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Chemical compound
A cardenolide is a type of steroid. Many plants contain derivatives, collectively known as cardenolides, including many in the form of cardenolide glycosides
Cardenolide
Species of butterfly
level is highly variable. Unpalatability is correlated with the level of cardenolides obtained via the larval diet, but other compounds like alkaloids also
Queen_(butterfly)
Genus of flowering plants
cardenolides, exuded where cells are damaged. Most species are toxic to humans and many other species, primarily due to the presence of cardenolides.
Asclepias
Genus of flowering plants
this genus. The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as cardenolides in the genus Erysimum, is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by
Erysimum
Species of flowering plant
successfully. Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird predation and
Asclepias_tuberosa
Milkweed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae
the presence of cardenolides in their bodies, which the caterpillars ingest as they feed on milkweed. Monarchs and other cardenolide-resistant insects
Monarch_butterfly
Chemical compound
sugars). These are a type of cardiac glycoside, the other being the cardenolide glycosides. Both bufadienolides and their glycosides are toxic; specifically
Bufadienolide
Species of beetle
these plants contain toxic molecules known as cardenolides. C. cobaltinus beetles are resistant to cardenolide toxic effects and can further use them for
Chrysochus_cobaltinus
Photochemical reaction
example occurs early in the total synthesis of the biologically active cardenolide ouabagenin by Phil Baran and coworkers: The optimized conditions minimize
Norrish_reaction
Species of flowering plant in the asparagus family
respectively. Due to the high concentration of potent cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), it is highly poisonous if consumed by humans or other animals. Other
Lily_of_the_valley
Chemical compound
Calotropin is a toxic cardenolide found in plants in the family Asclepiadoideae. In extreme cases, calotropin poisoning can cause respiratory and cardiac
Calotropin
Chemical compound
Digitoxigenin, a cardenolide, is the aglycone of digitoxin. Digitoxigenin can be used to prepare actodigin. In Lednicer's book on steroids, it is made
Digitoxigenin
Species of plant
both cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), and glucosinolates. All parts of E. crepidifolium are toxic due to their cardenolide content. There are at least
Erysimum_crepidifolium
Species of flowering plant
host for the monarch butterfly. Research indicates that the very high cardenolide content of this species reduces the impact of the OE parasite, Ophryocystis
Asclepias_linaria
Chemical compound
Ramos, ACP; Taranto, AG; Pádua, RM (2017). "Cytotoxic effects of the cardenolide convallatoxin and its Na, K-ATPase regulation". Molecular and Cellular
Convallatoxin
Chemical compound
moiety. Cerberin, with its five-membered ring, belongs to the cardenolide class; cardenolides are 23-carbon steroids with methyl groups at positions 10 and
Cerberin
Species of flowering plant
monarch butterfly food and habitat plant. However, it provides negligible cardenolide content, a set of protective chemicals that reduce the virulence of the
Asclepias_fascicularis
Species of flowering plant
characteristic of the plant family Brassicaceae, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), a class of chemicals produced by at least twelve different plant families
Erysimum_cheiranthoides
Natural anti-predator mechanism
the leaves, cardenolide toxins, and latex fluids, but Monarchs have evolved in response to remain unaffected by these defenses. Cardenolide toxins sequestered
Chemical_defense
Species of vine
eastern United States. The bark of Periploca graeca contains the toxic cardenolide glycoside periplocin with activity similar to digitoxin. The essential
Periploca_graeca
Class of organic compounds
of the molecule allows it to be classified as either a cardenolide or bufadienolide. Cardenolides differ from bufadienolides due to the presence of an "enolide
Cardiac_glycoside
Species of butterfly
Asclepias, more commonly called milkweed. Milkweed contains toxic compounds, cardenolides, which are often consumed and stored by many butterflies. Because of
Danaus_chrysippus
Order of insects often called true bugs
such as Dolycoris are able to direct these fluids at an attacker. Toxic cardenolide compounds are accumulated by the heteropteran Oncopeltus fasciatus when
Hemiptera
Species of dragonfly
the thorax and abdomen first to avoid the greatest concentration of cardenolide toxins. The genus name Hagenius was coined by Edmond de Sélys Longchamps
Dragonhunter
Species of beetle
processing toxic cardenolide, but can also able to accumulate this compound in its own body to deter future predators. Cardenolide is shuttled through
Chrysochus_auratus
Species of bird
Fink, Linda S.; Brower, Lincoln P. (May 1981). "Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of monarch butterflies in Mexico". Nature. 291 (5810): 67–70
