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Field of statistics
Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. Typically it involves establishing four
Causal_analysis
Field in statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect
Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistical analysis pertaining to establishing cause and effect. Exploratory causal analysis
Exploratory_causal_analysis
Branch of statistics
Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main
Causal_inference
Technique used in strategic planning and futurology
Causal layered analysis (CLA) is a future research theory that integrates various epistemic modes, creates spaces for alternative futures, and consists
Causal_layered_analysis
Method of identifying the fundamental causes of faults or problems
Distinguish between the root-cause and other causal factors (e.g., via event correlation) Establish a causal graph between the root-cause and the problem
Root-cause_analysis
Directed graph that models causal relationships between variables
graphical models to non-parametric analysis, and thus achieved a generality and flexibility that has transformed causal analysis in computer science, epidemiology
Causal_graph
Method of statistical analysis
The Rubin causal model (RCM), also known as the Neyman–Rubin causal model, is an approach to the statistical analysis of cause and effect based on the
Rubin_causal_model
2018 book by Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie
causation and discouraging any discussion of causality in statistics. Causal analysis using path diagrams is then introduced through the explanations of
The_Book_of_Why
Statistical term
causal modeling and analysis of covariance structures. Path analysis is considered by Judea Pearl to be a direct ancestor to the techniques of causal
Path_analysis_(statistics)
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
machine learning. Second, in some situations regression analysis can be used to infer causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables
Regression_analysis
How one process influences another
previous. This chain of causal dependence may be called a mechanism. Note that the analysis does not purport to explain how we make causal judgements or how
Causality
Statistical model
limitations that have been alleviated by modern methods of causal analysis, based on causal diagrams and counterfactual logic. The source of these difficulties
Mediation_(statistics)
Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
factor analysis as a data-reduction technique deemphasizes testing, which contrasts with path analytic appreciation for testing postulated causal connections
Structural_equation_modeling
Refutation of a logical fallacy
contributing cause" (but not necessarily the only contributing cause). Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Area of focus within a business model
Quantitative Project Management Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing CAR - Causal Analysis and Resolution OPM - Organizational Performance Management The process
Process_area_(CMMI)
Development of artificial intelligence
Causal AI is a technique in artificial intelligence that builds a causal model and can thereby make inferences using causality rather than just correlation
Causal_AI
Visualization of variable interrelationships
A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that visualizes how different variables in a system are causally interrelated. The diagram consists of
Causal_loop_diagram
Method for accident analysis to determine causal relationships
why–because graph (WBG), a type of causal notation used to represent interdependencies within a system and depict causal relations between factors of an
Why–because_analysis
2000 book by Judea Pearl
exposition and analysis of causality. It is considered to have been instrumental in laying the foundations of the modern debate on causal inference in several
Causality_(book)
Process to determine the causes of accidents to prevent recurrence
Accident Analysis methods. These can generally be divided into four main categories which break up how and who completes the analysis. Causal Analysis (Root
Accident_analysis
American neuroscientist, neurophilosopher, and author
theories of emergence. He is noted for using information theory and causal analysis to develop mathematical models to explore and understand the basis
Erik_Hoel
Systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives
Cost–benefit_analysis
Process level improvement training and appraisal program
– Quantitative Work Management Maturity Level 5 – Optimizing CAR – Causal Analysis and Resolution. OPM – Organizational Performance Management. CMMI best
Capability Maturity Model Integration
Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration
Conceptual model in philosophy of science
a causal model (also called a structural causal model) is a conceptual model that represents the causal mechanisms of a system.[page needed] Causal models
Causal_model
Data analysis technique
inferences derived from the data by the QCA method are causal requires establishing the existence of causal mechanism using another method such as process tracing
Qualitative comparative analysis
Qualitative_comparative_analysis
measured. Causal analysis Causal inference Causal model Causal reasoning Brains, C., Willnat, L,, Manheim, J., Rich, R. 2011. Empirical Political Analysis 8th
Causal_research
Notation to express cause and effect
also a subject of accident analysis, and can be considered a prerequisite for effective policy making. To describe causal relationships between phenomena
Causal_notation
Method of data analysis
different. Factor analysis is generally used when the research purpose is detecting data structure (that is, latent constructs or factors) or causal modeling.
