPOWER - RCS Wiki". "Raptor Computing Systems::CP9M01"
POWER9
Standard model in theoretical computer science
expressions it has already computed. Arithmetic circuits provide a formal way to understand the complexity of computing polynomials. The basic type of question
Arithmetic_circuit_complexity
Type of data center server computer
Blade Server Comparison at the Wayback Machine (archived 2012-10-19) Cisco Unified Computing System White Paper[permanent dead link] "Cisco and Docker
Cisco Unified Computing System
Cisco_Unified_Computing_System
When a process becomes non-responsive
(computing) Blue screen of death Crash (computing) Livelock Infinite loop Uninterruptible sleep Windows appends the text "(Not responding)" to the window
Hang_(computing)
Multiprocessor computer system where not all of the CPUs are treated equally
65MP. 3B20C Cellular multiprocessing Giant lock Heterogeneous computing Multi-core (computing) Software lockout Symmetric multiprocessing IBM (December 1976)
Asymmetric_multiprocessing
Initiative to rethink the concept of computing
to future computing. IEEE Rebooting Computing began as a global initiative launched by IEEE that proposes to rethink the concept of computing through a
IEEE_Rebooting_Computing
Ugandan computer scientist (born c. 1978)
in the School of Computing and Informatics Technology at Makerere University, the oldest and largest public university in Uganda. She was born in the Buganda
Aminah_Zawedde
Distributed application structure in computing
without needing to install any permanently resident malware. Distributed computing projects such as SETI@home and the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
Client–server_model
American conference for women in computing
The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing
Function of a matrix
semi-definite. Computing the hafnian of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete, because computing the permanent of a (0,1)-matrix is #P-complete. The hafnian of a
Hafnian
Canadian businessman (born 1961)
ca/institute-for-quantum-computing). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: UW Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC). Archived from the original on November 11, 2017
Mike_Lazaridis
software and computing infrastructure programmers like Oracle, Salesforce, Adobe, and Intuit. In film, American producers create nearly all of the world's
Economy_of_the_United_States
Global computing organization
Computing and Education 2 (HCE2): IFIP 19th World Computer Congress, WG 9.7, TC 9: History of Computing, Proceedings of the Second Conference on the History
International Federation for Information Processing
International_Federation_for_Information_Processing
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The newest manifestation of cluster computing is cloud computing. The components of
Computer_cluster
Book by Edward Snowden
Permanent Record is a 2019 autobiography by Edward Snowden, whose revelations sparked a global debate about surveillance. It was published on September
Permanent Record (autobiography)
Permanent_Record_(autobiography)
Computing concept
In computing, entropy is the randomness collected by an operating system or application for use in cryptography or other uses that require random data
Entropy_(computing)
A Business and Computing is a dual degree program offered jointly by some computing and business schools. The program generally lasts four-five years instead
Business_and_Computing
Aerospace and defense division
"Anecdotes". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 32 (2): 80–83. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.29. Project MUSE 394131. "Computing Devices of Canada Ltd. (CDC)"
General Dynamics Mission Systems - Canada
General_Dynamics_Mission_Systems_-_Canada
identifier=3005888[permanent dead link] General Motors Research Laboratories site. Domain is one of the first .com domains. First true operating
General Motors Research Laboratories
General_Motors_Research_Laboratories
Computer memory testing equipment
affect the functional behavior of a system (memory chip, logic chips or PCB): Non-Permanent faults and Permanent faults. Permanent faults affect the logic
Memory_tester
American mathematician
for epidemic models. He is a collaborator of the IBS Biomedical Mathematics Group. Computing the permanent Central limit theorem "Eminent Scientists of
Grzegorz_Rempala
performance computing product, Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003." University of Southampton TACC - University of Texas Austin[permanent dead link] University
Microsoft Institute for High Performance Computing
Microsoft_Institute_for_High_Performance_Computing
American multinational technology company
Rotovision. p. 15. ISBN 2-88046-750-0.[permanent dead link] Walters, E. Garrison (2001). The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology
IBM
Organization that shares designs of data center products
significantly influenced the design and operation of large-scale computing facilities worldwide. As of February 2025, over 400 companies across the world are members
Open_Compute_Project
American businessman (born 1964)
