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Series of references where the last object references the first
A circular reference (or reference cycle) is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop. A newcomer
Circular_reference
Topics referred to by the same term
Circular reference Circular Quay, Australia Circular Park, Armenia Circular DNA (disambiguation) Circular Line (disambiguation) Circularity (disambiguation)
Circular
Logical fallacy in which the conclusion provides the premise
Philosophy portal Affirming the consequent Catch-22 (logic) Circular definition Circular reference Circular reporting Coherentism Formal fallacy Ipse dixit Ringschluss
Circular_reasoning
Apparently multiple sources for single-source data
Circular reporting, or false confirmation, is a situation in source criticism where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources
Circular_reporting
by city proper population using the most recent official estimate.[circular reference] Italics represents capital city Bold represents largest city in country
List of cities in the Americas by population
List_of_cities_in_the_Americas_by_population
Indian delicacy
parts near Narsobawadi and Kurundwad.[circular reference][circular reference][circular reference][circular reference] Karadantu was first invented by Vijaya
Karadantu
Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
Autopoiesis – System capable of producing itself Circular reference – Series of references where the last object references the first Diagonal lemma – Statement in
Self-reference
Topics referred to by the same term
physically transform in mythology, folklore and speculative fiction.[circular reference] Transmog, a feature which allows the player to change the appearance
Transmogrification
Secondary academy in Bristol, England
Bridges John Perry, musician and author. Guitarist The Only Ones[circular reference] Greg Poole, artist Derek Robinson, novelist John Saxbee, Bishop of
Cotham_School
Japanese school of swordsmanship
was appointed shihan and adjunct successor in the mid-20th century.[circular reference] In 2004, Gosho-ha Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū was formally established to
Niten_Ichi-ryū
Hairstyle
Lady Diana Manners c. 1900[circular reference] See portrait, 1906 Manners - Diana Cooper, Viscountess Norwich[circular reference] Portrait of Lady Diana
Bob_cut
American bodybuilder (born 1969)
years 10 months and 13 days,[circular reference] Lisa Aukland at the age of 50 years, 11 months and 27 days,[circular reference] Betty Pariso at the age of
Dexter_Jackson_(bodybuilder)
Danish seed company
UEFA Champions League,[circular reference] UEFA Europa League,[circular reference] the FIFA Football World Cup[circular reference] for both men and women
DLF_(seed_company)
Production model to minimise wastage and emissions
Circular economy (CE), or circularity, is a model of resource production and consumption that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing
Circular_economy
American filmmaker (1939–2015)
Sherman to Marianne Maddalena, who began working as his assistant.[circular reference] Their professional partnership solidified during the grueling and
Wes_Craven
Self-referential description of meaning
A circular definition is a type of definition that uses the term(s) being defined as part of the description or assumes that the term(s) being described
Circular_definition
German literary translator (1945–2022)
wissenschaftlicher Werke, VdÜ)[circular reference] within the Association of German Writers (Verband Deutscher Schriftsteller).[circular reference] Among her awards
Verena_Reichel
Melon cultivar
Chile, the honeydew is nicknamed "Melón tuna" ("prickly pear melon").[circular reference] List of culinary fruits Santa Claus melon – a close relative with
Honeydew_(melon)
Flavour base made of vegetables
Languedoc (nowadays in the department of Ariège) since the 11th century.[circular reference] According to Pierre Larousse (quoted in The Oxford Companion to Food)
Mirepoix
Turkish sports club
finished seventh with 10 points in their debut season.[circular reference][circular reference] In the 1960–61 season, the club achieved its best Süper
Gençlerbirliği_S.K.
