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Test methods that avoid the use of animals
Alternatives to animal testing are the development and implementation of test methods that avoid the use of live animals. There is widespread agreement
Alternatives to animal testing
Alternatives_to_animal_testing
American research center
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) has worked with scientists, since 1981, to find new methods to replace the use of laboratory animals
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
Center_for_Alternatives_to_Animal_Testing
Research centre for alternatives to animal testing
don't use animal test subjects". It was the first centre in Canada dedicated to non-animal testing and the promotion of human-relevant alternatives. The CCAAM
Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods
Canadian_Centre_for_Alternatives_to_Animal_Methods
Academic journal
of Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, the American Society for Cellular and Computational Toxicology, the European consensus platform for alternatives
ALTEX
Use of animals in experiments
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals, as model organisms, in experiments
Animal_testing
Principles for ethical use of animals in science
welfare for the animals used. The 3Rs have a broader scope than simply encouraging alternatives to animal testing, but aim to improve animal welfare and
Three_Rs_(animal_research)
Form of animal testing
Cosmetic testing on animals is a type of animal testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for use by humans.
Testing_cosmetics_on_animals
Experimental surgery
without anesthesia. Alternatives to animal testing American Anti-Vivisection Society Animal testing regulations Bionics Cruelty to animals Dissection Experimentation
Vivisection
Topics referred to by the same term
to audit electronic data Centro de Apoyo Académico y Tutorías Academic Student Support Services & Tutoring Center Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
CAAT
United States government program
evaluation of new, revised, and alternative methods for chemical safety testing. Alternative methods are methods for safety testing of chemicals and chemical
National_Toxicology_Program
English social reformer and writer (1855–1936)
contributed the short story "The Ghost", about an ex-soldier who refuses to harm animals, to Forward's Dulce Sodalitium: A Selection of Stories and Sketches by
R._E._O'Callaghan
Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) Animal Free Research UK Anti-Vivisection Coalition (AVC) Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Cruelty Free International
List_of_animal_rights_groups
Label regarding animal rights
outdated animal testing is being replaced with quicker, cheaper and more accurate methods. Critics point out that humane alternatives can be slow to implement
Cruelty-free
Experimental animal test
open field test (OFT) is an experimental test used to assay general locomotor activity levels, anxiety, and willingness to explore in animals (usually rodents)
Open_field_(animal_test)
Experimentation using other primate animals
animal welfare when conducting animal testing on non-human primates. A 2013 amendment to the German Animal Welfare Act, with special regulations for monkeys
Animal testing on non-human primates
Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates
Defunct British animal welfare organization
assets were transferred to a charity, The Animal Defence Trust that was registered in 1971. It was based for many years at Animal Defence House, 15 St James's
Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
Animal_Defence_and_Anti-Vivisection_Society
British scientific society and lobby group
to disseminate information about, and to defend the use of, research involving animals, including animal testing. It represented the interests of 5,000
Research_Defence_Society
practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. Although the
History_of_animal_testing
healthcare providers (pharmacists, nurses), to notify them when using such medications. Alternatives exist for many animal-derived ingredients, and healthcare
Animal products in pharmaceuticals
Animal_products_in_pharmaceuticals
Cosmetics toxicity test performed on animals
dogs. The animals are euthanized after testing if the test renders irreversible damage to the eye or skin. Animals may be re-used for testing purposes
Draize_test
Guidelines with regard to animal testing
Animal testing regulations are guidelines that permit and control the use of non-human animals for scientific experimentation. They vary greatly around
Animal_testing_regulations
American bioengineer
work in developing alternatives to animal testing and became the center of a public debate regarding the pace of phasing out animal research in 2025. Kleinstreuer
Nicole_Kleinstreuer
Moral status and treatment of nonhuman animals
responsible for studying those alternatives for animal experimentation. When there are no good alternatives available, researchers have to consider if
Animal_ethics
Defunct international Christian vegetarian organisation
members include: List of vegetarian and vegan organizations Christianity and animal rights Humanitarian League Vegetarianism in the Victorian era At the time
Order_of_the_Golden_Age
Defunct animal welfare organisation
The Animals' Friend Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was an animal welfare organisation founded in London in 1832 by Lewis Gompertz and
Animals'_Friend_Society
Negligent or abusive action against animals by humans
Jaspreet; Karnik, Kavita (September 2023). "Regulatory landscape of alternatives to animal testing in food safety evaluations with a focus on the western world"
Cruelty_to_animals
Treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in Japan