Black-headed_grosbeak
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
singular may refer to: g-Strophanthin, also known as ouabain k-Strophanthin Cardenolide This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with
Strophanthin
Polycyclic organic compound having sterane as a core structure
effects). Toxins such as steroidal saponins (plant defense compounds) and cardenolides/cardiac glycosides (which affect heart function). Steroids with an open-ring
Steroid
Species of plant
also toxic. However, this particular species seems to have the lowest cardenolide content. "Occurrence Detail 474605930". "Taxonomy browser (Digitalis
Digitalis_atlantica
Plant-derived medication
Digoxin, sold under the brand name Lanoxin among others, is a medication used to treat various heart conditions. Most frequently it is used for atrial
Digoxin
Species of plant
Robin A.; Weber, Marjorie G.; Rasmann, Sergio (April 2012). "Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant–herbivore interactions"
Calotropis_gigantea
Ion channel enzyme pump found in the membrane of all animal cells
observed in insects that are adapted to cardiotonic steroid toxins such as cardenolides and bufadienolides. Insects adapted to cardiotonic steroids typically
Sodium–potassium_pump
Class of plant-derived organic compounds with soap-like properties
galacturonic acid, which are oxidized forms of glucose and galactose. Cardenolide Cardiac glycoside Phytochemical Hostettmann K, Marston A (1995). Saponins
Saponin
Cyclic carboxylic ester
is -olide, used in substance class names like butenolide, macrolide, cardenolide or bufadienolide. To obtain the preferred IUPAC names, lactones are named
Lactone
Species of foxglove
are poisonous. In studies, the restriction of calcium ions resulted in cardenolide accumulation in D. thapsi. Calcium quantity affects the redox chemical
Digitalis_thapsi
Chemical compound
bind with carbohydrates to form cardiac glycosides) that are similar to cardenolides, differing only in the structure of the C-17 substituent on the D ring
Daigremontianin
Chemical compound
k-Strophanthidin is a cardenolide found in species of the genus Strophanthus. It is the aglycone of k-strophanthin, an analogue of ouabain. k-strophanthin
K-Strophanthidin
Species of crustacean
crab may make the coconut crab toxic due to the presence of cardiac cardenolides. The pincers of the coconut crab are powerful enough to cause noticeable
Coconut_crab
Species of flowering plant
produce milky latex that contains carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenols. The flowers are small, with white
Gomphocarpus_physocarpus
Species of flowering plant
toxins are the cardenolides thevetin A and thevetin B; others include peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin and ruvoside. These cardenolides are not destroyed
Cascabela_thevetia
Species of plant
Oleander is a poisonous plant, containing the toxic steroidal aglycone cardenolide-type cardiac glycosides odorosiside, adigoside, and oleandrin, especially
Nerium
Independent evolution of similar features
(2012). Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings of the National Academy
Convergent_evolution
Chemical compound
Antiarigenin is a highly toxic cardenolide aglycone found in the latex of Antiaris toxicaria (upas tree). As the steroid core of α-antiarin and β-antiarin
Antiarigenin
Subfamily of moths
make their own defenses. Common defenses include cardiac glycosides (or cardenolides), pyrrolizidine alkaloids, pyrazines, and histamines. Larvae usually
Arctiinae
Species of plant
host of the monarch butterfly. The plant's tissues contain sufficient cardenolides that consumption of significant quantities of the plant's leaves, stems
Gomphocarpus_fruticosus
Bluffing imitation of a species with strong defenses
ISBN 978-1-4899-3368-3. [Consider the case where one monarch caterpillar is feeding on cardenolide-containing milkweed, the other not], with one being completely potent
Batesian_mimicry
blistering. Class I chemicals include bufadienolides, cantharidin, cyanides, cardenolides, and alkaloids, all of which have greater effects on vertebrates than
Chemical_defense_in_insects
Species of plant
isolated from the plant include flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, lignans, cardenolides, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. Euonymus alatus is regarded as an invasive
Euonymus_alatus
Mysterious death in 1940s Australia
drugs were later publicly identified as digitalis and ouabain, both cardenolide-type cardiac glycosides.) Hicks noted the only "fact" not found in relation
Somerton_Man
Species of moth
cannabinum (dogbane, Indian hemp) which produces a milky latex containing cardenolides, toxic cardiac glycoside that defend against herbivores. It also feeds
Cycnia_tenera
Chemical reagent for testing cardenolides
reaction is used for the detection and colorimetric determination of cardenolides. To the sample, an aqueous hydroxide solution and an ethanolic picric
Baljet_reaction
Species of flowering plant
Retrieved 2014-03-30. Singh, Bhagirath; Rastogi, R.P. (February 1970). "Cardenolides—glycosides and genins". Phytochemistry. 9 (2): 315–331. doi:10
