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Compact encoding of digital data
data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any
Data_compression
Topics referred to by the same term
Bit rate reduction may refer to: Bit-rate reduction, a synonym for data compression Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression format used by the SPC-700
Bit_rate_reduction
Bit Rate Reduction, or BRR, also called Bit Rate Reduced, is a name given to an audio compression method used on the SPC700 sound coprocessor used in the
Bit_Rate_Reduction
Information transmission rate expressed in bits per second
computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is expressed as bits per
Bit_rate
Video compression format, succeeds H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
The preliminary requirements for NGVC were the capability to have a bit rate reduction of 50% at the same subjective image quality compared with the H.264/MPEG-4
High_Efficiency_Video_Coding
Topics referred to by the same term
Revolution Radio, a hacker internet radio show Bit-rate reduction, another term for data compression Bit Rate Reduction, a name given to an audio compression scheme
BRR
Topics referred to by the same term
membership in A? Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression method Data reduction, simplifying data in order to facilitate analysis Graph reduction, an efficient
Reduction
Digital subscriber line technology
to provide data rates exceeding 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in both the upstream and downstream directions. The maximum available bit rate is achieved at
VDSL
Digital audio effect
fidelity: sample rate reduction and resolution reduction. Sample rate reduction Adjusting a bitcrusher by varying only the sample rate Problems playing
Bitcrusher
Direct digital-to-digital conversion of one encoding to another
Ghanbari, "A frequency-domain video transcoder for dynamic bit-rate reduction of MPEG-2 bit streams", in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for
Transcoding
Digital audio compression standard
sound signals: the present BBC distribution system and a proposal for bit-rate reduction by digital companding. IEE Conference publication No. 119, pp. 90–96
NICAM
Lossy audio compression format
perceptual audio coder (PAC)" in Collected Papers on Digital Audio Bit-Rate Reduction, Gilchrist, N. and Grewin, C. (Ed.), Audio Engineering Society, 1996
Advanced_Audio_Coding
from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2018. "AD1848: Parallel-Port 16-Bit SoundPort Stereo Codec" (PDF). Analog Devices. 1992. Atari Corp. (1995).
List_of_sound_chips
Portable device capable of storing and playing digital media
Audio Coding (PAC), pp. 73–82, in Collected Papers on Digital Audio Bit-Rate Reduction, N. Gilchrist and C. Grewin, eds, Audio Engineering Society Publications
Portable_media_player
French technology broadcast company
(HEVC) compression standard. The HEVC standard aims at obtaining a bit-rate reduction of up to 50 percent compared to the current H.264 compression format
Thomson_Video_Networks
Digital audio format
audio, MP3 compression can commonly achieve a 75–95% reduction in size, depending on the bit rate. In popular usage, MP3 often refers to files of sound
MP3
Digital electronic representation of moving visual images
bit rate corresponds directly to the quality of the video because bit rate is proportional to every property that affects the video quality. Bit rate
Digital_video
1980's high-definition analog broadcast television standard
Philips, in a joint venture with Bosch (BTS), produced a "BRR" (or Bit Rate Reduction) recording system to enable the full HD signal to be recorded onto
HD-MAC
Audio technology company
SR-type noise reduction, listed above with regards to analog cassette tapes. See also Dolby Surround Dolby TrueHD: Offers bit-for-bit sound reproduction
Dolby
Union-Radiocom. Sector (ITU-R) has adopted H.264/AVC in ITU-R BT.1687 "Video bit-rate reduction for real-time distribution of large-screen digital imagery applications
List of video services using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
List_of_video_services_using_H.264/MPEG-4_AVC
Measurement of a signal at discrete time intervals
In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave
Sampling_(signal_processing)
DSL service where downstream bandwidth exceeds upstream bandwidth
common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). In ADSL, bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning greater toward the customer premises
ADSL
by side. In this demonstration HEVC reportedly showed almost a 50% bit rate reduction compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. On August 22, 2012, Ericsson announced
High Efficiency Video Coding implementations and products
High_Efficiency_Video_Coding_implementations_and_products
1990 11 September 1987 11 September 2007 Method and apparatus for bit rate reduction U.S. patent 4,901,075 file+20: [2007, 9, 11] grant+17: [2007, 2, 13]
List of United States MPEG-2 patents
List_of_United_States_MPEG-2_patents
Maximum rate of data transfer
bandwidth sometimes refers to the net bit rate, peak bit rate, information rate, physical-layer useful bit rate, channel capacity, or maximum throughput