Relationship between objects
individual to develop own frames of reference in a greater state of immediate awareness. However, it can also lead to circular reasoning, preventing evolution
Reference
Belgian historian (1927–2018)
historian Patricia Carson in 1954. The couple had three children.[circular reference] Carson was later ennobled with the personal title of baroness. The
Raoul_Van_Caenegem
American actor (1925–2017)
aired) of ABC's smash hit Maverick, opposite James Garner in 1957.[circular reference] Connors had roles in several of the earliest films Roger Corman directed:
Mike_Connors
Danish pornography producer
HornyRob.com. Often held as the early company mascot, Tove Jensen,[circular reference] best known as "Tiny Tove", is a Swedish adult actress who was active
Color_Climax_Corporation
American philanthropist and prominent arts advocate (1919-2007)
and one of the few to still perform full-week Broadway productions.[circular reference] In 1989, Helen Walton, after meeting with Wilhelmina (Billie) Holladay
Helen_Walton
Minister of State (Home), Maharashtra
Shivaji University Student Council, Kolhapur in 1992-93 from NSUI.[circular reference] Patil started his career in public service when he was elected to
Satej_Patil
Tax cuts under President Reagan
response to pressure from a now Democratic Party-controlled Congress,[circular reference] President Herbert Hoover reluctantly agreed to raise the top marginal
Reagan_tax_cuts
American actor and singer (1940–2017)
Ambrose Bierce in From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (2000).[circular reference] Parks played two roles in the Kill Bill film series, reprising the
Michael_Parks
emancipation that there were still 18 slaves enumerated by the census.[circular reference] Abraham Lincoln proposed an amendment to the Constitution for gradual
Gradual_abolition_of_slavery
Regional titles are not included in this list as these competitions are not recognised by FIVB. Supercoppa europea (pallavolo maschile)[circular reference]
Clubs with the most international titles in volleyball
Clubs_with_the_most_international_titles_in_volleyball
Indonesian businessman and politician (1972-2024)
2006), Edelyn (born 18 April 2007), and Edrick (born 8 July 2009).[circular reference] Before entering politics, Benny Laos was a businessman. "North Maluku
Benny_Laos
1831 novel by Victor Hugo
fr:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris[circular reference] fr:Notre-Dame de Paris (roman)#cite note-21[circular reference] "The Victor Hugo working naked story:
The_Hunchback_of_Notre-Dame
Iranian painter and calligrapher (born 1941)
(Persian: کیخسرو خروش; born 1941) is an Iranian painter and calligrapher.[circular reference] Khoroush was born in April 1941 in Tehran, Iran.[citation needed]
Keikhosro_Khoroush
Vogue (defunct) Muscle & Fitness New Man (defunct) Oui (defunct)[circular reference] Playboy (1953–2020) (defunct) Penthouse (1965–2023) (defunct) Tiger
List_of_men's_magazines
1840 historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper
Tail 3 - Das Fort am Biberfluss). 4 parts Germany-France series [circular reference]. 1973: Hawkeye, the Pathfinder, 5-part BBC miniseries with Paul Massie
The Pathfinder, or The Inland Sea
The_Pathfinder,_or_The_Inland_Sea
Digital banking service
crushed by overdraft fees in his twenties. The CEO of Dave, Jason Wilk,[circular reference] was the former creator of AllScreen, a company which was also originally
Dave_(company)
American chef and television personality
Big Cheese!" from Nickelodeon's animated series Butterbean's Café.[circular reference] In 2016, Hall made a cameo appearance in Fox's The Passion: New Orleans
Carla_Hall
Naturally occurring precariously balanced rock
Định Quán, Huyện Định Quán, Tỉnh Đồng Nai.[clarification needed][circular reference] Three rocks overlapping with a height of 36m, lying precariously