driving demand. The Animal Rights Center works on issues related to the welfare of stray animals and opposes animal testing, fur farming, and meat consumption
Animal welfare and rights in Japan
Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Japan
Animal self-awareness test
psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition. In this test, an animal is anesthetized and then
Mirror_test
Nonprofit organization
including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), as cited in 2004 by The Guardian. Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Clinical trial
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine
alternatives for vaccine testing and to assess the usefulness of aquatic models and adverse outcome pathways for high-throughput non-animal testing approaches
Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods
Interagency_Coordinating_Committee_on_the_Validation_of_Alternative_Methods
Veterinary procedure
wants to care for the pet Research and testing – In the course of scientific research or testing, animals may be euthanized to be dissected, to prevent
Animal_euthanasia
British physician and politician (born 1934)
Retrieved 22 June 2011. "The Three Rs: The Way Forward". The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved
Leslie Turnberg, Baron Turnberg
Leslie_Turnberg,_Baron_Turnberg
Association CAAT (i) or (a) Campaign Against Arms Trade Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing CAB – Civil Aeronautics Board CABB (p/i) – Confederación
List_of_acronyms:_C
English social reformer and journalist (1865–1918)
in the movements for animal welfare, vegetarianism, as well as those opposing vivisection and vaccination. Trist edited several animal welfare periodicals
Sidney_Trist
better conditions for farm animals, promoting veganism, opposing fur production, pushing for the use of alternatives to animal testing, and addressing Russia's
Animal welfare and rights in Russia
Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_Russia
July 2014. "Animal testing in China: China's move towards animal alternatives". Frame. 2019-04-24. Retrieved 2020-04-08. "Dangers lurk for China's ban
Animal welfare and rights in China
Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_China
Efforts of the Third Reich to ensure the protection of animals
conclusion of World War II. The Nazi government made a law against animal testing. The current animal welfare laws in Germany were initially introduced by the Nazis
Animal welfare in Nazi Germany
Animal_welfare_in_Nazi_Germany
Pennsylvania-based organization
Society and had the Cruelty of Animals Act passed. The Society advocated complete abolition of vivisection in scientific testing. The first two members – Caroline
American Anti-Vivisection Society
American_Anti-Vivisection_Society
American zoologist and philosopher (1862–1916)
him to Darwin's theory of evolution, leading him to reject Christianity and to argue for an ethic that did not treat animals as valuable only for their
J._Howard_Moore
British zoologist, originator of the 3Rs concept
centres on animal alternatives were established in several parts of the world and also a series of World Congresses on Alternatives and Animal Use in the
W._M._S._Russell
English journalist and activist (1840–1914)
newspapers in Blackburn and Canterbury. Bryan was active in anti-vivisection and animal welfare organisations, including the National Anti-Vivisection Society and
Benjamin_Bryan
American animal welfare organization
Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT)". Archived from the original on May 30, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2009. PETA. "Animals in Experimentation
Foundation for Biomedical Research
Foundation_for_Biomedical_Research
Agricultural research library
their alternatives literature search, which is one way it meets the AWA requirement to consider alternatives. Scientists working with animals are required
United States National Agricultural Library
United_States_National_Agricultural_Library
presence or absence of the animal mind. These speculations led to many observations of animal behavior before modern science and testing were available. This
Animal_cognition
Animal test of antidepressant effectiveness
The behavioural despair test (or Porsolt forced swimming test) is a test, centered on a rodent's response to the threat of drowning, whose result has been
Behavioural_despair_test
Treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in the US
Animal welfare in the United States relates to the treatment of non-human animals in fields such as agriculture, hunting, medical testing and the domestic
Animal welfare in the United States
Animal_welfare_in_the_United_States
Medical test to identify changes in DNA or chromosomes
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure. Genetic testing can also include measuring
Genetic_testing
Europe's largest primate animal testing research centre. It is a scientific research institute that performs research that contributes to the identification
Biomedical Primate Research Centre
Biomedical_Primate_Research_Centre
blind for beauty's sake?" Revlon stopped using animals for cosmetics testing, donated money to help set up the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, and
History_of_animal_rights
British animal rights campaign
SPEAK (formerly known as SPEAK campaign) is a British animal rights group working to end animal testing in the UK. In the early 2000s, SPEAC (Stop Primate
SPEAK_campaign
Contract research organization and laboratory animal sourcer
lab animal diets and bedding and support services. The company has been criticized for its animal testing practices, most specifically animal testing on
Inotiv
Plant-based food made to resemble meat
flavor of certain meat alternatives to make them taste even more similar to meat ("simulates" animal blood in these meat alternatives but made from plant-based
