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In thermofluids dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk temperature in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties
Bulk_temperature
Temperature above which magnetic properties change
high and low bulk Curie temperatures, however will only have one mean-field Curie temperature. A higher density of lower bulk temperatures results in a
Curie_temperature
Water temperature close to the ocean's surface
with the bulk temperature." The temperature further below that is called ocean temperature or deeper ocean temperature. Ocean temperatures (more than
Sea_surface_temperature
Nondimensional heat transfer coefficient
the film temperature. The film temperature is the average of the wall temperature and free stream or bulk temperature. When the bulk temperature changes
Nusselt_number
Resistance of a material to uniform pressure
Hooke's law. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus at fixed temperature is called the isothermal compressibility. The bulk modulus K {\displaystyle K} (which
Bulk_modulus
Physical quantity of hot and cold
sources. Peak temperature for a bulk quantity of matter was achieved by a pulsed-power machine used in fusion physics experiments. The term bulk quantity draws
Temperature
Quantity relating heat flux and temperature difference
average of the surface T s {\displaystyle T_{s}} and the surrounding bulk temperature, T ∞ {\displaystyle {{T}_{\infty }}} . T f = T s + T ∞ 2 {\displaystyle
Heat_transfer_coefficient
Chemical properties of materials
which may unexpectedly react at much lower temperatures than their melting or decomposition temperatures. The bulk compounds should be contrasted with nanoparticles
Tammann temperature and Hüttig temperature
Tammann_temperature_and_Hüttig_temperature
Heat transfer due to the movement of fluid
independent of each other. [citation needed] The bulk temperature, or the average fluid temperature, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties
Convection_(heat_transfer)
Lowest temperature at which a substance spontaneously combusts
temperature (often called self-ignition temperature, spontaneous ignition temperature, minimum ignition temperature, or shortly ignition temperature,
Autoignition_temperature
Semiconductor resistance model
specific to the bulk semiconductor material over a given temperature range of interest. When applying a thermistor device to measure temperature, the equation
Steinhart–Hart_equation
Solid metallic material with disordered atomic-scale structure
glasses. Such low softening temperature supports simple methods for making nanoparticle composites (e.g. carbon nanotubes) and bulk metallic glasses. Metallic
Amorphous_metal
Plasma device using external magnets to confine plasma
corresponds to a temperature of about one billion kelvin. As described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, a bulk gas at a much lower temperature will still
Stellarator
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
dynamics in the bulk, but in agreement with models that compare bulk and surface dynamics. In polymers the glass transition temperature, Tg, is often expressed
Glass_transition
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
Thermodynamic temperature, also known as absolute temperature, is a physical quantity that measures temperature starting from absolute zero, the point
Thermodynamic_temperature
Mass per unit volume
packaging. Osmium is the densest known element at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. To simplify comparisons of density across different systems
Density
Dimensionless quantity; ratio of a fluid's buoyancy to viscosity
to approximately 1/T for ideal gases) Ts is the surface temperature T∞ is the bulk temperature L is the vertical length D is the diameter ν is the kinematic
Grashof_number
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Magnetic confinement device used to produce thermonuclear fusion power
maintain fusion and produce net energy output, the bulk of the fuel must be raised to high temperatures so its atoms are constantly colliding at high speed;
Tokamak
Milk storage tank
In dairy farming a bulk milk cooling tank is a large storage tank for cooling and holding milk at a cold temperature until it can be picked up by a milk
Bulk_tank
Explosive with focused effect
core while the outer portion remains solid and cannot be equated with bulk temperature. The location of the charge relative to its target is critical for
Shaped_charge
Differential equation parameter in thermal physics
moderated nuclear reactors, the bulk of reactivity changes with respect to temperature are brought about by changes in the temperature of the water. However each
Temperature_coefficient
Phenomenon in nanoscale materials
nanoscale materials, which melt at temperatures hundreds of degrees lower than bulk materials. The melting temperature of a bulk material is not dependent on
Melting-point_depression
Battery with solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte
of achieving a bulk ionic conductivity in excess of liquid electrolyte counterparts at room temperature. With this advancement, bulk solid-ion conductors
Solid-state_battery
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