Principal_component_analysis
Empirical interventional study
students attending schools with different reading programs). The causal analysis of quasi-experiments depends on assumptions that render non-randomness
Quasi-experiment
American technology company
query language Dynatrace Intelligence: Causal AI, predictive analytics, generative AI for root-cause analysis and AI observability predictive analytics
Dynatrace
Bias in causal inference
In causal inference, confounding is a form of systematic error (or bias) that can distort estimates of causal effects in observational studies. A confounder
Confounding
Theoretical framework
a causal model (also called a structural causal model) is a conceptual model that represents the causal mechanisms of a system.[page needed] Causal models
Conceptual_model
Statistical technique to use observational data for causal analysis
trends, but when carefully designed, they provide policymakers with robust causal estimates using observational data. Difference-in-differences has also been
Difference_in_differences
convictions among immigrants than natives. However, the most rigorous causal analysis on the effects of immigration on crime in Italy does not confirm this
Immigration_to_Italy
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
causal determinism, that the occurrence or existence of yet other things depends upon our deliberating, choosing and acting in a certain way. Causal determinism
Determinism
2018 book by Emily Chang
criticism for its reliance on anecdotal evidence over statistical or causal analysis. In a review for Quillette, software engineer Sean Welsh argued that
Brotopia
an RR analysis that could be used as a CRR is as follows: for an unbelted driver who was seriously injured in a traffic crash, an important causal question
Forensic_epidemiology
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
frequency data are unduly given causal interpretations. The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed
Simpson's_paradox
Empirical statistical testing of economic theories
statistical analysis, badly specified econometric models may show a spurious relationship where two variables are correlated but causally unrelated. In
Econometrics
Argument for the existence of God
First Cause argument or prime mover argument. The concept of causation, or causal principle, is a fundamental pillar of most cosmological arguments, especially
Cosmological_argument
Approach to quantum gravity using discrete spacetime
The causal sets program is an approach to quantum gravity. Its founding principles are that spacetime is fundamentally discrete (a collection of discrete
Causal_sets
Statistical method
statistics, this has been criticised. Factor analysis "deals with the assumption of an underlying causal structure: [it] assumes that the covariation
Factor_analysis
Theoretical paradox resulting from time travel
and free will causality paradoxes exemplified by the Newcomb paradox. A causal loop, also known as a bootstrap paradox, information loop, information paradox
Temporal_paradox
Disaster involving one or more trains
PMID 36989961. Lin, Chen-Yu; Saat, Mohd Rapik (2020). "Quantitative causal analysis of mainline passenger train accidents in the United States". Proceedings
Railway_accident
Single patient clinical trial
complex statistical analysis of N-of-1 data however, a simple 10-step procedure is available. There has also been work to adapt causal inference counterfactual
N-of-1_trial
Method in the social sciences
types of comparative history research: 1. comparative history as macro-causal analysis - the emphasis is on identifying both relevant differences and similarities
Comparative historical research
Comparative_historical_research
traditional causal analysis nor constitutive analysis can properly account for the relationship between emotions and decision-making. Causal analysis, which
Emotional_choice_theory
German Reformed theologian
of the Bible. His major systematic works are marked by Aristotelian causal analysis and, most strikingly, by the methodology of Ramism. He showed concern
Amandus_Polanus
exemplifies Aristotle's broader medical method, integrating observation with causal analysis and folding female biology into his general account of health as a
Aristotle's_views_on_women
Cognitive process independent of the senses
December 2009). "Counterfactuals, Thought Experiments, and Singular Causal Analysis in History". Philosophy of Science. 76 (5): 712–723. doi:10.1086/605826
Thought
Problem-solving technique that breaks down a system into its component pieces
Systems analysis is "the process of studying a procedure or business to identify its goal and purposes and create systems and procedures that will efficiently
Systems_analysis
redefining the causal estimand of interest is to characterize the probability of spillover exposure for each subject in the analysis, given some vector
Spillover_(experiment)
Method to identify causes of accidents and analysis to plan preventive training
response to a trend that showed some form of human error was a primary causal factor in 80% of all flight accidents in the Navy and Marine Corps. HFACS