Meat_alternative
British animal rights organisation
against animal cruelty such as their use for medical research—and promotes a cruelty-free lifestyle. It also investigates and exposes animal abuse. Animal Aid
Animal_Aid
American animal rights organization
opposes factory farming, fur farming, animal testing, and other activities it considers to be exploitation of animals. The organization's controversial campaigns
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals
Contract research organization
studies for medical device companies. The company is one of the largest participants in the international primate trade and is engaged in animal testing, most
Fortrea
U.S. federal law
Agricultural Library, the Animal Welfare Information Center, to assist researchers in searching scientific literature for alternatives to animal use. In 1990, The
Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966
Place where animals are free and protected
Animals are not bought, sold, or traded, nor are they used for testing or experimentation. Additionally, no parts of nor secretions from the animals,
Animal_sanctuary
Bodies overseeing animal research
titles; for example, in Canada a typical title would be the University Animal Care Committee (UACC)[1], while in the United Kingdom it would be the Animal Welfare
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee
United States chimpanzee sanctuary
cost of caring for the approximately 1,000 chimpanzees housed in U.S. research facilities required the development of alternatives to standard laboratory
Chimp_Haven
British animal protection and advocacy group
Free International is a British animal rights and advocacy group that campaigns for the abolition of all animal testing. It organises certification of
Cruelty_Free_International
Widely used serum-supplement for cell culture
country of manufacture, cell growth performance testing, microbial sterility testing, as well as screening for mycoplasma and virus, endotoxin, hemoglobin
Fetal_bovine_serum
American nonprofit organization
biomedical research needs. National Association for Biomedical Research website "UCDAVIS CENTER FOR ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES INFORMATION". Archived from the original
National Association for Biomedical Research
National_Association_for_Biomedical_Research
American surgeon and philanthropist (born 1949)
(2023-08-01). "Organoids, Digital Twins, and the Law: A Case for Alternatives to Animal Testing". Center for Contemporary Sciences. Retrieved 2023-09-18. Han, Jason
Gary_K._Michelson
English writer and social reformer (1868–1940)
Bedborough continued to write on secularist, vegetarian, and animal advocacy themes. He edited The Children's Realm, a vegetarian magazine for children, and
George_Bedborough
number of animals for 95% statistical confidence, and justify not using non-animal alternatives. A 2013 amendment bans the use of live animal experiments
Animal welfare and rights in India
Animal_welfare_and_rights_in_India
Well-being of non-human animals
animal welfare. Respect for animal welfare is often based on the belief that nonhuman animals are sentient and that consideration should be given to their
Animal_welfare
Substances applied to the body to change appearance or fragrance
products are monitored for safety. Some countries have banned using animal testing for cosmetics. The word cosmetics is derived from the Greek κοσμητικὴ
Cosmetics
International nonprofit advocacy group
Action for Animals for the introduction in Congress of the Research Modernization Act. This bill sought to develop alternatives to animal testing in research
Friends_of_Animals
British humanitarian organisation (1891–1919)
applied this principle to human and animal welfare. The League campaigned against capital and corporal punishment, hunting for sport, vivisection and
Humanitarian_League
Transplantation of cells or tissue across species
permanent alteration to the genetic information of animals are also causes for concern. Similarly to objections to animal testing, animal rights activists
Xenotransplantation
Non-profit organization in the US
Suffering of Animals, and The Call to Mercy (2003). Stephens, Martin L., Alternatives to Current Animal Use in Research, Safety, Testing and Education(1986)
Humane_World_for_Animals
development schedules. The conceptual foundation for modern alternatives to animal testing was established in 1959 by British zoologist William M. S. Russell
New_approach_methodologies
Animal rights campaign
contract animal-testing laboratory. HLS tested medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates. It had
Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty
People and companies engaged in industrialized livestock agriculture
be grown by culturing animal cells outside an animal, based on tissue engineering techniques. The ingredients of meat alternatives include 50–80% water
Meat_industry
Canadian anti-vivisection organization
Society was to prevent cruelty to animals in any way possible and that as a physician he did not know of any benefits that vivisection of animals had given
Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society
Animal rights direct action organization
Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign to close Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), Europe's largest animal-testing laboratory. The Southern Poverty Law Center,
Animal_Liberation_Front
Immunological test for tuberculosis
infection. It has largely replaced older skin testing techniques such as the tine and Heaf tests. The test involves injecting a small amount of purified
Mantoux_test
Animal welfare and rights through history
2016. Joanne Zurlo; Deborah Rudacille; Alan M. Goldberg. "Animals and Alternatives in Testing: History, Science, and Ethics". Retrieved April 23, 2016
