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Computational problem
The circuit value problem (or circuit evaluation problem) is the computational problem of computing the output of a given Boolean circuit on a given input
Circuit_value_problem
Classic NP-complete problem in computer science
computer science, the circuit satisfiability problem (also known as CIRCUIT-SAT, CircuitSAT, CSAT, etc.) is the decision problem of determining whether
Circuit satisfiability problem
Circuit_satisfiability_problem
Model of computation
The circuit value problem — the problem of computing the output of a given Boolean circuit on a given input string — is a P-complete decision problem. Therefore
Boolean_circuit
Model of computation
science, a circuit is a model of computation in which input values proceed through a sequence of gates, each of which computes a function. Circuits of this
Circuit_(computer_science)
Class in computational complexity theory
following problems that are P-complete under at least logspace reductions, either as given, or in a decision-problem form: Circuit value problem (CVP) –
P-complete
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
find the values a = TRUE and b = FALSE, which make (a AND NOT b) = TRUE. In contrast, "a AND NOT a" is unsatisfiable. SAT is the first problem that was
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Logical operation
typewriter publications, e.g. Richard E. Ladner (January 1975). "The circuit value problem is log space complete for P". ACM SIGACT News. 7 (101): 18–20. doi:10
Negation
comparator circuit value problem (CCVP) is the problem of evaluating a comparator circuit given an encoding of the circuit and the input to the circuit. The
CC_(complexity)
Game and demonstration of logic gates
sufficiently large. This follows because the game is P-complete by the circuit value problem and PSPACE-complete if an exponential number of marbles is allowed
Turing_Tumble
Topics referred to by the same term
Customer value proposition Centerview Partners, an American independent investment banking firm Content Vectoring Protocol Closest vector problem Circuit value
CVP
Programming language construct
the overall value must be true. In programming languages with lazy evaluation (Lisp, Perl, Haskell), the usual Boolean operators short-circuit. In others
Short-circuit_evaluation
Type of computational problem
Boolean formula, is there a truth-value assignment such that it evaluates to True?". The corresponding counting problem, called #SAT, asks: "Given a Boolean
Counting_problem_(complexity)
Cryptographic protocol for two-party computation
The term "garbled circuit" was first used by Beaver, Micali, and Rogaway in STOC'90. Yao's protocol solving Yao's Millionaires' Problem was the beginning
Garbled_circuit
Resistor Inductor Capacitor Circuit
conditions of the specific problem being analysed. That is, they are set by the values of the currents and voltages in the circuit at the onset of the transient
RLC_circuit
Mathematical topics based on the works of George Boole
circuit, a mathematical model for digital logical circuits. Boolean expression, an expression in a programming language that produces a Boolean value
Boolean
When a system's behavior depends on timing of uncontrollable events
thesis "The synthesis of sequential switching circuits". Race conditions can occur especially in logic circuits or multithreaded or distributed software programs
Race_condition
Subfield of cryptography
circuit is computed as follows. The main ingredient is a double-keyed symmetric encryption scheme. Given a gate of the circuit, each possible value of
Secure multi-party computation
Secure_multi-party_computation
Study of mathematical algorithms for optimization problems
approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set
Mathematical_optimization
Type of computational algorithm
true for the standard proof showing that the SAT problem is NP-complete, and that the circuit value problem is P-complete. This is also often the case for
Log-space_reduction
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be checked in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time? More
P_versus_NP_problem
Type of logic circuit
automata theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends on the present value of its input signals and on the sequence of past inputs
Sequential_logic
circuits and algorithms for learning such circuits. AC0 Boolean circuit Circuit satisfiability Circuit value problem Parity function Håstad, Johan (1986).
