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Arthropod nervous system component
supraesophageal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The cerebral ganglion (CNG; also cerebral ganglia, supra(o)esophageal ganglia [SPG], arthropod brain
Cerebral_ganglion
Clusters of neurons in the peripheral nervous system
disregarded: for example, the main part of the insect brain is called the cerebral ganglion. Ganglia are primarily made up of somata and dendritic structures
Ganglion
(via pairs of connections) to the cerebral ganglion and to the first thoracic ganglion (or protothoracic ganglion). Its nerves innervate the sensory
Gnathal_ganglion
Marine animals, subphylum of chordates
the material during their lifetimes. Adult tunicates have a hollow cerebral ganglion, equivalent to a brain, and a hollow structure known as a neural gland
Tunicate
Parasitic or predatory annelid worms
nervous systems. The main nerve centre consists of the cerebral ganglion above the gut and another ganglion beneath it, with connecting nerves forming a ring
Leech
Brain and spinal cord
found in food. Within the meninges the brain and spinal cord are bathed in cerebral spinal fluid which replaces the body fluid found outside the cells of all
Central_nervous_system
Outer layer of the cerebrum of the mammalian brain
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.
Cerebral_cortex
Species of wasp
have seven segments, whereas female abdomens have six. There is a cerebral ganglion, two thoracic ganglia, and five abdominal ganglia. Only females possess
European_hornet
Phylum of microscopic animals
of the tube from the mouth to the pharynx) to the dorsally located cerebral ganglion or 'brain'. Also in the head are two eyespots in the brain, and several
Tardigrade
Blood vessels
perforating arteries, or anteromedial ganglionic arteries) are arteries that arise from the anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery
Central_arteries
Phylum of pseudocoelomate invertebrates
foot-assisted leech-like creeping. Rotifers have a small bilobed cerebral ganglion, effectively its brain, located just above the mastax, from which
Rotifer
three pairs of rows from which phorozooids and trophozooids develop. cerebral ganglion coronal organ Sensory organ present in the oral aperture of ascidians
Glossary_of_tunicate_anatomy
Genus of gastropods
euthyneurous. The cerebral, pleural, and pedal ganglia form the typical molluscan pre-pharyngeal nerve ring. Each cerebral ganglion connects via a broad
Bathyhedyle
Species of praying mantis
male without a head can continue and even initiate copulation. The cerebral ganglion might have an inhibitory effect on copulatory reflexes. Once it is
European_mantis
Artery which supplies blood to the occipital lobe of the brain
the occipital lobe The branches of the posterior cerebral artery are divided into two sets, ganglionic and cortical. The following are central branches
Posterior_cerebral_artery
Species of annelid worm
be seen. The nervous system of E. gigantea is likely a centralized cerebral ganglion in the prostomium with a ladder of nerves through the rest of the
Eulagisca_gigantea
Artery supplying the brain
artery is an artery in the neck which supplies the anterior and middle cerebral circulation. In human anatomy, the internal and external carotid arise
Internal_carotid_artery
The ganglionic eminence (GE) is a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the
Ganglionic_eminence
Flatworms of the Turbellaria class
mesenchyme. The planarian nervous systems consists of a bilobed shaped cerebral ganglion that is referred to as the planarian brain. Longitudinal ventral nerve
Planarian
Genus of worms
strands extending from the cerebral ganglion, or nerve bundle, to the proboscis wall. These two muscles suspend the cerebral ganglion but are not involved in
Apororhynchus
Extinct genus of basal hurdiid radiodonts
Lyrarapax since 2014) suggest radiodonts had only protocerebrum on their cerebral ganglion, The neuroanatomical evidence of Stanleycaris suggests radiodonts
Stanleycaris
Species of gastropod
rhinophoral ganglion. An optic ganglion is attached laterally to each cerebral ganglion and connected to the latter by a thin nerve. The optic ganglion is surrounded
Pseudunela_cornuta
Cranial nerve responsible for the face's senses and motor functions
by parallel pathways in the central nervous system. From the trigeminal ganglion, a single, large sensory root enters the brainstem at the level of the
Trigeminal_nerve
Genus of gastropods
in a pericardium, and situated at the base of the branchiae. The cerebral ganglion is broad and flattened; it sends out numerous nervous filaments which
Harpa
Class of flatworms
The main nerve centre of a cestode is a cerebral ganglion in its scolex. Nerves emanate from the ganglion to supply the general body muscular and sensory
Cestoda
Extinct gilled lobopod
frontal appendages and eyes. Only the protocerebrum (the frontal-most cerebral ganglion) was evident from the brain region, thus all of the other head nerves
Kerygmachela
Class of unsegmented annelids