667 kn), or 1 km in 2.92 s or one mile in 4.69 s. It depends strongly on temperature as well as the medium through which a sound wave is propagating. At 0 °C
Speed_of_sound
Temperature at the boundary layer of a fluid undergoing convection
Incropera & DeWitt Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th Ed Film Temperature Archived 2009-02-22 at the Wayback Machine Bulk and Film Temperatures
Film_temperature
Phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices
effective temperature term used when modelling carrier density (i.e., with a Fermi-Dirac function) and does not refer to the bulk temperature of the semiconductor
Hot-carrier_injection
Fraction of the melting point
upper temperature is high relative to the melting point; from this we can deduce that solder will have limited mechanical strength (as a bulk material)
Homologous_temperature
Appliance for cold food storage
a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room. Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique around the world. The low temperature reduces
Refrigerator
Ship designed to transport liquefied chemical gases in bulk
of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code). These systems must include means for monitoring temperature, volume, and pressure, as well as pressure
Gas_carrier
Sale of unsorted confections, nuts, gumballs, toys and novelties
Bulk vending is the sale of unsorted confections, nuts, gumballs, toys and novelties (in capsules) selected at random and dispensed generally through non-electrically
Bulk_vending
Degree to which a material under stress irreversibly deforms before failure
modulus is Young's; the equivalent for deforming under bulk compression, i.e. when using the bulk modulus, is malleability. Historically, materials were
Ductility
Thermal engineering discipline concerning transfer of heat in physical systems
high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics. Heat convection occurs when the bulk flow of
Heat_transfer
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
far from boundaries (bulk state), the viscosity depends only space- and time-dependent macroscopic fields (such as temperature and density) defining
Viscosity
Glass-fiber polymer
Bulk moulding compound (BMC), bulk moulding composite, or dough moulding compound (DMC), is a ready-to-mold, glass-fiber reinforced thermoset polymer material
Bulk_moulding_compound
Experimental fusion reactor in the United Kingdom
experiments on ZETA showed that the original temperature measurements were misleading; the bulk temperature was too low for fusion reactions to create the
ZETA_(fusion_reactor)
Ratio of shear stress to shear strain
this uniaxial stress (the wire getting thinner and the column thicker). The bulk modulus K describes the material's response to (uniform) hydrostatic pressure
Shear_modulus
Method of calculating heat transfer in flow systems
thermal engineering, the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems
Logarithmic mean temperature difference
Logarithmic_mean_temperature_difference
The Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) is an approximation of the Gradient Richardson number. The BRN is a dimensionless ratio in meteorology related to the
Bulk_Richardson_number
Type of boiling
adjacent to the wall if the wall temperature at the heat transfer surface rises above the saturation temperature while the bulk of the liquid (heat exchanger)
Nucleate_boiling
Key reliability issue in MOSFETs
Negative-bias temperature instability (NBTI) is a key reliability issue in MOSFETs, a type of transistor aging. NBTI manifests as an increase in the threshold
Negative-bias temperature instability
Negative-bias_temperature_instability
Thermoplastic polymer
phase polymerization, bulk polymerization and slurry polymerization. All state-of-the-art processes use either gas-phase or bulk reactor systems. In gas-phase
Polypropylene
Distance a flow travels after entering a pipe before fully developed
from the wall to the fluid via convection is a fixed value, then the bulk temperature of the fluid steadily increases or decreases respectively at a fixed
Entrance length (fluid dynamics)
Entrance_length_(fluid_dynamics)
Form of fusion power
is much lower. Fusion devices rely on this distribution; even at bulk temperatures far below the Coulomb barrier energy, the energy released by the reactions
Aneutronic_fusion
Experimental fusion reactor, first to hit 75 million degrees
whether the results could be trusted and whether they were measuring the bulk temperature or just hot spots. Goldston showed results from four totally different
Princeton_Large_Torus
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
in volume. The reciprocal of compressibility at fixed temperature is called the isothermal bulk modulus. The specification above is incomplete, because
Compressibility
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
interfacial phenomena become prominent with respect to bulk effects. To adapt the two-temperature model to this situation, it is therefore necessary to
Two_temperature_model
Characteristic temperature for a substance
temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of
Boiling_point
services such as crop production, are texture, structure, bulk density, porosity, consistency, temperature, colour and resistivity. Soil texture is determined