Switching_lemma
Engineering process
certain value of a component may be calculated for use in some location in a circuit; if that value cannot be purchased from a supplier, then the problem has
Circuit_design
Task of computing complete subgraphs
circuit, using only and gates and or gates, to solve the clique decision problem for a given fixed clique size. However, the size of these circuits can
Clique_problem
Concept in economics
Theories of Surplus Value (which was subsequently published as Capital, Volume IV), and features in his Capital, Volume I (1867). The problem of explaining
Surplus_value
Finding shortest walks through all graph edges
Guan's route problem, the Chinese postman problem, postman tour or route inspection problem is to find a shortest closed path or circuit that visits every
Chinese_postman_problem
Theory in classical and Marxian economics
on the difficulty of quantifying labor, the "transformation problem" of reconciling values with prices, and its applicability to non-labor inputs and non-reproducible
Labor_theory_of_value
Branch of computational complexity theory
because the problem can be solved efficiently (i.e., in polynomial time) for constant values of the fixed parameter. A parameterized problem that allows
Parameterized_complexity
needed to retrieve an expectation value of the cut circuit which is close to the result expected from the uncut circuit scales as O ( κ 2 ) {\displaystyle
Quantum_circuit_cutting
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from
Problem_solving
Electrical wiring technique
for all types of circuit topologies, in which the cable is at a higher amperage loading than the protective device's (breaker) value. In the United Kingdom
Ring_circuit
Electronic circuit with two stable states
flip-flops and latches are circuits that have two stable states that can store state information – a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change
Flip-flop_(electronics)
System including an indeterminate value
the problem of future contingents to represent the truth value of statements about the undetermined future. Bruno de Finetti used a third value to represent
Three-valued_logic
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
The problem is of considerable practical importance, apart from evident transportation and logistics areas. A classic example is in printed circuit manufacturing:
Travelling_salesman_problem
Processes by which design concepts are developed
that has been developed about how people reason when engaging with design problems. Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation
Design_thinking
Planning, drafting, design and development of hotels
Usage-centered Use-centered User-centered Empathic User innovation Value-driven Value sensitive Privacy by Quality by Secure by Design choice computing
Hotel_design
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
{\displaystyle X} to be smaller than a specified value b k {\displaystyle b_{k}} (given as an input). Finally, the SDP problem can be written as: min X ∈ S n ⟨ C
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Problem in computer science
Because this problem assumes the existence of a highly-structured "black box" oracle to achieve its speedup, this problem has little practical value. However
Simon's_problem
Electronic component
value in a circuit diagram. It avoids using a decimal separator and replaces the decimal separator with the SI prefix symbol for the particular value
Capacitor
Skolem problem: can an algorithm determine if a constant-recursive sequence contains a zero? The values of g(k) and G(k) in Waring's problem Do the Ulam
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Device that routes electric current around a point in a circuit
would be considered series resistors in this circuit. An ammeter shunt allows the measurement of current values too large to be directly measured by a particular
Shunt_(electrical)
Misaligned timing signals from different paths
each memory element reaches its final value in time for the next clock tick so that the behavior of the whole circuit can be predicted exactly. The maximum
Clock_skew
Operation in Boolean circuit theory
formula. This reduces the problem of circuit satisfiability on any circuit (including any formula) to the satisfiability problem on 3-CNF formulas. It was
Tseytin_transformation
Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers
failed. The term takes its name from an allegory, the "Byzantine generals problem", developed to describe a situation in which, to avoid catastrophic failure
Byzantine_fault
Process in digital electronics and integrated circuit design
ultimately produce the same results as the original one. The problem with having a complicated circuit (i.e. one with many elements, such as logic gates) is
Logic_optimization
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
quicksort addresses the problem of sorting a list of integers. The worst-case is when the pivot is always the largest or smallest value in the list (so the
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Undesirable effect in digital logic