coelomic fluid circulates. The nervous system consists of dorsal cerebral ganglion, brain above the oesophagus and a nerve ring around the oesophagus
Sipuncula
Paraphyletic class of tunicates comprising sea squirts
nerve tube enlarges in the main body, and will eventually become the cerebral ganglion of the adult. The tunic develops early in embryonic life and extends
Ascidiacea
Class of marine molluscs
suggested to be related to that of a larval eye. However, chitons lack a cerebral ganglion. Similar to many species of saltwater limpets, several species of
Chiton
The inferior cervical ganglion is one of the three cervical sympathetic ganglia (i.e. of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk). It is situated
Inferior_cervical_ganglion
Cranial nerve connecting the eye to the brain
stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic
Optic_nerve
Group of nerve fibers
ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located just behind the eye in the posterior orbit. Three types of axons enter the ciliary ganglion but only
Roots_of_the_ciliary_ganglion
Russian physician
reduction of the number of red blood cells, local brain hemorrhages, cerebral ganglion impairment, etc. As a consequence of this research, Manàsseina concluded
Maria_Manaseina
Species of gastropod
one-third the size of the pleural ganglion. The cerebral pleural commissure connects the cerebral ganglion with the pleural ganglion. Below the chain of five ganglia
Zonitoides_arboreus
Group of extinct worm-like animals with legs
presents a brain composed of only a protocerebrum (the frontal-most cerebral ganglion of panarthropods) that is directly connected to the nerves of eyes
Lobopodia
Extinct class of basal arthropods
thought to be composed of either one (only protocerebrum) or two cerebral ganglions (protocerebrum and deutocerebrum). Although some authors may rather
Dinocaridida
Genus of parasitic worms
posterior. The proboscis receptible is single-walled with a large cerebral ganglion at its base. The male reproductive system is compacted in the posterior
Pararaosentis
Specialization of some cognitive functions in one side of the brain
median longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. Both hemispheres exhibit
Lateralization of brain function
Lateralization_of_brain_function
Genus of worms
posterior and ventral end or just posterior end of the receptacle. The cerebral ganglion is in the mid to posterior region, and the lemnisci are long and flat
Moniliformis
Genus of parasitic worms
the proboscis back) pass through its back end. A large, elliptical cerebral ganglion (a mass of nerve cells acting as a brain) is located near the rear
Intraproboscis
Topics referred to by the same term
Azygos may refer to: Azygos anterior cerebral artery Azygos artery of vagina Azygos lobe Azygos vein Ganglion impar This disambiguation page lists articles
Azygos
Nerve structure around pharynx in invertebrates
dorsal ganglion. Among arthropods, the usual arrangement is a single ganglion (the cerebral) positioned above the esophagus, a single ganglion or nerve
Circumesophageal_nerve_ring
Cluster of neurons in the central nervous system
cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem. The neurons in one nucleus usually have roughly
Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)
Genus of gastropods
with penial appendix at its base. Penis is innervated from the right cerebral ganglion. Species within the genus Xeropicta include: Xeropicta akrotirica
Xeropicta
Neuron with only one axon and one dendrite
mature. Common examples are the retina bipolar cell, the spiral ganglion and vestibular ganglion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), the extensive
Bipolar_neuron
Family of worms
posterior and ventral end or just posterior end of the receptacle. The cerebral ganglion is in the mid to posterior region, and the lemnisci are long and flat
Moniliformidae
Species of gastropod
previous optic nerve, and grow down it until they make contact with the cerebral ganglion. Electroretinograms (ERGs) have been used to monitor neuron activity
Conomurex_luhuanus
Species of acoel
present in the anterior regions, with reddish-brown granules. The cerebral ganglion is bilobed and sunken, and there is no statocyst-statolith present
Convolutriloba_hastifera
Inferring the speed and direction of objects
the vertebrate retina of the mouse, ON/OFF DS ganglion cells, ON DS ganglion cells, and OFF DS ganglion cells. Each has a distinctive physiology and anatomy
Motion_perception
Species of thorny-headed worm
tegument is covered with spines in anterior and posterior parts. Its cerebral ganglion located in central part of the proboscis sac, sometime moved to anterior
Telosentis_exiguus
Species of crab
anterior aorta, leave the heart anteriorly and supply organs such as the cerebral ganglion, eyes, antennae, hepatopancreas, and various digestive organs. One
Ovalipes_catharus
Outermost layer of an organ
glands, ovaries, the thymus, and portions of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, the best-known of all cortices. The word is of Latin origin and