Asclepias_curassavica
Genus of perennial bulbous plants in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae
Others are edible and used as vegetables. The bulbs contain alkaloids and cardenolides, which are toxic. Ornithogalum has been listed as one of the 38 plants
Ornithogalum
Index of chemical compounds with the same molecular formula
g/mol, exact mass: 342.2559 u) may refer to: Cannabidiol dimethyl ether Cardenolide Tetrahydrocannabiphorol This set index page lists chemical structure
C23H34O2
Chemical compound
Neoconvalloside is a cardenolide glycoside extracted from Convallaria majalis. Viqar Uddin Ahmad & Anwer Basha (2006). Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides:
Neoconvalloside
Chemical reagent for testing alkaloids and cardiac glycosides
for nitrates). A brown ring in the interface indicates the presence of cardenolides.[better source needed] Digoxin: olive-brown without red traces Digitoxin:
Keller's_reagent_(organic)
Genus of beetles
the plant species containing cardenolides, while all other species of the genus feed on plant species without cardenolides. Chryochus beetles by location
Chrysochus
Species of plant
to humans if it eats too much sea mango due to a buildup of cardiac cardenolides.[citation needed] During the Merina Kingdom's rule of the island of Madagascar
Cerbera_manghas
Evolutionary process
"Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase". Proceedings of the National Academy
Adaptation
Species of typical bugs
melanocephalus, unlike many Lygaeinae species, only stored less than 7% of the cardenolides [3H]-ouabain or [3H]-digoxin ten days after being fed these substances
Arocatus_melanocephalus
Examples of separate lineages of organisms developing similar characteristics
(2012). Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings of the National Academy
List of examples of convergent evolution
List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution
Species of flowering plant
species on which the eastern monarch migration largely depends. Using cardenolide fingerprinting analysis, investigators have found that 85-92% of monarchs
Asclepias_syriaca
Enzyme
Enzyme 1.1.1.277 at KEGG Pathway Database. Stuhlemmer U, Kreis W (1996). "Cardenolide formation and activity of pregnane-modifying enzymes in cell suspension
3beta-hydroxy-5beta-steroid dehydrogenase
3beta-hydroxy-5beta-steroid_dehydrogenase
Chemical reaction
Redox Relay Enables A Scalable Synthesis of Ouabagenin, A Bioactive Cardenolide". Science. 339 (6115): 59–63. Bibcode:2013Sci...339...59R. doi:10.1126/science
Mukaiyama_hydration
Species of plant
both Europe and North America. Digitalis ciliata is used to isolate cardenolide glycolosides and is abundant in basically all of the glycosides that
Digitalis_ciliata
Dephosphorylation enzyme
the stomach. ATPase is genetically conserved in animals; therefore, cardenolides which are toxic steroids produced by plants that act on ATPases, make
ATPase
Chemical substance
"Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase". Proceedings of the National Academy
Ouabain
Genus of plants
[needs update] The latex of Antiaris toxicaria contains intensely toxic cardenolides, in particular a cardiac glycoside named antiarin. It is used as a toxin
Antiaris
Species of bird
Lincoln P.; Gibson, D. O.; Moffitt, C. M.; Panchen, A. L. (1978-06-01). "Cardenolide content of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from three areas of East Africa"
Southern_fiscal
Gardening to benefit butterflies
of mulch. Many species of milkweed contain toxic cardiac glycosides (cardenolides). Monarch caterpillars deter predators by incorporating these chemical
Butterfly_gardening
Species of plant
glycerol, bergapten, dorsteniol, and xanthoarnol. The cardenolide syriogenin was isolated from the root. English: snakewort, tusilla French:
Dorstenia_contrajerva
Species of plant
which are characteristic of all Brassicaceae, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), which are found only within the genus Erysimum. However, unlike other
Erysimum_collinum
Species of butterfly
M.; Van Euw, J.; Reichstein, T.; Smith, D.A.S.; Pierre, J. (1975). "Cardenolide storage in Danaus chrysippus (L.) with additional notes on D. plexippus
Hypolimnas_misippus
Defensive feature of prey for selective advantage
toxins from their food plants; Danaus caterpillars accumulate toxic cardenolides from milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae). Some prey animals are able to eject
Anti-predator_adaptation
Species of rodent
seeds and insects. Unusually, they are able to tolerate very bitter cardenolide chemicals, allowing them to consume relatively large quantities of monarch
Black-eared_mouse
Chemical compound
stem bark of Periploca graeca. Some of these plants also contain toxic cardenolides. Urolithin M7, one of the urolithins, has also been synthesized from
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
Chemical compound
Kehkashan; Bhatti, Huma Aslam; Ali, Syed Kashif (2012). "Flavonoid and cardenolide glycosides and a pentacyclic triterpene from the leaves of Nerium oleander
Oleandrose