synchronous[citation needed] and asynchronous circuits. Logic hazards are manifestations of a problem in which changes in the input variables do not
Hazard_(logic)
Type of electronic amplifier using a bipolar junction transistor
is another problem associated with such high-gain circuits due to any unintentional positive feedback that may be present. Other problems associated with
Common_emitter
Concept in theoretical computer science
3, 4, 5, 6 of Chapter 9, p. 396. Problem 3 is to "show that the busy beaver problem is unsolvable... for all values of n." Ben-Amram, A. M.; Petersen
Busy_beaver
Law of electrical current and voltage
are circuit elements that impede the passage of electric charge in agreement with Ohm's law, and are designed to have a specific resistance value R. In
Ohm's_law
Philosophical paradox regarding free will
electric circuit must decide between two states based on an input that is in itself undefined (neither zero nor one). Metastability becomes a problem if the
Buridan's_ass
Digital circuit without clock cycles
engineering. Asynchronous circuits are contrasted with synchronous circuits, in which changes to the signal values in the circuit are triggered by repetitive
Asynchronous_circuit
Electrical safety device used in household wiring
circuit breaker (RCCB) or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is an electrical safety device, more specifically a form of Earth-leakage circuit breaker
Residual-current_device
Electronic circuit that behaves chaotically
Chua's circuit (also known as a Chua circuit) is a simple electronic circuit that exhibits classic chaotic behavior. This means roughly that it is a "nonperiodic
Chua's_circuit
Very general problem in computer science
that the hidden subgroup problem is solvable using a polynomial number of evaluations of the oracle. However, the circuits that implement this may be
Hidden_subgroup_problem
The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance, specifically how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer of insulation, a window, or a complete
R-value_(insulation)
Passive electronic component providing electrical resistance
(c) potentiometer IEC resistor symbol The notation to state a resistor's value in a circuit diagram varies. One common scheme is the RKM code following IEC 60062
Resistor
Electronic systems with a continuously variable signal
long as the signal stays inside a range of values, it represents the same information. In digital circuits the signal is regenerated at each logic gate
Analogue_electronics
Electronic design automation method
lines in a circuit is assumed to be stuck at a fixed logic value, regardless of what inputs are supplied to the circuit. Hence, if a circuit has n signal
Automatic test pattern generation
Automatic_test_pattern_generation
Design principle preferring simplicity
Animation: The Illusion of Life, a considerable work of the genre. The problem faced is that inexperienced animators may "over-animate" in their works;
KISS_principle
Circuit used to measure inductance
inductance in the circuit components, so locate the circuit remotely from any of these. The frequency dependence of inductance values gives rise to other
Maxwell_bridge
Test to ensure electrical sub-systems have a specified level of resistance
acceptable resistance value is usually specified (typically in the mega ohm (MΩ) range per circuit tested). Multiple circuits having a common return
Electrical_isolation_test
short-circuit current is the value of the alternating current component of a prospective current, which a switch without integral short-circuit protection
Conditional short-circuit current
Conditional_short-circuit_current
Electrical engineers graphical calculator
frequency (RF) engineering to assist in solving problems with transmission lines and matching circuits. It was independently proposed by Tōsaku Mizuhashi
Smith_chart
Plan for the construction of an object or system
Traditional examples of designs are architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns, and less tangible artefacts such as business
Design
Management paradigm
Gain agreement on the problem Gain agreement on the direction for a solution Gain agreement that the solution solves the problem Agree to overcome any
Theory_of_constraints
Types of electrical circuits
can be near short circuit conditions and high circulating currents for both positive and negative values of M, which can cause problems. More than three
Series_and_parallel_circuits
Approach to web design for making web pages render well on a variety of devices
May 21, 2015. Young, James (August 13, 2012). "Top responsive web design problems... testing". .net Magazine. Rinaldi, Brian (September 26, 2012). "Browser
Responsive_web_design
Mathematical descriptions of transmission line voltage and current
are important because they allow transmission lines to be analyzed using circuit theory. The equations and their solutions are applicable from 0 Hz (i.e
Telegrapher's_equations
Model of quantum computing