Bandwidth_(computing)
Third generation of double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
transfer rate of (memory clock rate) × 4 (for bus clock multiplier) × 2 (for data rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits in a byte)
DDR3_SDRAM
Type of data encoding
however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol (as seen in the figure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate applications. In the presence of an arbitrary
Phase-shift_keying
Type of computer memory
Double Data Rate 5 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR5 SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory. Compared to its predecessor
DDR5_SDRAM
Information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth
modulation efficiency. In exchange for this reduction in spectral efficiency, FEC usually reduces the bit-error rate, and typically enables operation at a lower
Spectral_efficiency
Grooves in a weapon barrel for accuracy
to manufacturing variance are, in fact, fairly common. Since a reduction in twist rate is very detrimental to accuracy, gunsmiths who are machining a
Rifling
Computer format for digital audio
offer a range of degrees of compression, generally measured in bit rate. The lower the rate, the smaller the file and the more significant the quality loss
Audio_file_format
Peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
BitTorrent is a communication protocol for peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P), which enables users to distribute data and electronic files over the Internet
BitTorrent
2021 full-frame mirrorless camera
120 fps refresh rate EVF, 1.6× resolution compared to α7 III 5-axis optical in-body image stabilisation with a 5.5 stops of shake reduction 10 fps continuous
Sony_α7_IV
Method of data transmission in which bits are conveyed in parallel
number of bits sent at one time times the bit rate of each individual path; doubling the number of bits sent at once doubles the data rate. In practice
Parallel_communication
Password cracking dataset
initial paper. The term refers to the way different reduction functions are used to increase the success rate of the attack. The original method by Hellman
Rainbow_table
Process of removing noise from a signal
Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. Noise reduction techniques exist for audio and images. Noise reduction algorithms may distort
Noise_reduction
Digital signal performance enhancement
with dithering, and forms part of the process of quantization or bit-depth reduction of a signal. Its purpose is to increase the apparent signal-to-noise
Noise_shaping
Measurement of the power of a data compression algorithm
saving, one speaks of data-rate saving, which is defined as the data-rate reduction relative to the uncompressed data rate: D a t a R a t e S a v i n
Data_compression_ratio
Method for converting signals between digital and analog
obtained by a sort of averaging of the higher-data-rate bitstream. Delta modulation is an earlier related low-bit oversampling method that also uses negative
Delta-sigma_modulation
Computer approximation for real numbers
36 bits, organized as a 1-bit sign, an 8-bit exponent, and a 27-bit significand. Double precision: 72 bits, organized as a 1-bit sign, an 11-bit exponent
Floating-point_arithmetic
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
(half of the achieved bandwidth required by our scheme), where R is the bit rate and where N = 1,000 samples per symbol by FFT. If a guard interval is applied
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Type of computer memory
per bit, compared to four or six transistors in SRAM. This allows DRAM to reach very high densities with a simultaneous reduction in cost per bit. Refreshing
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Family of RISC-based computer architectures
32 bits. M (bits 0–4) is the processor mode bits. T (bit 5) is the Thumb state bit. F (bit 6) is the FIQ disable bit. I (bit 7) is the IRQ disable bit.
ARM_architecture_family
Techniques to improve network performance
older Microsoft Windows versions as well as Linux. TCP Proportional Rate Reduction (PRR) is an algorithm designed to improve the accuracy of data sent
TCP_congestion_control
Average uncertainty in variable's states
information rate between 0.6 and 1.3 bits per character in English; the PPM compression algorithm can achieve a compression ratio of 1.5 bits per character
Entropy_(information_theory)
Kind of motor used in drilling
lobes indicates a reduction in the torque produced but a faster bit rotation speed. The operating parameters include flow rate, bit rpm and torque. The
Mud_motor
Digital audiovisual data interface
lower DSC bit rate of 7 bit/px Possible by using Y′CBCR with 4:2:0 subsampling and DSC together, which permits a lower DSC bit rate of 6 bit/px HDR10 requires
HDMI
Self-correcting computer data storage
5 years of flight, the spacecraft reported a nearly constant single-bit error rate of about 280 errors per day. However, on November 6, 1997, during the
ECC_memory
Video compression technique
visible. The reduction in quality (and therefore bit rate) in certain areas of the picture caused by using lumi masking allows more bits to be allocated
Lumi_masking