Digoxin is a widely used medication that is effective for many cardiac conditions in adults and children. Some side effects are expected, some are common
List of side effects of digoxin
List_of_side_effects_of_digoxin
Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae
been documented. The fruit is a capsule. Digitalis canariensis contains cardenolides (cardiac glycosides), which are toxic. Medical use is documented, primarily
Digitalis_canariensis
Species of plant
observed. Like other members of the Adonis genus, this species contains cardenolides, a class of cardiac glycosides.[citation needed] Cardiac glycosides are
Adonis_aestivalis
Species of beetle
Chrysochus cobaltinus, the secretion of C. asclepiadeus does not contain cardenolides. C. asclepiadeus is distributed in Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Croatia
Chrysochus_asclepiadeus
Plant chemical
Oleandrin is a cardiac glycoside found in the poisonous plant oleander (Nerium oleander L.). As a main phytochemical of oleander, oleandrin is associated
Oleandrin
Species of flowering plant
cause vomiting in low doses and death in higher doses due to a mix of cardenolides in the sap. At one time it was classified as a noxious weed because of
Asclepias_cordifolia
Species of foxglove
Digitalis grandiflora Mill. × Digitalis purpurea L.) As the plant contains cardenolides, all parts are toxic. Its leaves contain 0.2% glycosides of the digitoxin-type
Digitalis_grandiflora
Chemical compound
Lanatoside C (or isolanid) is a cardiac glycoside, a type of drug that can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia
Lanatoside_C
Chemical compound
Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis orientalis[disambiguation needed]
Digoxigenin
Species of flowering plant
is 2n=56 in all specimens examined so far. Digitalis minor produces cardenolide chemicals. Digitalis minor is endemic to the eastern Balearic Islands
Digitalis_minor
Class of toxins found in plants
Cyanogenic glycosides produce cyanide and are extremely poisonous. Cardenolides have a bitter taste and influence NA+/K+ activated ATPases in human heart
Phytotoxin
Subfamily of moths
of the caterpillars feed on poisonous host plants and acquire toxic cardenolides that make them unpleasant to predators. Like the closely related litter
Aganainae
Chemical compound
for tranquilizer rounds to incapacitate enemies. Digitoxin and related cardenolides display anticancer activity against a range of human cancer cell lines
Digitoxin
Chemical compound
glycoside from the woolly foxglove (Digitalis lanata), has an aglycon of the cardenolide type named gitoxigenin, which is also the aglycon of lanatoside B, another
Gitoformate
Study of chemically-mediated interactions between living organisms
predators. For example, caterpillars of the monarch butterfly sequester cardenolide toxins from their milkweed host-plants and are able to use them as an
Chemical_ecology
Species of flowering plant
food for monarchs, the plants also contain toxic cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) that the monarchs retain, making them unpalatable and poisonous to predators
Asclepias_asperula
Chemical compound
Cymarin (or cymarine) is a cardiac glycoside. Plants of the genus Apocynum, including Apocynum cannabinum and Apocynum venetum, contain cymarin. Cymarin
Cymarin
Chemical compound
Peruvoside (or cannogenin thevetoside) is a cardiac glycoside for heart failure. It is derived from Cascabela thevetia (Thevetia neriifolia). Arora RB
Peruvoside
Species of single-celled organism
preferentially lay their eggs on varieties of milkweed that have higher levels of cardenolides, compounds which are toxic to the parasite and help to reduce spore loads
Ophryocystis_elektroscirrha
Chemical compound
Deslanoside (trade name Cedilanide in Brazil) is a cardiac glycoside, a type of drug that can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and
Deslanoside
Species of flowering plant
Anthocyanosides Present Cyanogenic glycosides Absent Cardiac glycosides Cardenolides and steroidal nucleus present Research exploring the possible benefits
Thaumatococcus_daniellii
Species of flowering plant
pentacyclic triterpenoid), flavonoid, lignan, sterol, and latex rich in cardenolide. Ripe fruits are eaten fresh by local communities or processed into food
Carissa_haematocarpa
Species of flowering plant
other animals. Apparently, this milkweed species is low in the toxic cardenolide chemicals that deter animal herbivory. Unfortunately, cages require maintenance
Asclepias_meadii
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of a Raga
Male
French
 Old French unisex name GARLAND means "garland, wreath." Compare with another form of Garland.
Boy/Male
English
Friend with a spear.
Female
English
English name derived from the Persian word firouzeh, FAIRUZA means "turquoise."Â
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
French English
Jehovah has been gracious; has shown favor.
Girl/Female
Indian
Boy/Male
Hindu
Deep red, Another name of Lord Shiva, Another name of Agni fire
Boy/Male
Muslim
The subduer
Boy/Male
Indian, Marathi
Famous
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE
CARDENOLIDE