Human Factors Analysis and Classification System
Human_Factors_Analysis_and_Classification_System
Type of meditational and devotional practices
philosophy but an exposition of the Universal Law of Nature based on a causal analysis of natural phenomena. It is taught, therefore, as a science rather
Anussati
Type of flowchart
A causal map can be defined as a network consisting of links or arcs between nodes or factors, such that a link between C and E means, in some sense, that
Causal_map
Candidate unified theory of physics
The theory of causal fermion systems is an approach to describe fundamental physics. It provides a unification of the weak, the strong and the electromagnetic
Causal_fermion_systems
1967 essay by Alvin Goldman
"A Causal Theory of Knowing" is a philosophical essay written by Alvin Goldman in 1967, published in The Journal of Philosophy. It is based on existing
A_Causal_Theory_of_Knowing
Study of research methods
the qualitative-quantitative divide: explorations in case-focused causal analysis. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-0063-4. OCLC 793207861. Newman, Isadore
Methodology
Application of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior
Applied behavior analysis (ABA), also referred to as behavioral engineering, is a psychological discipline that uses respondent and operant conditioning
Applied_behavior_analysis
Psychological term for what is commonly known as a failed prophecy
the pre-existing causal theory that was driving the expectancy. On this logic an unexpected event would likely instigate causal analysis as the existing
Disconfirmed_expectancy
Second of two 1917 revolutions in Russia
nature of the October Revolution "could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis, not by recourse to the mono-causality of monopoly capitalism". For
October_Revolution
Statistical method in genetic epidemiology
abbreviated to MR) is a method using measured variation in genes to examine the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Under key assumptions (see below),
Mendelian_randomization
Statistical hypothesis test for forecasting
"g-causal" relationship with the current neuron. Previous Granger-causality methods could only operate on continuous-valued data so the analysis of neural
Granger_causality
Variable that is causally influenced by two or more variables
via regression analysis, stratification, experimental design, or sample selection based on values of the collider creates a non-causal association between
Collider_(statistics)
Statistical paradox
concludes that the new diet had no causal impact. The second statistician adjusts for initial weight, using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and compares
Lord's_paradox
Meeting between a patient and a physician
system: A roadmap for integrating electronic health record data in a causal analysis framework". npj Digital Medicine. 4 (1): 170. doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00542-0
Doctor's_visit
American professor
The Foundations of Factor Analysis. In 1982 he was second author with Lawrence James and Jean M. Brett of Causal Analysis: Models, Assumptions and Data
Stanley_A._Mulaik
Final Series (Epoch) of the Silurian
(October 2020). "Ultra-high resolution multivariate record and multiscale causal analysis of Pridoli (late Silurian): Implications for global stratigraphy, turnover
Pridoli_Epoch
Sensitivity analysis can play an important role in epidemiology, for example in assessing the influence of the unmeasured confounding on the causal conclusions
Applications of sensitivity analysis in epidemiology
Applications_of_sensitivity_analysis_in_epidemiology
In-depth, detailed examination of a particular case
applies lessons from regression-oriented analysis to qualitative research, arguing that the same logics of causal inference can be used in both types of
Case_study
Risk management strategy using a systems-based approach
several root causal analysis techniques, e.g. Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) analysis. Others are Event and Causal Factor Analysis (ECFA), Multilinear
System_safety
Attempts to spot a pattern from information
Trend analysis is the practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern. In some fields of study, the term has more formally defined
Trend_analysis
Structural theory of international relations
retrieved 2025-12-18 Kurki, Milja (2007-03-01). "Critical Realism and Causal Analysis in International Relations". Millennium. 35 (2): 361–378. doi:10
Offensive_realism
Process where information about current status is used to influence future status
cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems: Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system
Feedback
Field of electrical engineering
possible to physically realize a non-causal system operating in "real time". However, from the standpoint of analysis, they are important for two reasons
System_analysis
Academic discipline
Michael C. (2006). Structural Determinants of Graduation Rates A Causal Analysis. Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse. OCLC 1064128728. Kling, Arnold
Education_economics
British sociologist (born 1949)