Computer technology
over IP (VoIP) and audio streaming to optimize the rate of data transfer. Through the temporary reduction of data in silent intervals, Audio can be broadcast
Silence_compression
Ethernet frame with more than 1500 bytes payload
function of packet transfer rates is related in a complex manner to payload size per packet. Theoretically, as line bit rate increases, the packet payload
Jumbo_frame
Type of computing error
to interpret the noise as a data bit, which can cause errors in addressing or processing program code. The bad data bit can even be saved in memory and
Soft_error
Second generation of double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
(each clock cycle transfers two bits of data). Increasing the prefetch length allowed DDR2 SDRAM to double the rate at which data can be transferred
DDR2_SDRAM
Audio compression technology
audio coding algorithm. Dolby states that Dolby AC-4 provides a 50% reduction in bit rate over Dolby Digital Plus. When Dolby AC-4 was tested by the DVB the
Dolby_AC-4
Rate-seeking algorithm
from a service, or an explicit request to reduce the rate (i.e., back off). The rate reduction can be modelled as an exponential function: t = b c {\displaystyle
Exponential_backoff
Series of CPUs by AMD
NX bit Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000) CPU core voltage (VCore): 1.40 Volts Power use (TDP): 67 Watt max First release: 2004 Clock rate: 1800–2200 MHz
Athlon_64
with a three-line colour display; the voice recorder (MP3) came with bit rates of low (96 kbit/s), mid (128 kbit/s) and high. Models with the built-in
List_of_Sony_Walkman_products
Home video game console
develop the 32X add-on for the Genesis, as a less expensive entry into the 32-bit era. The 32X was approved by Sega CEO Hayao Nakayama and widely supported
Sega_Saturn
2014 full-frame mirrorless camera
diffraction-reducing algorythms, area-specific noise reduction and 16-bit image processing + 14-bit raw output were all innovations introduced with this
Sony_α7_II
CMOS microprocessor in the 6502 family
65C02 microprocessor is an enhanced CMOS version of the popular nMOS-based 8-bit MOS Technology 6502. It uses less power than the original 6502, fixes several
WDC_65C02
Lossless compression algorithm
Endianness is little-endian. Bit 0 is the least significant bit in a byte. Each block has a 3-bit header with two fields: BFINAL (first bit): 1 if this is the last
Deflate
Method for IP address allocation and routing
(ISPs) and end users on any address-bit boundary. In IPv6, however, the interface identifier has a fixed size of 64 bits by convention, and smaller subnets
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing
spin rate. In both these schemes contiguous bit transfer rates are constant. This is not the case with other schemes such as using constant bit density
Hard disk drive performance characteristics
Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics
Type of computer memory
retention voltage technique with reduction rates ranging from 5 to 10, the decrease in node size caused reduction rates to fall to about 2. With these two
Static_random-access_memory
Digital representation of sampled analog signals
original analog signal: the sampling rate, which is the number of times per second that samples are taken; and the bit depth, which determines the number
Pulse-code_modulation
2023 APS-C mirrorless camera
5 stops of shake reduction 11 fps continuous shooting 4K 120p video recording with 6K oversampling battery life with NP‑FZ100 is rated at approximately
Sony_α6700
Audio compression technologies
additional channels up to 7.1.4 are optional. AC-4 provides a 50% reduction in bit rate over AC-3/Dolby Digital Plus. Dolby TrueHD, developed by Dolby Laboratories
Dolby_Digital
Audio or video represented as a stream of discrete numbers
sampling theorem, which dictates the sampling rate and quantization error dependent on the audio or video bit depth. Because the signal is stored digitally
Digital_recording
Data transmission concept
require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications
Broadband
ITU-T Recommendation
5 kHz) speech over the lower bit rates and high quality wideband (50 Hz to 7 kHz) speech over the complete range of bit rates. In addition, G.718 is designed
G.718
Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity
expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will
Moore's_law
Timecode encoded as an audio signal
subcarrier. Bits 27, 43, and 59 differ between 25 frame/s time code, and other frame rates (30, 29.97, or 24). The bits are: "Polarity correction bit" (bit 59
Linear_timecode
Interest rate taking inflation into account
will suffer a net reduction in buying power. The complexity increases for bonds issued for a long-term, where the average inflation rate over the term of
Real_interest_rate
Lossy audio compression format
II is defined in ISO/IEC 11172-3 (MPEG-1 Part 3) Sampling rates: 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz Bit rates: 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320
MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II
Apple A18 Apple A17 Pro Technology Node 3 nm (N3P) 3 nm (N3E) 3 nm (N3B) Bit 64-bit Total Cores 6 High-performance Cores 2 × 4.25 GHz 2 × 4.04 GHz 2 × 3.78 GHz