Physical_properties_of_soil
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
concentration n for a given temperature has always the same character, 1/n. In applications to gas dynamics, the diffusion flux and the bulk flow should be joined
Diffusion
Soil type
and erosion. In terms of carbon cycling, bulk soil respiration is sensitive to fluctuations in temperature. Another property, pH, is affected by soil
Bulk_soil
Process of decreasing or eliminating a remnant magnetic field
magnetic mines. The US Navy tested, in April 2009, a prototype of its High-Temperature Superconducting Degaussing Coil System, referred to as "HTS Degaussing"
Degaussing
Material property relevant for characterizing fluid flow
Volume viscosity (also called bulk viscosity, or second viscosity or, dilatational viscosity) is a material property relevant for characterizing fluid
Volume_viscosity
Applies an electric current to heat or cool materials
be achieved with simpler devices (with Joule heating). Thermoelectric temperature control heats or cools materials by applying an electrical current across
Thermoelectric_heat_pump
Transistor type used in the flat-panel display industry
Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) is polycrystalline silicon that has been synthesized at relatively low temperatures (~650 °C and lower)
Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon
Low-temperature_polycrystalline_silicon
Bread making process
baking. Like bulk fermentation, proofing is ideally done in a humidity- and temperature-controlled environment. It may be performed at bulk-fermentation
Straight_dough
Type of field-effect transistor
an adequate approximation for the source tied to the bulk. For the source not tied to the bulk, the subthreshold equation for drain current in saturation
MOSFET
Port in Gujarat, India
hinterland of North, West, and Central India. It mainly transports liquid and bulk cargoes and handled 132.3 million metric tonnes of cargo in the 2023–24 financial
Kandla_Port
Chemical data page
ratio, Bulk modulus, and Shear modulus or they may be described by the Lamé parameters. Values from WebElements presumably are also at room temperature. As
Elastic properties of the elements (data page)
Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)
Organisms on the ocean's surface
remote sensing of the sea surface temperature shows ubiquitous anomalies between the sea surface skin and bulk temperature. Even so, the differences in both
Ocean_surface_ecosystem
Boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean
remote sensing of the sea surface temperature shows ubiquitous anomalies between the sea surface skin and bulk temperature. Even so, the differences in both
Sea_surface_microlayer
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance
Superconductivity
Regular pattern of magnetic moment ordering
antiferromagnets the individual magnetic dipoles are oriented in a way such that the bulk of the material has a vanishing total magnetization. In the simplest model
Antiferromagnetism
Solvent property in polymer science
the bulk amorphous polymer phase. Thus, the conformations adopted by polymers dissolved in theta solvents are identical to those adopted in bulk polymer
Theta_solvent
Concept in polymer physics
The time–temperature superposition principle is a concept in polymer physics and in the physics of glass-forming liquids. This superposition principle
Time–temperature superposition
Time–temperature_superposition
State of matter
spaced, freely moving particles with only weak intermolecular forces. As temperature increases, the molecules in a liquid vibrate more intensely, causing
Liquid
States of matter for water as a solid
Variations in pressure and temperature give rise to different phases of ice, which have varying properties and molecular geometries. Currently, twenty-two
Phases_of_ice
Chemical which reduces air pollution from diesel engines
there is more than one), current ammonia filling level, engine operating temperature and speed. DEF is a 32.5% solution of urea, (NH 2) 2CO. When it is injected
Diesel_exhaust_fluid
Equation in Fluid Mechanics, relating density & pressure
V}}\right)_{T}={V_{0}}{\frac {(B+P)}{C}}} where K {\displaystyle K} is the isothermal mixed bulk modulus. This above equation is popularly known as the Tait equation. The
Tait_equation
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of
Thermodynamics
Native metal
high (as much as 52%) Ni content and temperatures below 320 °C (the chemical order-disorder transition temperature), tetrataenite is broken down from taenite
Tetrataenite
Quantum theory of interacting electron gas
{\displaystyle \delta } is a positive infinitesimal constant,. At zero temperature, f k ( T = 0 ) = Θ ( k F − | k | ) {\displaystyle f_{\mathbf {k} }(T=0)=\Theta
Lindhard_theory
Chemical compound
a food additive of the thickening agent type, and more specifically a bulking agent. It is also used as a stabilizer. This is an additive belonging to
Acetylated_distarch_adipate
Energy to convert a liquid substance to a gas at a given pressure
vaporization is temperature-dependent, though a constant heat of vaporization can be assumed for small temperature ranges and for reduced temperature Tr ≪ 1.