the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide: Explorations in Case-Focused Causal Analysis, London, Continuum, 2012. What is Qualitative Research?, London, Bloomsbury
Martyn_Hammersley
Application of mathematical and statistical methods in finance
policy or for profit unless we have identified relationships using causal analysis and econometrics. Mathematical finance models do not, therefore, incorporate
Mathematical_finance
Reverse-engineering neural networks
December 2020). "Investigating gender bias in language models using causal mediation analysis". Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information
Mechanistic_interpretability
Class of statistical models
evolution of the process can be discovered. They have also been used for causal analysis, have been extended to dynamic models that evolve over time and for
Staged_tree_(mathematics)
Study of circular causal processes
Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular causal processes such as feedback and recursion, where the outcomes of actions return as inputs
Cybernetics
Ability to make choices voluntarily
functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous
Free_will
Discrimination against Islam or Muslims
definition of Islamophobia that permits systematic comparative and causal analysis," and suggested "indiscriminate negative attitudes or emotions directed
Islamophobia
Study of health and disease within a population
informed assertions about which relationships are causal, and about exactly how they are causal. Epidemiologists emphasize that the "one cause – one
Epidemiology
Various techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition
most prominent of these techniques is the analysis of concepts, known as conceptual analysis. While analysis is characteristic of the analytic tradition
Philosophical_analysis
School of thought within decision theory
Causal decision theory (CDT) is a school of thought within decision theory which states that, when a rational agent is confronted with a set of possible
Causal_decision_theory
Statistical matching technique
Parametric Causal Inference". Political Analysis. 15 (3): 199–236. doi:10.1093/pan/mpl013. "MatchIt: Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference"
Propensity_score_matching
American psychologist (1937–2021)
structural equation modeling and path analysis (statistics), as discussed by Heise in his book Causal Analysis. In 1978 Heise reported research results
David_R._Heise
Method to develop and test theories
differs from other qualitative analysis methods because of its focus on "how" causal mechanisms work; other qualitative analysis methods focuses at the correlation
Process_tracing
Quantitative data analytical technique
outcome, necessitating a combination of conditions or further analysis to understand the full causal landscape. This characteristic means that NCA should be
Necessary_condition_analysis
Pakistani-born Australian academic, futures studies researcher
famous for introducing and pioneering the futures technique of causal layered analysis, that uses a four-layered approach to bring about transformative
Sohail_Inayatullah
Causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa
fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa that show the potential causes of a specific
Ishikawa_diagram
Principle relating genetic variance to fitness
"The Price equation, Fisher's fundamental theorem, kin selection, and causal analysis". Evolution. 51 (6): 1712–1729. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb05096
Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection
Fisher's_fundamental_theorem_of_natural_selection
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
generally implies the causal closure of the physical realm. Strong emergentism seems to violate causal closure by introducing novel causal entities that cannot
Emergence
Futures studies / Futures techniques method
with scenario planning leads to plausible scenario storylines because the causal relationship between factors can be demonstrated. These cases, in which
Scenario_planning
Philosophical approach to understanding science
empiricism and positivism by viewing science as concerned with identifying causal mechanisms. In the last decades of the twentieth century it also stood against
Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)
Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)
Sequence of data points over time
time-series is driven by some "forcing" time-series (which may not have a causal effect on the observed series): the distinction from the multivariate case
Time_series
Study of collection and analysis of data
country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a
Statistics
Criteria for measuring cause and effect
Hill presented 9 perspectives potentially contributing to evidence of a causal relationship. They are often incorrectly described as the Bradford Hill
Bradford_Hill_criteria
Study of the development of philosophy
Milja (3 April 2008). Causation in International Relations: Reclaiming Causal Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47076-6. Retrieved 2 June
History_of_philosophy
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