List_of_iPhone_models
Series of GPUs by Nvidia
Interface: 128-bit Memory Bandwidth: 16.0 GiB/s. Fill Rate (pixels/s.): 4.0 billion Vertices per Second: 375 million Memory Data Rate: 1000 MHz Pixels
GeForce_6_series
Distortion of media caused by lossy data compression
transmitted (streamed) within the available bandwidth (known as the data rate or bit rate). If the compressor cannot store enough data in the compressed version
Compression_artifact
Electro-mechanical data storage device
1016 bits read, 2018 specifications for consumer SATA hard drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 1014 bits. Within
Hard_disk_drive
Camera model
video recording at 1440 × 1080 (approx. 25/30 fps @ 12 Mbit/s (average bit-rate), 640 x 480 (approx 25/30fps @ 3Mbit/s) Live View with full-time Phase
Sony_Alpha_57
Non-rotary cutting tool used in machining
In machining, a tool bit is a non-rotary cutting tool used in metal lathes, shapers, and planers. Such cutters are also often referred to by the set-phrase
Tool_bit
Cost accounting method
average cost for the delivery of each transmitted bit of data. This is contrasted principally with flat-rate and 95th percentile functions, which are typically
Average_per-bit_delivery_cost
Communication using lasers in outer space
a "record-breaking download rate of 622 megabits per second (Mbps)", and also demonstrated an error-free data upload rate of 20 Mbit/s from an Earth ground
Laser_communication_in_space
Linear error correcting code
"error floor") that get past the LDPC correction inner code even at low bit error rates. For example, the Reed-Solomon code with LDPC Coded Modulation (RS-LCM)
Low-density_parity-check_code
Type of data compression
only reduce file size by lowering bit rate or depth, whereas compressing audio can reduce size while maintaining bit rate and depth. This compression becomes
Lossy_compression
Lossy audio coding technique
encoding. Using 8-bit mu-law encoding would cut the per-channel bitrate of CD audio down to about 350 kbit/s, half the standard rate. Because this simple
Sub-band_coding
Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
control: lost packets (presumed due to congestion) trigger a reduction in data delivery rate TCP uses a sequence number to identify each byte of data. The
Transmission_Control_Protocol
IEEE standard for floating-point arithmetic
leading 1 bit; this bit is not explicitly stored in the representation, but is left implicit; this rule is called leading bit convention, implicit bit convention
IEEE_754
Computer expansion bus standard
PCI-X (133 MHz 64-bit) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes (×4) have roughly the same peak single-direction transfer rate of 1064 MB/s. The
PCI_Express
Highest point of an interest rate
An interest rate ceiling (also known as an interest rate cap) is a regulatory measure that prevents banks or other financial institutions from charging
Interest_rate_ceiling
Computer bus and expansion card standard
PCI slots are the 85 mm long 32-bit version, most PCI-X devices use the 130 mm long 64-bit slot, to the point that 64-bit PCI connectors and PCI-X support
PCI-X
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
order to maintain inclusiveness. This is quite a bit of work, and would result in a higher L1 miss rate. Another advantage of inclusive caches is that the
CPU_cache
Parallel computing platform and programming model
Width 32 bits instructions and 64 bits instructions 64 bits instructions + 64 bits control logic every 7 instructions 64 bits instructions + 64 bits control
CUDA
Personal computer from Commodore, 1987
of its electronic components with the contemporary Amiga 500 for cost reduction. Expansion capabilities include two 3.5" drive bays (one of which is used
Amiga_2000
that fall below perceptual thresholds, it achieves significant reductions in bit rate while maintaining a subjectively acceptable quality. Perceptual
Perceptual_coding
Nikon media processors
using 14-bit. Image processor performance is increased, performing a higher continuous shooting frame rate even when high ISO noise reduction or Active
Expeed
GPU by Nvidia
The "256" in its name stems from the "256-bit QuadPipe Rendering Engine", a term describing the four 64-bit pixel pipelines of the NV10 chip. In single-textured
GeForce_256
2023 full-frame mirrorless camera
General Video recording 8.3K up to 60 fps in 12-bit N-RAW, 8K up to 30 fps with N-log, 4.1K up to 60 fps in 12-bit ProRes RAW HQ, 4K up to 120 fps, 1080p up
Nikon_Z8
Specification that defines an interface between a camera and a host processor
and RAW-20 color depth, increase virtual channels from 4 to 32, Latency Reduction and Transport Efficiency (LRTE), Differential Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM)
Camera_Serial_Interface
Computer sound card driver protocol
the audio streams to use any sample rate and supports bit resolutions of 16, 24, 32 bit integer and 32 or 64 bit floating point. The release of ASIO 2
Audio_Stream_Input/Output
Small computer on a single integrated circuit
biggest reduction since the 1980s—the average price for a microcontroller was US$0.88 (US$0.69 for 4-/8-bit, US$0.59 for 16-bit, US$1.76 for 32-bit). In
Microcontroller
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