Enthalpy_of_vaporization
Grace Buffer (optical fiber) Building engineering physics Bulk density Bulk modulus Bulk temperature Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Bulletin of the Lebedev
Index_of_physics_articles_(B)
zero force TMA. The temperature regime may be heating, cooling at a rate of temperature change that can include stepwise temperature changes, linear rate
Thermomechanical_analysis
Chemical science associated with pressure-sensitive adhesives
The predominant factors affecting the bulk of the adhesive tape are temperature and mechanical wear. Temperature changes and extremes could cause degradation
Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives
Chemistry_of_pressure-sensitive_adhesives
Type of energy transfer
be generated (though not destroyed) by friction. In thermodynamics, temperature is defined in macroscopic terms, through the concepts of heat and work
Heat
Geometric aspects of ions and molecules affecting their shape and reactivity
substituent favors the equatorial position gives a measure of its bulk. Ceiling temperature ( T c {\displaystyle T_{c}} ) is a measure of the steric properties
Steric_effects
Reusable surface insulation tile
conductivity while providing maximum thermal shock resistance. LI-900 has a bulk density of 144.2 kg/m3, or 9 lb/ft3. Due to this material’s density being
LI-900
Fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano
virtue of a bulk density lower than water brought about by dispersal of hot gas and solid ash within a pyroclastic current. The temperature difference
Pyroclastic_flow
Chemical compounds known for exhibiting high temperature superconductivity
Masato (August 2019). "Comparison of Temperature and Field Dependencies of the Critical Current Densities of Bulk YBCO, MgB₂, and Iron-Based Superconductors"
Rare-earth barium copper oxide
Rare-earth_barium_copper_oxide
Electronic oscillator circuit
where small size and weight is needed crystals can be replaced by thin-film bulk acoustic resonators, specifically if ultra-high frequency (more than roughly
Crystal_oscillator
Branch of physics
superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at extremely low cryogenic temperatures, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices
Condensed_matter_physics
Device that converts heat flux into electrical energy
Seebeck generator, is a solid state device that converts heat (driven by temperature differences) directly into electrical energy through a phenomenon called
Thermoelectric_generator
Type of refractory ceramics
Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a type of refractory ceramics that can withstand extremely high temperatures without degrading, often above
Ultra-high temperature ceramic
Ultra-high_temperature_ceramic
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
the particles together and creating a solid piece. Since the sintering temperature does not have to reach the melting point of the material, sintering is
Sintering
Heavy duty container used for shipping
temperature controlled containers. Another specialized container, known as Transtainer, is a portable fuel and oil freight container. The hybrid bulk
Shipping_container
Effect in surface physics
reconstructed into a different symmetry, as well as the temperature dependence of a reconstruction. In the bulk gold is an (fcc) metal, with a surface structure
Surface_reconstruction
Chemical compound
materials. The room-temperature phase of BiFeO3 is classed as rhombohedral belonging to the space group R3c. It is synthesized in bulk and thin film form
Bismuth_ferrite
Carbon-rich fuel
Lignite high-temperature gasification. The coke was produced both as bulk material and in briquette form. From 1952, the high temperature lignite coke
High_temperature_lignite_coke
Direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric
Thermoelectric_effect
Partitioning of elements in a mineral
phase. The bulk distribution coefficient is used to calculate the elemental composition for any element that makes up a mineral in a rock. The bulk distribution
Compatibility_(geochemistry)
Type of propellant
charges. Bulk powders were intended to offer advantages of smokeless powder for use in firearms designed for black powder. Charges of bulk powder are
Firearm_propellant
Material with Vickers hardness exceeding 40 gigapascals
cost and oxidation at temperatures above 800 °C. In addition, diamond dissolves in iron and forms iron carbides at high temperatures and therefore is inefficient
Superhard_material
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
Earth. The troposphere contains the bulk of the atmosphere, possessing 80%–98% of the total atmospheric mass. Temperature varies by altitude according to
Atmosphere
Lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite
eutectoid reaction as austenite cools below 727 °C (1,341 °F) (the eutectoid temperature). Pearlite is a microstructure occurring in the vast majority of structural
Pearlite
Automatic collection and transmission of data
and other granular bulk solids. While technology associated with fluid tank monitoring also applies, in part, to granular bulk solids, reporting of
Telemetry
Graphical representation of the pressure-temperature history of a metamorphic rock
The Pressure-Temperature-time path (P-T-t path) is a record of the pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions that a rock experienced in a metamorphic cycle
Pressure-temperature-time path
Pressure-temperature-time_path
introduced. The London Power Company is formed as an electricity generating and bulk supply company by the merger of ten small companies. The West African Students'
Timeline of London (20th century)
Timeline_of_London_(20th_century)
BULK TEMPERATURE
BULK TEMPERATURE
Male
English
From the American English pet name for a "high-spirited young man," from the vocabulary word buck, BUCK means "male deer or goat."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Balch.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Nickname for a Turkish Woman; A Nose Ring
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Foulks.Respelling of German Volk.