initializations of qubits to known values, and possibly other actions. The minimum set of actions that a circuit needs to be able to perform on the qubits
Quantum_circuit
Creating an integrated circuit by combining many transistors into a single chip
advanced circuits. However, as the complexity of circuits grew, problems arose. One problem was the size of the circuit. A complex circuit like a computer
Very-large-scale_integration
Instrument used for measuring voltage
an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it takes negligible current from the circuit. Analog voltmeters
Voltmeter
Electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit
diagnostic operations to verify the correct operation of a circuit or to test passive components for values in tolerance with their specifications. The first attested
Multimeter
2001 video game
further value, Nintendo World Report noted performance problems, which they said were enough to hinder gameplay. Critics enjoyed Super Circuit's gameplay
Mario_Kart:_Super_Circuit
Central concept in Marxian critique of political economy
The value-form or form of value (German: Wertform) is an important concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, discussed in the first three
Value-form
Approach for designing software
unacceptable input values or types, and their meanings Return values or types, and their meanings Error and exception condition values or types that can
Design_by_contract
Design philosophy associated with accessibility and usability for everyone
will not heal someone's broken arm. Universal design does not "fix" a problem relating to disability, rather helps to better equip areas to be accessible
Universal_design
Set of problems solved by small circuits
two areas. In the perspective of circuit complexity, P/poly is the class of problems that can be solved by small circuits. More precisely, it is the set
P/poly
Propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values
implementation using many-valued circuits. However, the practicality of these potential advantages heavily depends on the availability of circuit realizations, which
Many-valued_logic
other NP-completeness results. Circuit satisfiability problem Conjunctive Boolean query Cyclic ordering Exact cover problem. Remains NP-complete for 3-sets
List_of_NP-complete_problems
Mathematical problem
problem (also referred to as the Frobenius coin problem or Frobenius problem, after the mathematician Ferdinand Frobenius) is a mathematical problem that
Coin_problem
Electrical device used to detect the presence of trains on rail tracks
A track circuit is an electrical device used to prove the absence of a train on a block of rail tracks to control railway signals. An alternative to track
Track_circuit
Class in computational complexity theory
constraint that the circuit family must be uniform (see below). Just as the class P can be thought of as the tractable problems (Cobham's thesis), so
NC_(complexity)
Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"
fundamental problem in the design of combinational logic circuits. Modern electronic design automation tools for very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits often
Boolean_algebra
Intense period of design or planning activity
collaborative process by which a group of designers draft a solution to a design problem, and in a broader sense can be applied to the development of public policy
Charrette
Framework for systems engineering
engineering process. The concept is an example of value sensitive design, i.e. taking human values into account in a well-defined manner throughout the
Privacy_by_design
Planned operator–machine interaction
thinking which involves empathizing with the target audience, defining a problem statement, ideating potential solutions, prototyping wireframes, and testing
User_interface_design
Any logic with four truth values
cases. A four-valued logic was established by IEEE with the standard IEEE 1364: It models signal values in digital circuits. The four values are 1, 0, Z
Four-valued_logic
Interdisciplinary branch of design and fine arts
List of notable graphic designers Logotype Material culture Style guide Value Visualization (computer graphics) International Typographic Style Swiss
Graphic_design
Neural pathways
self with positive affect and reward. This circuit is important in executive functions including complex problem solving, learning new information, planning
Frontostriatal_circuit
Early sample or model built to test a concept or process
inexpensively test the parts of the design that are most likely to have problems, solve those problems, and then build the full design. In technology research, a technology
Prototype
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
the circuit will (likely) have measured multiple different possible values of j {\displaystyle j} . To recover the actual r {\displaystyle r} value, we
Shor's_algorithm
Overarching scheme that guides the design of a complement of products
Usage-centered Use-centered User-centered Empathic User innovation Value-driven Value sensitive Privacy by Quality by Secure by Design choice computing