Cortex_(anatomy)
Genus of starfishes
also part of the nervous system, which is decentralized and has no cerebral ganglion. The nervous system can respond to touch, light, and water currents
Rathbunaster
Family of gastropods
usually have strong axial ribs. Ponder described giant neurons in the cerebral ganglion. Ponder, W. F. (1987). "The anatomy and relationships of the pyramidellacean
Amathinidae
Larvacean genus
sections. Only the anterior section, comprising the mouth, pharynx and cerebral ganglion, is covered in oikoplastic epithelium. It features a dorsal projection
Fritillaria_(tunicate)
Family of thorny-headed worms
tegument is covered with spines in anterior and posterior parts. Its cerebral ganglion located in central part of the proboscis sac, sometime moved to anterior
Leptorhynchoididae
cords, and a number of smaller branching nerves. It is sometimes called ganglionic. The brain of a gastropod consists of three pairs of ganglia, all located
Nervous_system_of_gastropods
Overview of and topical guide to the human nervous system
Telencephalon Cerebral hemisphere Cranial nerves Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Sensory root Trigeminal ganglion Ophthalmic
Outline of the human nervous system
Outline_of_the_human_nervous_system
Species of flatworm
ocelli are formed in two longitudinal bands that run alongside the cerebral ganglion. Each ocelli contains thirty to fifty photoreceptors which contribute
Notoplana_acticola
Gastropod biological evolution
anus; c. cerebral ganglion; g. ctenidium; l. auricle; m. mouth; n. nephridial opening; o. osphradium; pa. parietal ganglion; pe. pedal ganglion; pl. pleural
Streptoneury
Endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates
receives postganglionic sympathetic afferents from the superior cervical ganglion, and parasympathetic afferents from the pterygopalatine ganglia and otic
Pineal_gland
Three membranes protecting the brain
fibers to cell bodies located within the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Axons of the trigeminal ganglion neurons enter the brainstem and travel to the trigeminal
Meninges
Organ central to the nervous system
and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain
Brain
Cranial nerve III, for eye movements
which provide preganglionic parasympathetics to the ciliary ganglion. From the ciliary ganglion postganglionic fibers pass through the short ciliary nerve
Oculomotor_nerve
Species of gastropod
well as by a short connective to the pleural ganglion and a somewhat longer one to the cerebral ganglion. They give rise to strong nerves that supply
Aplysia_juanina
Fibers in the region of the genu of the internal capsule
2008). "Types of Taste Circuits Synaptically Linked to a Few Geniculate Ganglion Neurons". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 511 (6): 753–772. doi:10.1002/cne
Geniculate_fibers
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates fight-or-flight responses
enters the paravertebral ganglion at the level of its originating spinal nerve. After this, it can then either synapse in this ganglion, ascend to a more superior
Sympathetic_nervous_system
anus; c. cerebral ganglion; g. ctenidium; l. auricle; m. mouth; n. nephridial opening; o. osphradium; pa. parietal ganglion; pe. pedal ganglion; pl. pleural
Euthyneury
Dura mater pouch
apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It envelops the trigeminal ganglion. It is bounded by the dura overlying four structures: cerebellar tentorium
Trigeminal_cave
Genus of sea squirts
Hiromichi; Kusunoki, Toyokazu (1993-12-22). "Organization of the cerebral ganglion of the colonial ascidianPolyandrocarpa misakiensis". The Journal of
Polyandrocarpa
Swelling of the eye's optic disc due to high intracranial pressure
and protrusion of the optic nerve at its head. The fibers of the retinal ganglion cells of the optic disc become engorged and bulge anteriorly. Persistent
Papilledema
Species of gastropod
pleural ganglia positioned slightly forward of them and above. Each pedal ganglion gives off a broad pedal nerve cord that runs the length of the animal's
Bathyacmaea_nipponica
One of two nuclei of the oculomotor nerve
optic tract). It contains parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neuron cell bodies that synapse in the ciliary ganglion. It contributes the autonomic, parasympathetic
Edinger–Westphal_nucleus
the eyes shift gaze on it. It is controlled by the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, corroborated by three main tests: Removal of cortex causes shutdown
Fixation_reflex
Group of subcortical nuclei involved in the motor and reward systems
forebrain and the top of the midbrain, they have strong connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem and other brain areas. The basal ganglia are
Basal_ganglia
Mapping senses to the central nervous system
information from visible light to build a representation of the world. The ganglion cells of the retina project in an orderly fashion to the lateral geniculate
Topographic map (neuroanatomy)