Timeline of animal welfare and rights
Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights
American actress (b. 1959)
working for the Center for Animal Care and Control in New York City. In August 2004, Ferdin accepted the presidency of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty
Pamelyn_Ferdin
Animal that provides psychological relief
support animal (ESA) is an animal that provides support to individuals with a mental health or psychiatric disability. Emotional support animals are not
Emotional_support_animal
British not-for-profit publisher, research and campaign organisation
project among Lush Prize winners for animal testing alternatives". Cosmetics Business. Retrieved 2026-05-17. Hill, Simon. "How to Buy Ethical and Eco-Friendly
Ethical_Consumer
Killing of animals for human food
Animal slaughter is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock. It is estimated that each year, 80 billion land animals are
Animal_slaughter
Macaques used in neuroplasticity research; subjects of an animal-cruelty court case
Pacheco of the animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) began working undercover in the lab, and alerted police to what PETA
Silver_Spring_monkeys
American community activist
Directors of Animal Welfare (DAW) and the League for Earth and Animal Protection (LEAP). In 2006, Laws was the recipient of the Los Angeles Animal Humanitarian
Charlotte_Laws
20th century animal rights advocate
and Mary Kay Cosmetics, donations that led to the creation of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. Other campaigns targeted the face branding
Henry_Spira
later sent to 400 of her neighbors, and her home was picketed. In 1997, Freeman Wicklund of the university's Student Organization for Animal Rights (SOAR)
University of Minnesota primate research
University_of_Minnesota_primate_research
Health crisis in 1990s
cases in 2009 (0.0013 %0), with testing alone costing the industry over 40 million Euros a year to dispose of an animal whose consumption would have presented
Mad_cow_crisis
Measurement of lethal dose of substance
and Drug Administration approved alternative methods to LD50 for testing the cosmetic drug botox without animal tests. The LD50 is usually expressed as
Median_lethal_dose
Unscientific healthcare practices
treatments are subjected to testing for undesired side-effects, whereas alternative therapies, in general, are not subjected to such testing at all. Any treatment –
Alternative_medicine
standards for animals. It applies to various categories, including farm animals, pets, animals used in scientific research, working animals, wildlife
Animal rights by country or territory
Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory
Projective psychological test created in 1921
1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used projective test. The original Rorschach testing system faced numerous criticisms, which the Exner Scoring
Rorschach_test
Device used in animal experimentation
Replacement of animals with non-animal experimentation practices Reduction of the number of animal test subjects used Refinement of scientific practices to reduce
Primate_Equilibrium_Platform
"If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?". PLOS Biology. 17 (2) e3000021
Animal_consciousness
International non-profit organization
The International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the worldwide promotion of ethical
International Council for Laboratory Animal Science
International_Council_for_Laboratory_Animal_Science
Fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle
be tested if they are intended for human food. In North America, tissue of concern, known as specified risk material, may not be added to animal feed
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy
Exposure of animals to tobacco smoke
occurred among mice exposed to smoke than those in the control groups. Since the 1960s, the animal most used in testing the carcinogenicity of tobacco
Animals_and_tobacco_smoke
Wynnewood Exotic Animal Park in Oklahoma. He claimed to be the most prolific breeder of tigers in the United States. He ran as a candidate for president of
List_of_Tiger_King_subjects
meat—advancing meat alternatives". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 48 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1007/s13197-010-0198-7. PMC 3551074. "Culturing Meat for the Future:
Timeline of cellular agriculture
Timeline_of_cellular_agriculture
Alternative theories on the peopling of the Americas
back to 22,900 cal yr BP. A more substantiated claim is that of Paisley Caves in Oregon, where rigorous carbon-14 and genetic testing appear to indicate
Alternatives to the Clovis First theory
Alternatives_to_the_Clovis_First_theory
American media personality (1923–2023)
and animal rights advocate. He hosted CBS's The Price Is Right, the longest-running game show in North American television history, from 1972 to 2007
Bob_Barker
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CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
Surname or Lastname
Translation of French Lemieux.English
Translation of French Lemieux.English : nickname from Old English bētere ‘fighter’, ‘beater’. Reaney suggests it may also be a short form of the various occupational names ending with -better, for example Leadbetter.German (Bavarian) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of rosaries, from Bavarian better ‘rosary’ (from beten ‘to pray’).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for someone who looked after animals, Middle English bester, from beste ‘beast’ (see Best).German : habitational name for someone from a place called Beste.Slovenian (Gorenjska; also Bešter) : probably a derivative of Vester 3, a reduced form of the personal name Silvester. Replacement of initial V- with B- is quite common in Slovenian surnames.