the founder, executive chairman, and former president and CEO of Amazon, the world's largest e-commerce and cloud computing company. According to the
Jeff_Bezos
Type of malware
In computing, a trojan horse or trojan is a kind of malware that misleads users as to its true intent by disguising itself as a normal program. Trojans
Trojan_horse_(computing)
Indian-American business executive (born 1967)
he was the executive vice president of Microsoft's cloud and enterprise group, responsible for building and running the company's computing platforms
Satya_Nadella
Object that has a magnetic field
that was aligned with the Earth's magnetic field would leave the iron permanently magnetized. This led to the development of the navigational compass,
Magnet
American multinational technology company
materials science using a combination of AI, high-performance computing and quantum computing. The service includes Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language model
Microsoft
Medical imaging procedure
Computed Tomography" (PDF). Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology. 21 (2): 193–226. doi:10.3233/XST-130372. hdl:1826/8204. PMID 23694911.[permanent
CT_scan
Problem transformation for counting solutions
ISBN 0-89871-479-6, MR 1827376 Valiant, L. G. (1979), "The complexity of computing the permanent", Theoretical Computer Science, 8 (2): 189–201, doi:10
Polynomial-time counting reduction
Polynomial-time_counting_reduction
Public engineering institution in Karnataka, India
Mathematics and Computing, Civil and Infrastructure engineering, and Interdisciplinary Sciences. As part of the mentorship plan, IIT Bombay is the mentor institute
IIT_Dharwad
Academic department of the Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Interactive Computing School of Computing Instruction CODA Building College of Computing Building Klaus Advanced Computing Building Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing
Georgia_Institute_of_Technology_College_of_Computing
Audio programming language
Stéphane (2004). "Syntactical and Semantical Aspects of Faust". Soft Computing (PDF).[permanent dead link] Scaringella, Nicolas; Orlarey, Yann; Fober, Dominique
FAUST_(programming_language)
Private university in Milan, Italy
Legal Studies; Social and Political Sciences; and Computing Sciences. Permanent research centers include the Paolo Baffi Centre (economics, finance and regulation)
Bocconi_University
Visual area containing some kind of user interface
In computing, a window is a graphical control element. It consists of a visual area containing some of the graphical user interface of the program it
Window_(computing)
British-American computer scientist
computation and ubiquitous computing. He proposes Tangible computing and Social computing as two different aspects of the same program of investigation
Paul_Dourish
Temporary storage for deleted files
In computing, the trash, also known by other names such as trash bin, dustbin, wastebasket, and similar names, is a graphical user interface desktop metaphor
Trash_(computing)
Cloud business entity
manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers. As cloud computing evolves
Cloud_broker
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
mathematics and computing which has become widely recognised with statues and many things named after him, including an annual award for computing innovation
Alan_Turing
events in the history of computing: from prehistory until 1949. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see History of computing. The Ishango
Timeline of computing before 1950
Timeline_of_computing_before_1950
disparity in computing concerns the disparity between the number of men in the field of computing in relation to the lack of women in the field. Originally
Gender_disparity_in_computing
Organized collection of data in computing
In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software
Database
Programming language environment
Harry Cheng as a scripting language for beginners to learn mathematics, computing, numerical analysis (numeric methods), and programming in C/C++. Ch is
Ch_(computer_programming)
Elapsed time before a specified event is to take place
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Guide to Windows Commands Fibre Channel time-out values Human–computer interaction Permanent signal Richards, Mark
Timeout_(computing)
American computer scientist (born 1946)
Associate Dean of Research, Professor, and the Frederick G. Storey Chair in Computing in the College of Computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He
Richard_Lipton
The history of computing in the Soviet Union began in the late 1940s, when the country began to develop its Small Electronic Calculating Machine (MESM)
History of computing in the Soviet Union
History_of_computing_in_the_Soviet_Union
On-demand cloud computing provider
use more computing in times of high application usage, and then scale down to reduce costs when there is less traffic). These cloud computing web services
Amazon_Web_Services
Cloud service provided by Baidu
19 August 2012, Baidu started to build its Cloud Computing Center in Shanxi's Yangquan, which is the hometown of Baidu's Founder Robin Li. Baidu was reported
Baidu_Netdisk