Topographic_map_(neuroanatomy)
Television series
they attach themselves to the brain's ganglion regions, the series' protagonists dub the creatures "Ganglions". Various stages from Alpha to Delta occur
Dark_Skies
Description of the physical form of insects
the insect's esophagus, called the subesophageal ganglion. The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one
Insect_morphology
Processes which grow and shape an organism's nervous tissue over its lifetime(s)
tangential migration is the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex. One example of ongoing tangential migration in a
Development of the nervous system
Development_of_the_nervous_system
Blood vessel
the anteromedial ganglionic vessels, but these are principally derived from the anterior cerebral artery. It is part of the cerebral arterial circle,
Anterior_communicating_artery
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain
belong to the cranial nerves. The ganglion of the sensory nerves, which are similar in structure to the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord, include: The
Cranial_nerves
Mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons
series of seminal experiments in fish and amphibians showed that retinal ganglion axons were already retinotopically organized within the optic tract and
Retinotopy
Diseases caused by abnormal protein structure
Virchow coined the term amyloid ("starch-like") to describe a substance in cerebral corpora amylacea that exhibited a chemical reaction resembling that of
Proteinopathy
Part of the nervous system
1000:1. Ganglion cells reside in the adrenal medulla and retina where they are involved in the sympathetic response. Of the ~1.3 million ganglion cells
Sensory_nervous_system
Body parts responsible for vision
rod opsins and cone opsins. (A third type, melanopsin in some retinal ganglion cells (RGC), part of the body clock mechanism, is probably not involved
Visual_system
Medical diagnostic method
systems of secondary vessels. The shorter of these two is called the ganglionic system, and the vessels belonging to it supply the thalami and corpora
Transcranial_Doppler
Main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
afferent fibers of the vagus nerve are located bilaterally in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve (nodose ganglia). The vagus runs parallel to the common
Vagus_nerve
Medical condition
Wilkins 1989; pp. 247-51. Deck JHN. Cerebral medulloepithelioma with maturation into ependymal cells and ganglion cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1969;28:442-54
Medulloepithelioma
Oval-shaped pigmented area near the center of the retina
macula is defined histologically in terms of having two or more layers of ganglion cells. The umbo is the center of the foveola which in turn is located at
Macula
Topics referred to by the same term
progenitor cell responsible for producing neurons in the cerebral cortex Retinal ganglion cell, a type of neuron found in the retina of the eye RGC 1404
RGC
micturition midbrain middle cerebellar peduncle middle cerebral artery middle cervical sympathetic ganglion middle colic artery middle concha middle cranial
Index_of_anatomy_articles
interface inhibitors protect against stroke induced brain damage, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease
Extrasynaptic_NMDA_receptor
Sensory nucleus in the brainstem
sensory inputs by synapsing with primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. The MNTN is located in the brainstem, more specifically (sources vary)
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve
Senses of Felis catus
August 2018. Hughes A (1975). "A quantitative analysis of the cat retinal ganglion cell topography". J. Comp. Neurol. 163 (1): 107–28. doi:10.1002/cne.901630107
Cat_senses
American neuroscientist (born 1942)
putative neurotransmitter substance P within trigeminal ganglion cells projecting to cat middle cerebral artery". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 225 (2):
Michael_A._Moskowitz
Interpretation of sensory information
bipolar cell layer which, in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal
Perception
Capacity of an excited neuron to reduce activity of its neighbors
be transmitted by the rod cells in the center of the ganglion cell receptive field to ganglion cells because horizontal cells respond by sending an inhibitory
Lateral_inhibition
hemorrhage Ganglionic eminence Nadarajah, Bagirathy; Parnavelas, John G. (1 June 2002). "Modes of neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex".
Germinal_matrix
Medical condition
leukodystrophy". Both oligodendroglia and Schwann cells are affected. Affects cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Cockayne_syndrome
Terminology used to describe the central and peripheral nervous systems
as well: the anterior white commissure. A ganglion can also have the form of crossing nerves, but a ganglion always contains synapses between neurons as
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy
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