Balancing_rock
French and Swedish noble families
France, Viceroy of Catalonia, and general in the Spanish campaigns.[circular reference] Charles de la Mothe-Houdancourt (1643–1728), Marquis, lieutenant
De_la_Motte
Optical device
regular use of reading stones did not begin until around 1000 AD.[circular reference] Early reading stones were made from rock crystal (quartz), beryl
Reading_stone
In programming, a reference which does not protect its object from garbage collection
Weak references (references which are not counted in reference counting) may be used to solve the problem of circular references if the reference cycles
Weak_reference
American actor and poet (1924–2011)
Scott Blossom was born on March 25, 1924, in New Haven, Connecticut,[circular reference] to John Blossom, an athletic director at Yale University. He was
Roberts_Blossom
services under the brand Entertain.[circular reference] VDSL2 service without IPTV followed in 2009.[circular reference] In 2011, Deutsche Telekom introduced
Internet_in_Germany
British television presenter (born 1968)
alongside journalist and presenter Mat Watson and then James Batchelor.[circular reference] In 2014 she joined the reporting team for the consumer programme
Ginny_Buckley
Currency of Kuwait
corresponding article in the German Wikipedia, retrieved 2 March 2005.[circular reference] Images and description of banknotes (New Central Bank of Kuwait website)
Kuwaiti_dinar
South African cricketer (born 1981)
his performances in 2005, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC[circular reference]. Pride was restored when Smith led his team to victory in South Africa's
Graeme_Smith
Nigerian traditional ruler (born 1984)
semi-legendary founders of the Yoruba people, Oranmiyan and Oduduwa.[circular reference][unreliable source?] He is also descended from Oranmiyan in a direct
Ogiame_Atuwatse_III
Polarization state
In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point, the electromagnetic field of the
Circular_polarization
River in Nova Scotia, Canada
estuary for its remaining route to the Minas Basin at Kempt Shore,[circular reference] several kilometres downriver from the town of Hantsport. Another
Avon_River_(Nova_Scotia)
Scene with Two Women and Eros - Walters 4878 - Side A Detail.jpg[circular reference] "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Ea'rinus
List_of_avian_humanoids
American actor
Pennsylvania to entrepreneur Harold Pennell and homemaker Ruth Pennell.[circular reference] His parents moved to Niagara Falls, New York during the Great Depression
Larry_Pennell
Type of financial loss
crashed in 2018 in Indonesia[circular reference] killing 189 people then in 2019 another jet crashed[circular reference] killing 157 people. Boeing initially
Reputational_damage
Papal Order of Knighthood of the Holy See
Zachar, Slovak builder, co-founder of Matica Slovenska, Knight, 1928.[circular reference] John Charles Buckley, Irishman who served in the army of the Papal
Order_of_St._Sylvester
German pork dish
Kunskapskokboken (in Swedish). Retrieved 2024-04-20. "Kassler". Glossary. Nordic Recipe Archive. Retrieved 2010-06-17. Hamburgerrygg[circular reference]
Kassler
Cantonese cuisine as it is believed to increase men's sexual ability.[circular reference] After gelding a colt, the testicles are used for ritual purposes
Testicles_as_food
Organization at University of Michigan
Sunrayce: 6th place.[circular reference] 1999: MaizeBlaze - GM Sunrayce: 17th place;[circular reference] WSC: 9th place.[circular reference] 2001: M-Pulse -
University of Michigan Solar Car Team
University_of_Michigan_Solar_Car_Team
Poem by Rudyard Kipling
vivido, § Los Palacios Reconquistados. The reference to boots is explained by the context.[circular reference] The Nation's Favourite Poems. BBC. 1996.