Boy/Male
Indian
To Free
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : occupational name for a treasurer or accountant, from Middle English counter (from Old French conteor).
Female
English
Modern English name derived from Latin anima, ANIMA means "anger, courage, essence, feeling, mind, passion, spirit," from the PIE root *ane-, meaning "to breathe," the same root from which the words animal and animation came. But in Christian contexts, the word anima was used to translate the Greek word psykhe into "soul" (not "spirit"), and this is the same anima from which the personal name was derived. Compare with another form of Anima.
Female
Polish
Polish form of Latin Angela, ANIELA means "angel, messenger."
Female
Hebrew
(×ֲבִיגַל) Unisex form of Hebrew Avigayil, AVIGAL means "father rejoices."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an agent derivative of Anglo-Norman French cant ‘song’, applied as an occupational name for a singer in a chantry or a nickname for someone who had a good voice or who sang a lot.Americanized spelling of Kanter or Kantor.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Chester, the county seat of Cheshire, or from any of various smaller places named with this word (as for example Little Chester in Derbyshire or Chester le Street in County Durham), which is from Old English ceaster ‘Roman fort or walled city’ (Latin castra ‘legionary camp’).
Male
Spanish
Portuguese and Spanish form of Phoenician Hannibal, ANIBAL means "grace of Ba'al."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an agent derivative of Old English cyttan ‘to cut’, possibly applied as an occupational name for a tailor or barber.Americanized form of German Kotter.
Male
English
 English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the city name Chester, from an Old English form of Latin castra, CHESTER means "legionary camp."Â
Female
Egyptian
, another form of Ratta or Ritho.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of belts and girdles, from Middle English ceinture, ceintere ‘girdle’.Possibly an Americanized form of German Zehnder, a variant of Zehner.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(अणिमा) Hindi name ANIMA means "minuteness." Compare with another form of Anima.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : occupational name for a cooper, a short form of Fassbender.English : from an agent derivative of Old English bendan ‘to bend (the bow)’, hence probably a metonymic occupational name for an archer. Compare Benbow.Hungarian : from bender ‘curl’, hence a nickname for someone with curly hair.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name, from Old French saintier ‘bell-founder’.English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of belts and girdles, from Middle English ceinture, ceintere ‘girdle’.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Abital, AVITAL means "my father is dew." In the bible, this is the name of one of David's wives.Â
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from Old French denier, originally the name of a copper coin, later a term for money in general, hence probably a metonymic occupational name for a moneyer or minter.English : variant spelling of Denyer, cognate with 1.
Male
English
English occupational surname transferred to forename use, CARTER means "carter," someone who uses a cart.
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
CENTER FOR-ALTERNATIVES-TO-ANIMAL-TESTING
v. i.
To be placed in a center; to be central.
a.
Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part; as, the animal passions or appetites.
n. & v.
See Center.
n.
One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man; as, men and animals.
a.
Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction.
v. t.
Alt. of Centre
a.
Consisting of the flesh of animals; as, animal food.
v. t.
To cause, as a horse, to go at a canter; to ride (a horse) at a canter.
v. i.
Alt. of Centre
n.
A principal or important point of concentration; the nucleus around which things are gathered or to which they tend; an object of attention, action, or force; as, a center of attaction.
n.
See Center.
imp. & p. p.
of Centre
n.
Either of two things or propositions offered to one's choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives.
v. i.
To move in a canter.
adv.
In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things.
v. t.
To form a recess or indentation for the reception of a center.
v. t.
To place or fix in the center or on a central point.
a.
Of or relating to animals; as, animal functions.
v. i.
To be collected to a point; to be concentrated; to rest on, or gather about, as a center.
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