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A command neuron is an interneuron whose excitation is both necessary and sufficient to evoke a behavior. These criteria are often tested by: Recording
Command_neuron
Innate escape mechanism by crustaceans
then proposed the term "command neuron" in their 1964 publication, and applied it to the giant interneuron's ability to command the expression of the escape
Caridoid_escape_reaction
Part of an animal that coordinates actions and senses
cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a
Nervous_system
Cable-like bundle of axons
cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a
Nerve
Experimental unmanned combat aerial vehicle
The Dassault nEUROn is an experimental unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) being developed with international cooperation, led by the French company
Dassault_nEUROn
Nerve cell sending impulse to muscle
A motor neuron (or motoneuron), also known as efferent neuron is a neuron that allows for both voluntary and involuntary movements of the body through
Motor_neuron
A descending neuron is a neuron that conveys signals from the brain to neural circuits in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates)
Descending_neuron
Study of the form or morphology of fishes
cells have been described as command neurons. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a
Fish_anatomy
Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event
Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M (27 October 1995). "Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response"
Fight-or-flight_response
Type of neuron in fish and amphibians
associated ones. Although the M-cell is often considered the prototype of a command neuron in vertebrates, this designation may not be fully warranted. Although
Mauthner_cell
Biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium
Edwards, D. H.; Heitler, W. J.; Krasne, F. B. (1999). "Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish" (PDF). Trends
Aquatic_locomotion
Heitler, William J.; Krasne, Franklin B. (April 1999). "Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish". Trends in Neurosciences
Lateral_giant_interneuron
British television series
Nina and the Neurons is a British live action/animated television programme shown on the CBeebies channel, aimed at young children to help them understand
Nina_and_the_Neurons
Animal reflex to escape or avoid echolocating predators
response to ultrasound. Due to this, int-1 has been proposed to be a command neuron of sorts; in the cricket, int-1 is a bat detector when the cricket is
Ultrasound_avoidance
individual neurons networks of neurons neuronal systems The GENESIS system is complicated, but relatively easy to use. An individual can input commands through
GENESIS_(software)
Cell type in crayfish
William J. Heitler & Franklin B. Krasne (1999). "Fifty years of a command neuron: the neurobiology of escape behavior in the crayfish" (PDF). Trends
Medial_giant_interneuron
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations
Neural_oscillation
Danish-Swedish neuroscientist (born 1958)
Kira; Fuchs, Andrea; Kiehn, Ole (November 19, 2015). "Descending Command Neurons in the Brainstem that Halt Locomotion". Cell. 163 (5): 1191–1203. doi:10
Ole_Kiehn
Interneuron relaying signals between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord
spinal cord, relays signals between (afferent) sensory neurons, and (efferent) motor neurons. Different classes of spinal interneurons are involved in
Spinal_interneuron
Biological neural circuit that produces rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input
and in some invertebrates. CPG neurons can have different intrinsic membrane properties (see schematic). Some neurons fire bursts of action potentials
Central_pattern_generator
Nerve that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system
Afferent nerve fibers leave the sensory neuron from the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, and motor commands carried by the efferent fibers leave the
Sensory_nerve
American biologist
underlying a behavioral event. Kennedy showed that some single neurons, which he termed "command" neurons, could produce a complex, fixed-action pattern of locomotory
Donald_Kennedy
in a logical sense, but at the same time, citing the example of how command neurons are formally defined, that applying the idea of "necessary and sufficient"
Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency
Biological_tests_of_necessity_and_sufficiency
Structure in nervous systems
or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron may be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network
Neural_network_(biology)
Upcoming American sixth-generation fighter aircraft
"early design concept" by a spokesperson of the Air Force's Air Combat Command (ACC). Based on this concept, the potential name for the F-47 would be
Boeing_F-47
Interdisciplinary field
This latency is controlled both by motor neurons and inhibitory motor neurons with particular command neurons that drive co-contraction in antagonistic
Neuromechanics
Perception that only seems real
sensory processing. Cortical inputs to thalamic neurons enable attentional modulation of sensory neurons. Dysfunction in sensory afferents, and abnormal
Hallucination
Concept in cognitive psychology
Ratio, Human Nature Review 2004. 2: 68. Arthur S.P. Jansen: Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response
Cognitive_module
Body part used by insects to fly
229-253. Zhang, N. and Simpson, J.H., 2022. A pair of commissural command neurons induces Drosophila wing grooming. Iscience, 25(2), p.103792. Chapman
Insect_wing
Nucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are the principal neurons of the striatum. They are GABAergic and, thus, are classified as inhibitory neurons. Medium spiny
Striatum
Electrical properties of biological cells
In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and, in particular, action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale
Electrophysiology
Human-based computation game
It is a human-based computation game that uses players to map retinal neurons. Eyewire launched on December 10, 2012. The game utilizes data generated
Eyewire
Intelligence in machines