If—
original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009. Plaque of Jamia Masjid[circular reference] "Russia's Chechnya inaugurates what it says is Europe's largest mosque"
List_of_largest_mosques
2010 British TV series or programme
2011. "One Born Every Minute (US)". IMDb. February 2011. Baby Boom[circular reference] Greg Laing (15 March 2013). "Comic Relief: Doctor Who meets Call
One_Born_Every_Minute
Former Boer Republic in Southern Africa
incorporated into the South African Republic due to the Transvaal Civil War.[circular reference] Zoutpansberg was the district to which Louis Tregardt and Hans van
Republic_of_Zoutpansberg
2021 Brazilian TV series or program
Matsunaga. Matsunaga shot and dismembered her husband, Marcos Matsunaga,[circular reference] who was a member of the family that formerly owned the Yoki food
Elize Matsunaga: Once Upon a Crime
Elize_Matsunaga:_Once_Upon_a_Crime
Distinct geographical, historical and cultural region in western Latvia
island of Saaremaa), and the large, shallow Gulf of Riga to the east.[circular reference] It covers a significant portion of northwestern Latvia, encompassing
Courland_Peninsula
Holding company
Westfälische. de:Rohrtour[circular reference] de:Hohlladung[circular reference] de:Perforation (Erdöl- und Erdgasförderung)[circular reference] "OCTG/LINE PIPE
Benteler_International
Book by George Gurdjieff
"pre-sand Egypt" during the period from approximately 9,000 to 3,500 BCE.[circular reference] It may be argued that many of the vignettes in Meetings are meant
Meetings_with_Remarkable_Men
Canned pasta brand
"Chef Boyardee". Cleveland Centennial. Retrieved 28 April 2013.[circular reference] Farenish, Melissa (29 December 2021). "The iconic chef on the pasta
Chef_Boyardee
1957 American film
live-action movie, but it did not enjoy the success of its predecessor.[circular reference] List of American films of 1957 Savage Sam "All-Time Top Grossers"
Old_Yeller_(film)
Computer program for working with tabular data
first cell. Many common errors cause circular references. However, some valid techniques use circular references. These techniques, after many spreadsheet
Spreadsheet
facilitate a better out-of-box experience for users. [circular reference] [circular reference] Various operating system platforms support SoftAP, including:
SoftAP
law on 23 July 1871 (which became obligatory on 1 January 1876),[circular reference] the length of the klafter (kl) was established as exactly 1.89648384 metres
Obsolete Austrian units of measurement
Obsolete_Austrian_units_of_measurement
YouTuber
social media platforms and it placed 12th most liked tweet on Twitter.[circular reference] Rob Kenney is a father of two children. His own dad abandoned him
Dad,_how_do_I?
Fictional character from the comic strip Little Orphan Annie and Dick Tracy
1980 ISBN 0025838504 Annie by Thomas Meehan 2014 Puffin Edition on Google Books Little Orphan Annie#Broadway and films.[circular reference] Annie Comics
Daddy_Warbucks
American writer (born 1973)
film by director Lance Bangs, Evil Queernieval Vs. Ga. Square Mall.[circular reference] Martin played a part in director Michael Robinson's 2012 film, Circle
Douglas_A._Martin
American chemical manufacturing company
under the FMC and the Bean names. In 1967, FMC acquired Link-Belt.[circular reference] In 1972, personnel were transferred from ordnance to designing and
FMC_Corporation
Object movement along a circular path
In kinematics, circular motion is the motion of an object along a circular path. Examples of this include a stone tied to a string, a car moving around
Circular_motion
Lightweight markup language
based documentation to reStructuredText and the Sphinx toolchain.[circular reference] The software build tool CMake switched from a custom markup language
ReStructuredText
Island in Japan between Honshū and Kyūshū
ship manufacturing and drydocks in Shimonoseki across the harbor.[circular reference] New Japan Pro-Wrestling held two matches on the island. On October
Ganryū-jima
Types of armor
Military helmets POLAND, POLISH helmet, Kevlar helmet". pl:Hełm wz. 2005[circular reference] "Шоломи — Т:3000 - ЗаGARTовані в боях". t3000.ua. Retrieved 2026-08-24
List_of_combat_helmets
Dexterity game of ancient origins
Turkey and Iran, there is a similar game called "ye qol do qol".[circular reference] In China, the game is called 抓石子 zhuāshízi ("pick up pebbles"). It
Knucklebones
Right-wing faction of the conservative Liberal Party of Australia
October 2025[circular reference] "First Turnbull ministry", Wikipedia, 15 September 2025, retrieved 13 October 2025[circular reference] "Second Morrison
National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)
National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)