Boy/Male
British, Christian, English
People; Tribe
Boy/Male
English American Greek
Male deer.
Boy/Male
French
Lives in a fortress.
Male
English
Modern form of Medieval English Fulke, FULK means "people, tribe."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Indian
A Stag; Male Deer
Biblical
old age; perishing
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Bull
Boy/Male
Hindu
Bull
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a man with some fancied resemblance to a he-goat (Old English bucc(a)) or a male deer (Old English bucc). Old English Bucc(a) is found as a personal name, as is Old Norse Bukkr. Names such as Walter le Buk (Somerset 1243) are clearly nicknames.English : topographic name for someone who lived near a prominent beech tree, such as Peter atte Buk (Suffolk 1327), from Middle English buk ‘beech’ (from Old English bÅc).German : from a personal name, a short form of Burckhard (see Burkhart).North German and Danish : nickname for a fat man, from Middle Low German bÅ«k ‘belly’. Compare Bauch.German : variant of Bock.German : variant of Puck in the sense ‘defiant’, ‘spiteful’, or ‘stubborn’.German : topographic name from a field name, Buck ‘hill’.Emanuel Buck came from England to Plymouth Colony in the 1640s and in 1647 settled in Wethersfield, CT.
Male
English
The Deer
Male
German
From the Germanic word burg, BURK means "castle, fort, protection." Used as a short form of longer names containing the same element.
Boy/Male
Biblical
Old age; perishing.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Kankeya | கநà¯à®•à¯‡à®¯à®¾Â
Bull
Kankeya | கநà¯à®•à¯‡à®¯à®¾Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Turkish
Country; Kingdom; Supreme Power
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a strong, aggressive, bull-like man, from Middle English bul(l)e, bol(l)e. Occasionally, the name may denote a keeper of a bull. Compare Bulman.German (mainly northern) : from a byname for a cattle breeder, keeper, or dealer. Compare South German Ochs.South German : nickname for a short fat man, a variant of Bolle, or a nickname for a man with the physical characteristics of a bull.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Bull
BULK TEMPERATURE
BULK TEMPERATURE
Male
Russian
(ÐфоноÑ) Pet form of Russian Afon, AFONOS means "immortal."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hawaiian, Hebrew
Beautiful
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Coming Forth; Existence
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God prevails.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nicika | நீஸீகா  Â
Perfect
Girl/Female
Hindu
Pious, Pure or chaste or devout or holy or Persian
Girl/Female
Arabic
Graceful; Pretty
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Thankful; Grateful
Boy/Male
Tamil
Judge, Honest, Upright, Justice, Sincere, Just
BULK TEMPERATURE
BULK TEMPERATURE
BULK TEMPERATURE
BULK TEMPERATURE
BULK TEMPERATURE
v. t.
To endeavor to raise the market price of; as, to bull railroad bonds; to bull stocks; to bull Lake Shore; to endeavor to raise prices in; as, to bull the market. See 1st Bull, n., 4.
v. i.
To appear or seem to be, as to bulk or extent; to swell.
a.
Having a short and thick neck like that of a bull.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Bulk
n. & v.
See Balk.
v. i.
To go to bed in a bunk; -- sometimes with in.
n.
Magnitude of material substance; dimensions; mass; size; as, an ox or ship of great bulk.
n.
A thwarting an adversary in cribbage by spoiling his score; a balk.
v. i.
To take the shape of a bulb; to swell.
n.
Anything bulky or unwieldly.
v. t.
To disappoint; to frustrate; to foil; to baffle; to /hwart; as, to balk expectation.
imp. & p. p.
of Bulk
v. t.
To take out the entrails of; to disembowel; as, to hulk a hare.
n.
Bulk; volume.
n.
The main mass or body; the largest or principal portion; the majority; as, the bulk of a debt.
a.
Of great bulk or dimensions; of great size; large; thick; massive; as, bulky volumes.
n.
One who, or that which, resembles a bull in character or action.
a.
Of or pertaining to a bull; resembling a bull; male; large; fierce.
n.
A name given to some parts that resemble in shape certain bulbous roots; as, the bulb of the aorta.
v. t.
To throw by bucking. See Buck, v. i., 2.