based on a collection of nodes also known as artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. It is trained to recognise patterns;
Artificial_intelligence
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
lower end of the medulla oblongata to the upper end of the midbrain. The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of neural networks in
Reticular_formation
2019 video game
return to Neuron. However, they are ambushed by the Ravens, who reveal themselves to be clones of Akira, who they quickly kill at Yoseph's command. As with
Astral_Chain
Mental process of relating a perceived word to other words of similar meaning
hemisphere of the brain commands divergent semantic processing through its coarse grained, large windows of temporal integration. Neurons in the right hemisphere
Semantic_processing
Region of the cerebral cortex involved in voluntary movement
contains large pyramidal neurons including Betz cells in M1. Neuron classes include corticospinal and corticobulbar projection neurons, corticocortical pyramidal
Motor_cortex
Social network mechanism of indirect coordination
performed by remarkably simple organisms. This form of cognition long predates neurons in evolutionary history. The term "stigmergy" was introduced by the French
Stigmergy
Western music created during the Middle Ages
Antonia Framcesca; Porro, Alessandro (2022). "Flute and Mind". The Musical Neurons. Neurocultural Health and Wellbeing. pp. 137–145. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08132-3_10
Medieval_music
synapse. Since the neurons of the ELL receive both a corollary discharge (another term for an efference copy) of the motor output commands sent to the EOD
Anti-Hebbian_learning
Behaviour in which an individual observes and replicates another's behaviour
discovering a mirror neuron system. This neuron system allows a person to observe and then recreate the actions of others. Mirror neurons are premotor and
Imitation
United States Navy aviator (born 1925)
dictated his life story to author W. Craig Reed for his book, The 7 Secrets of Neuron Leadership, the only book in print with Royce's full biographical life story
Royce_Williams
British actor (1939–2026)
played Alfred Maxwell in BBC's Casualty, a terminally ill man with motor neuron disease who forms a friendship with clinical lead Connie Beauchamp. He played
Michael_Byrne_(actor)
Domesticated species of canid
children's social-cognitive skills. Dogs have about twice the number of neurons in their cerebral cortexes than what cats have, which suggests they could
Dog
American stealth multirole fighter aircraft
Retrieved 24 July 2026. "F-35 page on U.S. Naval Air Systems Command site". Naval Air Systems Command. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
American stealth air superiority fighter
Capability (FOC) in December 2007, when General John Corley of Air Combat Command (ACC) officially declared the F-22s of the integrated active duty 1st Fighter
Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor
Chinese sixth generation fighter aircraft
mission sets including air superiority, strike missions, interception and command and control of aircraft teaming operations. It's been projected to enter
Chengdu_J-36
American neurophysiologist and cybernetician (1898–1969)
noticed in 1929 that these may correspond to the all-or-nothing firings of neurons in the brain. In the 1943 paper, they described how memories can be formed
Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch
Multi-role combat aircraft family by Dassault
computer selects and prioritises information to display to pilots for simpler command and control. For displaying information gathered from a range of sensors
Dassault_Rafale
Hypothesis in neuroscience
(2012). "Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding". Neuron. 76 (4): 695–711. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.038. PMC 3777738. PMID 23177956. Adams, Rick
Free_energy_principle
stimulated in neonatal rats. Several different command pathways play a role in the initiation of locomotion. Neurons involved in each of these include glutamatergic
Neural substrate of locomotor central pattern generators in mammals
Neural_substrate_of_locomotor_central_pattern_generators_in_mammals
1983 CF1 Latin for "glue". Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems MPC · 4967 4968 Suzamur 1986
Meanings of minor-planet names: 4001–5000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_4001–5000
American multinational technology company
years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power. In 2016
IBM
Psychophysiological response to rewarding auditory or visual stimuli
Kringelbach ML (May 2015). "Pleasure systems in the brain". Neuron. 86 (3): 646–664. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018. PMC 4425246. PMID 25950633. In the prefrontal
Frisson
(model cell, artificial neuron) within the speech sound map can be activated and subsequently activates a forward motor command towards the motor map,
Neurocomputational speech processing
Neurocomputational_speech_processing
Ability of the brain to continuously change
of the brain, even into adulthood. These changes range from individual neuron pathways making new connections, to systematic adjustments like cortical
Neuroplasticity
Theory of brain function
least) two types of neurons: “prediction neurons”, which aim to predict the bottom-up inputs to the current level, and "error neurons", which signal the
Predictive_coding
Class of autonomous or semi-autonomous military aerial vehicle
aerospace manufacturer Dassault Aviation led the development of the Dassault nEUROn. The European unmanned aircraft in the 2010s, resulting in a functional
Loyal_wingman_drone
Sense of self-orientation
similar division of encoding in invertebrates; different subgroups of neurons of the chordotonal organ encode limb position and velocity. Load on a limb
Proprioception
Country in South America
early-onset Alzheimer's, Rodolfo Llinás known for his study of the intrinsic neurons properties and the theory of a syndrome that had changed the way of understanding
Colombia
American military aerial refueling drone
original on 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2026-08-03. "VUQ 11 hosts establishment of command ceremony". DVIDS. Retrieved 2026-09-15. LaGrone, Sam (30 August 2018).
Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray
American stealth bomber aircraft
Unlike previous bombers, the B-21 is designed primarily for Indo-Pacific Command operations in a potential conflict with China. It is to carry the AGM-181
Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider
Artificial intelligence field of study
research is to identify what the internal neuron activations represent. For example, researchers identified a neuron in the CLIP artificial intelligence system
AI_safety
the existence of mirror neurons in 1992. They found that when a monkey watches another monkey doing something, specialised neurons in the first monkey's
History_of_autism
Chinese fighter aircraft project
States Air Force (USAF) General Mark D. Kelly, head of the Air Combat Command (ACC) suggested China was on track with its six-generation fighter program
Shenyang_J-50
Connection between brain and spinal cord
innervating motor neurons. The extrapyramidal tracts include parts of the following: rubrospinal tract: Conflicts between the motor commands sent by the cerebrum
Extrapyramidal_system
Part of the peripheral nervous system
motor commands out of the spinal cord. The spinal nerves serve as a bridge between the environment and the central nervous system (CNS). These neurons work
Somatic_nervous_system
Branch of machine learning
inspiration from biological neuroscience and revolves around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data. The adjective "deep" refers
Deep_learning
Sounds birds use to communicate
LMAN neurons will be sensitive to changes in auditory feedback. Efference copy model of error correction An efference copy of the motor command for song
Bird_vocalization
of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and stereotactic surgery; John Sinden of ReNeuron; Ann Tsukamoto of CytoTherapeutics. Narrated by David Malone, made by Boa
List_of_Equinox_episodes
Experimental 1980s USAF aircraft
battlefield and provide targeting information in real time to a ground command center. In December 1976, DARPA and the U.S. Air Force initiated the Battlefield
Northrop_Tacit_Blue
South Korean fighter aircraft
shifts the role of the fighter from a standalone combatant to an airborne command-and-control hub. By leveraging the aircraft's advanced data link capabilities
KAI_KF-21_Boramae
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
water pipes and do all the "neuron firings" in his imagination. What if we ask each citizen of China to simulate one neuron, using the telephone system
Chinese_room
Computational neuroscience model
these neural networks is a series of nodes and connections denoted as neurons and synapses. More conventional artificial neural networks rely on training
Synthetic_nervous_system
Statistical hypothesis test for forecasting
best predict the future of a neuron: using either the entire ensemble or the entire ensemble except a certain target neuron. If the prediction is made worse
Granger_causality
Overview of the events of 2022 in science
1038/s41588-022-01024-z. ISSN 1546-1718. PMC 9005347. PMID 35379992. "Loss of neurons, not lack of sleep, makes Alzheimer's patients drowsy". University of California
April–June_2022_in_science
(1963–2014). Nicholas Dimbleby, 77, British sculptor, complications from motor neuron disease. Yoram Dinstein, 88, Israeli scholar. Bob Edwards, 76, American
Deaths_in_February_2024
Nervous system stimuli filtration process
fire in the command releasing system of prey-capture (see vision in toads). Further comparisons between the receptive fields of tectal neurons and retinal
Feature detection (nervous system)
Feature_detection_(nervous_system)
2015 American comedy-drama television series
is introduced to NZT-48, a miracle drug that gives him access to every neuron in his brain. For twelve hours after taking the pill, he becomes the smartest
Limitless_(TV_series)
Physiological response that varies the size of the pupil
the Locus Coeruleus, Colliculi, and Cingulate Cortex". Neuron. 89 (1): 221–34. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.028. PMC 4707070. PMID 26711118. Murphy PR, O'Connell
Pupillary_response
Mathematical model of memory
of neuron is as follows: a neuron has a cell body with two kinds of branches: dendrites and an axon. It receives input signals from other neurons via
Sparse_distributed_memory
Turkish fighter aircraft
video showing a Kaan jet taking off and then returning to Mürted Airfield Command in the north Ankara. During this flight, Kaan remained in the air for 13
TAI_TF_Kaan
American sportswriter (born 1993)
sportswriter and podcaster. She currently writes for MLB.com and is known for her command of baseball history and statistics. She co-hosts the podcast Ballpark Dimensions
Sarah_Langs
Australian singer, songwriter and musician (1943–2022)
Lord Mayor's Charitable Fund, including Orchestra Victoria and the Motor Neuron Disease Association of Australia (Durham was national patron). On 13 February
Judith_Durham
Integration of the sensory and motor systems
This desensitization is caused by the hyperpolarization of the Omega 1 neuron (ON1), an auditory interneuron, due to activation by auditory stimulation
Sensory-motor_coupling
System of rules to convert information into another form or representation
codec. Neural encoding - the way in which information is represented in neurons. Memory encoding - the process of converting sensations into memories.