Organization supporting the R Project
The R Foundation for Statistical Computing is a non-profit organization based in Vienna, Austria, that provides legal and financial support for the R
R Foundation for Statistical Computing
R_Foundation_for_Statistical_Computing
Norman; Schilit, Bill N. (1995). "Context-Aware Computing Applications". 1994 First Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications. pp. 85–90. doi:10
Context-aware pervasive systems
Context-aware_pervasive_systems
American computer scientist
at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is also the founding Director of the Parallel Computing Institute. Gropp helped to create the Message
Bill_Gropp
Open-source blockchain computing platform
"Business Giants to Announce Creation of a Computing System Based on Ethereum". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 5
Ethereum
Input device
media Multimodal Interfaces and Physical Computing[permanent dead link] "Interactive Media Design". Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-11-08
I-CubeX
Computing term
Occasionally connected computing (OCC) is a term used in computing for an architecture or framework which permits running some aspects of a web application
Occasionally connected computing
Occasionally_connected_computing
American businesswoman (born 1943)
master's degree, Faulkner co-founded Human Services Computing, with Dr. John Greist. Human Services Computing, which later became Epic Systems, began in a basement
Judith_Faulkner
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
Girl/Female
Muslim
Completing the work, Finish
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : variant of Tye.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Perfecting; Completing
Girl/Female
Indian
Completing the work, Finish
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name TSE means "rock."
Boy/Male
Native American
Rock.
Boy/Male
Greek American German
God given.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Goddess; godly. Also as abbreviation of names like Althea and Dorothea. The mythological Thea was...
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Completing the Work; Finishing the Task
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THI means "poem."
Female
Greek
 Short form of Greek and Latin Dorothea, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Female
German
Pet form of German Kätharina, KÄTHE means "pure."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name from Middle English thewe ‘thrall’, ‘slave’ (Old English þēow).
Female
English
 Pet form of English Theodora, THEA means "gift of God." Compare with another form of Thea.
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Perfecting; Completing
Boy/Male
English
From the enclosure.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THU means "autumn."
Male
English
Short form of English Theodore, THEO means "gift of God," and other names beginning with Theo-.
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : nickname or status name from Old English frēo ‘free(-born)’, i.e. not a serf.North German : topographic or habitational name from a place named Frede or Frede(n).North German : nickname from a variant of Middle Low German wrēd ‘crooked’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Tamil
Gurujala | கà¯à®°à¯à®œà®¾à®²à®¾
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Lover of Jewels
Boy/Male
Tamil
Trivikraman | தà¯à®°à¯€à®µà¯€à®•à¯à®°à®®à®¾à®¨
Lord Vishnu
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : nickname for a self-effacing person or a gentle and compassionate one, from Middle English meke ‘humble’, ‘submissive’, ‘merciful’ (Old Norse mjúkr).
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Fate; Destiny; Area
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Irish
Variant of Irving; Green Water; Boar Friend; Green River
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Sanskrit
God of Justice
Boy/Male
Muslim
To give, To donate, Giving
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
COMPUTING THE-PERMANENT
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compute
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compose
a.
Serving to consummate; completing.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Commute
a.
Acting in competition; competing; rival.
definite article.
A word placed before nouns to limit or individualize their meaning.
n.
The art of composing or writing; authorship.
n.
The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning.
adv.
By that; by how much; by so much; on that account; -- used before comparatives; as, the longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform.
n.
The whole material composing the world.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Confute
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Compete
n.
A computer.
n.
Anything, or any part, corresponding to the toe of the foot; as, the toe of a boot; the toe of a skate.
v. i.
See Thee.
n.
The act or process of confuting; refutation.
n.
A contrivance for computing the revolutions of a wheel; an odometer.
a.
Pertaining to, or used in, composition.
a.
Tending to compose or soothe.
n.
The art or act of composing hymns.