Design_language
Constructing product by means of computer
automated generation of bills of materials, auto layout in integrated circuits, interference checking, and many others. Eventually, CAD provided the designer
Computer-aided_design
Reverse-engineering without infringing copyright
until Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3rd Circuit Court 1983). The three settlements by IBM, and the legal clean-room PC
Clean-room_design
Factors that influence engineering design process
within them," have suggested more simplified/generalized models – such as problem definition, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design, and
Engineering_design_process
Topics referred to by the same term
multiplier, a scalar variable used in mathematics to solve an optimisation problem for a given constraint Multiplier (Fourier analysis), an operator that
Multiplier
Design approach
MIT Press 2000 ISBN 0-262-02466-7 Baldwin, C.Y., Clark, K.B., "The Option Value of Modularity in Design" Harvard Business School, 2002 [4] Levin, Mark Sh
Modular_design
Mental process of problem solving
Creative problem-solving is the mental process of searching for an original and previously unknown solution to a problem. To qualify, the solution must
Creative_problem-solving
Engineering process for electronic hardware
Integrated circuit design, semiconductor design, chip design or IC design, is a sub-field of electronics engineering, encompassing the particular logic
Integrated_circuit_design
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
Boy/Male
Muslim
Value, Price
Boy/Male
Arabic
Value
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish, Swedish
Value; Worth; Benefit
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Value
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Superiority; Attribute; Value
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Value; Inside Trueness
Girl/Female
Arabic
Value; Price
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Cost; Value; Significance
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim
Powerful; Don; Value
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Destiny; Dignity; Value
Girl/Female
American, British, English
Of High Value
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Value Worth
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English, Finnish, Swedish
Valley; Usually with a Stream; From the Glen
Girl/Female
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Parsi, Sindhi
Value; Price; Worth
Biblical
cylinder; circuit; district; wheel
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in a valley, Middle English vale (Old French val, from Latin vallis). The surname is now also common in Ireland, where it has been Gaelicized as de Bhál.Galician and Aragonese : topographic name from val ‘valley’, or habitational name from any of the places named with this word.
Boy/Male
Indian, Parsi
Price; Worth; Value
Boy/Male
Australian, Finnish
Rule
Boy/Male
Indian
Value, Price
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Italian
Of High Value
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Biblical, Christian
The End; A Pause; Cliff; Rock; A Rock
Girl/Female
Tamil
Another name of Parvati, The earth
Boy/Male
Egyptian
God of Busiris.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Parsi
Judge
Girl/Female
Tamil
Pleasant
Boy/Male
Hindu
A star
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Shiva
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Celtic Irish
Fighter.
Girl/Female
Greek American
Bee. Famous bearer: Melissa, Mythological princess of Crete transformed to a bee after learning...
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
CIRCUIT VALUE-PROBLEM
n.
One who values; an appraiser.
n.
Value.
n.
Circuit; space; inclosure.
a.
Highly regarded; esteemed; prized; as, a valued contributor; a valued friend.
n.
A circlet.
v. i.
Proceeding from no known authority; unauthenticated; uncertain; flying; as, a vague report.
n.
Precise signification; import; as, the value of a word; the value of a legal instrument
imp. & p. p.
of Short-circuit
v. i.
Unsettled; unfixed; undetermined; indefinite; ambiguous; as, a vague idea; a vague proposition.
v. t.
To be worth; to be equal to in value.
n.
The relative length or duration of a tone or note, answering to quantity in prosody; thus, a quarter note [/] has the value of two eighth notes [/].
n.
One who travels a circuit, as a circuit judge.
imp. & p. p.
of Value
v. t.
To raise to estimation; to cause to have value, either real or apparent; to enhance in value.
a.
Not prized or valued; being without value.
n.
The act of moving or revolving around, or as in a circle or orbit; a revolution; as, the periodical circuit of the earth round the sun.
n.
A key or other device for breaking an electrical circuit.
v. t.
To estimate the value, or worth, of; to rate at a certain price; to appraise; to reckon with respect to number, power, importance, etc.
v. t.
To rate highly; to have in high esteem; to hold in respect and estimation; to appreciate; to prize; as, to value one for his works or his virtues.