Code
Chinese stealth fighter aircraft
in each of the five theater commands before 2026. By 2022, J-20s were deployed in combat units in all five theater commands; this was officially confirmed
Chengdu_J-20
Mammalian structure involved in higher-order brain functions
contains both excitatory (~80%) and inhibitory (~20%) neurons, named for their effect on other neurons. The human neocortex consists of hundreds of different
Neocortex
American businessman (1957–2025)
fraternity. He then joined the military where he served four years of infantry command assignments including roles as a company commander in 1st Recon Battalion
Tom_Davin
Prototype British military drone
technologies gained from Taranis to be combined with the French-built Dassault nEUROn UCAV demonstrator to create a joint European UCAV, the Future Combat Air
BAE_Systems_Taranis
then hospitalized where it became clear that he had suffered serious motor neuron damage and brain damage and would not be able to fight again, Joe becomes
List of Ashita no Joe characters
List_of_Ashita_no_Joe_characters
Fictional comic book character
because Butcher had information about how to guide missiles towards the neurons in superhuman brains; that and the Compound V made Mother's Milk suspect
Billy_Butcher
American heavy strategic bomber
Reorganizes Nuclear Commands." Archived 2 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine armscontrol.org, December 2012. "US plans separate nuclear command." Archived 2
Northrop_B-2_Spirit
Australian rugby league series
Zealand international Briton Nikora. Days after his diagnosis with Motor Neuron Disease and subsequent immediate retirement from the sport, Queensland made
2026_State_of_Origin_series
German field marshal (1890–1957)
helped plan the invasion of the Soviet Union. In 1942, Paulus was given command of the 6th Army. He led the drive to Stalingrad but was cut off and surrounded
Friedrich_Paulus
free multimedia adventure ENA: Dream BBQ is out now, has activated all my neurons and opened my third eye". PC Gamer. Retrieved March 27, 2025. Romano, Sal
List of video games released in 2025
List_of_video_games_released_in_2025
Neuropsychiatric disorder
Preactivation of Single Neurons in Human Medial Frontal Cortex Predicts Volition". Neuron. 69 (3): 548–562. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.045. PMC 3052770
Alien_hand_syndrome
Nucleus in the centre of each cerebellar hemisphere
These neurons are responsible for communication between the dentate nucleus and the cerebellar cortex. Central neurons: The central neurons are located
Dentate_nucleus
IOS exploit kit
(Breezy and Seedbell variants), WebContent sandbox escapes (IronLoader and NeuronLoader), kernel privilege escalation exploits (Neutron, Pendulum, Photon
Coruna_(exploit_kit)
Part of the nervous system
for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the
Sensory_nervous_system
travel, tourism, insurance
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Mandate
Male
English
English form of Norwegian Normund, NORMAND means "north protection."
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin)
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin) : variant of Cumming.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Direction, Command
Boy/Male
Irish English
Dove.
Boy/Male
French American English German
From the north.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, Irish, Scandinavian
Charcoal Burner; Follower of Nicholas; Little; Dove; Saint; Austria
Boy/Male
Muslim
Command, Mandate
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English comander, comando(u)r ‘leader’, ‘ruler’, probably applied as a nickname, although Reaney suggests that the term, derived from Old French comandeor, also denoted the officer in charge of a commandery, for example of the Knights Templars, and in this sense it would have been an occupational or status name.Americanized spelling of German Kommander, a name of uncertain origin. Brechenmacher suggests that it may be a Classicized form of Hoffmann.
Male
English
English form of Irish Colmán, COLMAN means "dove."
Male
Irish
Contracted form of Irish Gaelic Comhghán, COMGAN means "born together."
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Command
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Turkish
To Command; Prince; Home Ruler; Friend; Commander
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nirdesh | நிரà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·Â
Direction, Command
Nirdesh | நிரà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·Â
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Gaelic, German, Irish
Red; Spear-man; Mountain of Bears; Ship Protector
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German
Surname; North Protection; From the North
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Message
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Message
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a cottager (see Cotter 2), or a topographic name for someone who lived in a relatively humble dwelling, from Middle English cote, cott + man (see Coates).Respelling of German Kothmann, Kottmann (see Kottman), or Kathmann (see Kathman).
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
COMMAND NEURON
travel, tourism, insurance