Surveyed border line between U.S. states of Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania
Mason & Dixon by Thomas Pynchon, a novel about their relationship.[circular reference] Sonic Youth's "Paper Cup Exit" from the album Sonic Nurse (2004)
Mason–Dixon_line
Protocol to run DNS queries using TLS
Most major Linux distributions have systemd installed by default.[circular reference] DNS over TLS was first implemented in a public recursive resolver
DNS_over_TLS
Roman Catholic cathedral in Nagasaki, Japan
Dario (8 November 2015). Papal Apology. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781329668065.[circular reference] Collie, Craig (4 August 2011). Nagasaki: The Massacre of the Innocent
Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Nagasaki
Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Nagasaki
Indian actress (born 1986)
Airtel, Lenovo, UltraTech Cement, Domino's Pizza and Karbonn Mobiles.[circular reference] In 2008, she played a supporting role as the pretty girl Satya in
Madhurima_Tuli
American jazz and popular music singer (1928–2017)
Road was "Whippoorwill". She also appeared in the film Senior Prom.[circular reference] Her first big solo hit was "I Wish You Love" in 1957, and it brought
Keely_Smith
Church in Vienna, Austria
Gothic style in the Altstadt or First District of Vienna, Austria.[circular reference] The site on which the church is built was given to followers of Francis
Minoritenkirche_(Vienna)
German musician (1947–2020)
Schneider's departure followed a dispute with Hütter over a bicycle pump,[circular reference] a rumour which some sources describe as unfounded. Schneider died
Florian_Schneider
City in Sindh, Pakistan
Indus River basin.[circular reference] Major crops include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, and various fruits.[circular reference] The city hosts small-scale
Shahdadpur
Coffee brewing device
is plunger coffee). It is known in French as a cafetière à piston[circular reference] or simply cafetière (also the usage in Dutch), though some speakers
French_press
Software resource tracking technique
uses reference counting, without any special handling of circular references, although (as in Cocoa and C++ above), Perl does support weak references, which
Reference_counting
Soviet spy and NKVD Case Officer (1914–2007)
and Espionage Firsthand). — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-85207-055-6.[circular reference] Feklisov, A. S. Confession of an Intelligence Officer. — Moscow:
Aleksandr_Feklisov
German-Hungarian musician
Di Meola, Michael and Randy Brecker, Till Brönner and Eric Burdon.[circular reference] In April and November 2004, Mandoki and the Soulmates appeared together
Leslie_Mándoki
High school in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
with that years robotics season game being launched, Stack Attack.[circular reference] In 2012, the team won the FIRST Impact Award, formerly known as the
Governor Simcoe Secondary School
Governor_Simcoe_Secondary_School
Expensive object that cannot be disposed of
means workers who have little or no use, but cannot be dismissed.[circular reference] A former Polish astronomical observatory built in the Carpathian
White_elephant
American alternative hip hop band
preceded only by Kurtis Blow's "Magilla Gorilla" released in 1986.[circular reference] Both the album and the "Kiss You Back" single were each certified
Digital_Underground
French film score composer (1932–2019)
Music Score: Dingo (1991) win Best musical (1997): Le Passe-Muraille[circular reference] (French stage version of Amour) Henry Mancini Award, awarded by ASCAP
Michel_Legrand
2017. commons:File:Flags of the world (Red Army atlas, 1938).jpg[circular reference] Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of Mongolia
Flag_of_Mongolia
Kosovan public figure (born 1946)
family. Among the victims were Rifat's wife and three daughters.[circular reference] Rifat survived because he was abroad with his son Bashkim Jashari
Rifat_Jashari
Municipality in Flemish Community, Belgium, Belgian territory of Baarle
Belgian people who were effectively stranded within the enclaves.[circular reference] This situation did not exist in the Second World War, as both countries
Baarle-Hertog
British brand of home bottling jar
on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2020. Official website The Kilner Glass Companies [circular reference] by the Society for Historical Archaeology
Kilner_jar
British author (born 1978)
affected by the Tsunami which caused so much damage in South East Asia.[circular reference] People from all sectors of society contributed to the anthology and
Stephen_Robert_Kuta
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance