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A binary decision is a choice between two alternatives, for instance between taking some specific action or not taking it. Binary decisions are basic
Binary_decision
Data structure for Boolean functions
In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more
Binary_decision_diagram
Mathematical program specifications
the three shared the 2007 Turing Award. Symbolic model checking with binary decision diagrams raised the size of systems that could be analysed by orders
Formal_methods
Kind of binary decision diagram
A zero-suppressed decision diagram (ZSDD or ZDD) is a particular kind of binary decision diagram (BDD) with fixed variable ordering. This data structure
Zero-suppressed decision diagram
Zero-suppressed_decision_diagram
Directed graph with no directed cycles
paths occurs in the binary decision diagram, a DAG-based data structure for representing binary functions. In a binary decision diagram, each non-sink
Directed_acyclic_graph
Machine learning algorithm
classification. Decision tree pruning Binary decision diagram CHAID ID3 algorithm C4.5 algorithm Decision stumps, used in e.g. AdaBoosting Decision list Incremental
Decision_tree_learning
Symbolic boolean function representation, extension of BDDs
An algebraic decision diagram (ADD) or a multi-terminal binary decision diagram (MTBDD), is a data structure that is used to symbolically represent a Boolean
Algebraic_decision_diagram
Declarative logic programming language
structures (for storing equivalence relations), bries (a variant of tries), binary decision diagrams, and even SMT formulas Many such techniques are implemented
Datalog
Decision support tool
intelligence, robotics and control) – Mathematical model of plan execution Binary decision diagram – Data structure for Boolean functions Boosting (machine learning) –
Decision_tree
Data structure for Boolean functions
generalization of the influential ordered binary decision diagram (OBDD) representation, by allowing decisions on multiple variables at once. Like OBDDs
Sentential_decision_diagram
Data organization and storage formats
Adjacency matrix Graph-structured stack Scene graph Decision tree Binary decision diagram Zero-suppressed decision diagram And-inverter graph Directed graph Directed
List_of_data_structures
Computer science field
representations of a set of states and transition relations as logical formulas, binary decision diagrams (BDD) or other related data structures, the model-checking
Model_checking
Gender identities outside of the gender binary
Non-binary (also written as nonbinary) or genderqueer gender identities are those that are outside the male/female gender binary. Non-binary identities
Non-binary
Theorem in Boolean algebra
algebra". Besides its theoretical importance, it paved the way for binary decision diagrams (BDDs), satisfiability solvers, and many other techniques
Boole's_expansion_theorem
German computer scientist
complexity, and he was known for his research on Boolean functions and binary decision diagrams. He wrote two books on related topics, The Complexity of Boolean
Ingo_Wegener
American computer scientist (born 1952)
architecture. His 1986 paper on symbolic Boolean manipulation using Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) has the highest citation count of any publication in
Randal_Bryant
Number of nonzero symbols in a string
0-321-84268-5. Knuth, Donald Ervin (2009). "Bitwise tricks & techniques; Binary Decision Diagrams". The Art of Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 1. Addison–Wesley
Hamming_weight
Reimplementation and extension of SMV model checker
SMV symbolic model checker, the first model checking tool based on binary decision diagrams (BDDs). The tool has been designed as an open architecture
NuSMV
Mathematical problem set on a chessboard
"The number of knight's tours equals 33,439,123,484,294—counting with binary decision diagrams". Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 3 (1). Research Paper
Knight's_tour
Entropy coding method
Binarization: CABAC uses Binary Arithmetic Coding which means that only binary decisions (1 or 0) are encoded. A non-binary-valued symbol (e.g. a transform
Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding
Context-adaptive_binary_arithmetic_coding
Graph representing an implementation of the logical functionality of a network
the AIG an efficient representation in comparison with either the binary decision diagram (BDD) or the "sum-of-product" (ΣoΠ) form,[citation needed]
And-inverter_graph
{\displaystyle 1\leq j\leq n} having an associated profit pj and weight wj. The binary decision variable xj is used to select the item. The objective is to pick some
List_of_knapsack_problems
Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"
efficient representation of Boolean functions known as (reduced ordered) binary decision diagrams (BDD) for logic synthesis and formal verification. Logic sentences
Boolean_algebra
models are automata, networks of communicating automata, Petri nets, binary decision diagrams, boolean equation systems, etc. From a theoretical point of
Construction and Analysis of Distributed Processes
Construction_and_Analysis_of_Distributed_Processes
Model of computational complexity
j {\displaystyle x_{i}>x_{j}} ? These algorithms can be modeled as binary decision trees, where the queries are comparisons: an internal node corresponds
Decision_tree_model
Method of using a pool of algorithms
believe that one or more will perform well. Assume that the problem is a binary decision problem. To construct the compound algorithm, a positive weight is
Weighted majority algorithm (machine learning)
Weighted_majority_algorithm_(machine_learning)
A binary moment diagram (BMD) is a generalization of the binary decision diagram (BDD) to linear functions over domains such as booleans (like BDDs), but
Binary_moment_diagram
Books about algorithms by Donald Knuth
[18] (2011-01-01). Volume 4, Fascicle 1: Bitwise Tricks & Techniques; Binary Decision Diagrams. (Addison-Wesley Professional, 2009-03-27) viii+260pp, ISBN 0-321-58050-8
The Art of Computer Programming
The_Art_of_Computer_Programming
Topics referred to by the same term
analysis Behavior-driven development, a software development technique Binary decision diagram, a data structure in computer science Business Desktop Deployment
BDD
Probability distribution modeling a coin toss which need not be fair
sequence of independent Bernoulli trials Bernoulli sampling Binary entropy function Binary decision diagram Uspensky, James Victor (1937). Introduction to
Bernoulli_distribution
Category of sales software
different variables and may be pre-compiled or converted on the fly into binary decision diagrams. This approach compiles all possible combinations of a configuration
Configure,_price_and_quote
Abstract data type
heap R-tree R* tree R+ tree Hilbert R-tree Rope Trie Hash tree Graphs Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph List of
Stack_(abstract_data_type)
Electronic circuits that utilize digital signals
devices that use or produce them. It deals with the relationship between binary inputs and outputs by passing electrical signals through logical gates,
Digital_electronics
Algorithm for caching data
It drops the binary prediction, allowing it to make more fine-grained decisions about which cache lines to evict, and leaves the decision about which cache
Cache_replacement_policies
Dividing things between two categories
problem is known as statistical binary classification. Some of the methods commonly used for binary classification are: Decision trees Random forests Bayesian
Binary_classification
Visual representation of a decision-making problem
is a symmetric relationship). Bayesian network Binary decision diagram Decision making software Decision tree Fishbone diagram Flowchart Morphological
Influence_diagram
Mohr's circle Pantograph Circuit diagram Smith chart Sankey diagram Binary decision diagram Control-flow graph Functional flow block diagram Information
List_of_graphical_methods
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
are sometimes decided based on a representation of the formula as a binary decision diagram (BDD). Different SAT solvers will find different instances
SAT_solver
Problem in math and computer science
graph) is described with the aid of a symbolic representation such as binary decision diagrams. The reachability problem in a Petri net is decidable. Since
Reachability_problem
Mathematical table used in logic
representations which are more memory efficient are text equations and binary decision diagrams. In digital electronics and computer science (fields of applied
Truth_table
Prefix indicating a power of two
A binary prefix is a unit prefix that indicates a multiple of a unit of measurement by an integer power of two. The most commonly used binary prefixes
Binary_prefix
2011 book by Daniel Kahneman
by documenting a variety of situations in which we either arrive at binary decisions or fail to associate precisely reasonable probabilities with outcomes
Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow
System of digitally encoding numbers
In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is a class of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each digit is represented by a
Binary-coded_decimal
negafibonacci coding is a universal code which encodes nonzero integers into binary code words. It is similar to Fibonacci coding, except that it allows both
Negafibonacci_coding
Mathematical operation with two operands
In mathematics, a binary operation or dyadic operation is a kind of binary function, i.e. given a pair of input values (called operands), it produces an
Binary_operation
Musical structure with two contrasting sections
Binary form is a musical form in 2 related sections, both of which are usually repeated. Binary is also a structure used to choreograph dance. In music
Binary_form
American cryptographer (born 1947)
a decision tree that identifies each of a collection of objects through binary-valued questions (as in the parlor game of twenty questions) and that minimizes
Ron_Rivest
Subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic
Superposition and term rewriting Model checking Mathematical induction Binary decision diagrams DPLL Higher-order unification Quantifier elimination Large
Automated_theorem_proving
Mathematical optimization problem restricted to integers
which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. If some decision variables are not discrete
Integer_programming
Academic journal
finite planar set, 1972 Hyafil, L., Rivest, R.L., Constructing optimal binary decision trees is NP-complete, 1976 Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S., Preparata, F
Information Processing Letters
Information_Processing_Letters
Function returning one of only two values
two-dimensional grid (used in a Karnaugh map) Binary decision diagram, listing the truth table values at the bottom of a binary tree Venn diagram, depicting the truth
Boolean_function
Type of search algorithm
way and the final implication graph Since 1986, (Reduced ordered) binary decision diagrams have also been used for SAT solving.[citation needed] In 1989-1990
DPLL_algorithm
Stage of electronic circuit design verification
technologies used for boolean reasoning in equivalence checking programs: Binary decision diagrams, or BDDs: A specialized data structure designed to support
Formal_equivalence_checking
Prevention of interplanetary biological contamination
contamination standard. Another approach for Europa is the use of binary decision trees which is favoured by the Committee on Planetary Protection Standards
Planetary_protection
1884 English criminal case
gave them a binary decision: accept his direction to find the men guilty of murder or return a special verdict. Without waiting for a decision, the judge
R_v_Dudley_and_Stephens
American computer scientist and mathematician (born 1938)
Computer Programming. Vol. 4, Fascicle 1: Bitwise Tricks & Techniques, Binary Decision Diagrams. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-58050-4. ——— (2005). The Art
Donald_Knuth
account can result in selection bias); Discrete outcomes, such as binary decisions or qualitative data restricted to a small number of categories. Discrete
Limited_dependent_variable
Mobile phone
known as 'hotkeys' or 'soft keys' perform the function of making binary decisions, labelled on the phone's display. The on/off button is located on the
Sony_Ericsson_K300
Optical technique for monitoring brain activity
Noman; Hong, Melissa Jiyoun; Hong, Keum-Shik (February 2014). "Online binary decision decoding using functional near-infrared spectroscopy for the development
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Functional_near-infrared_spectroscopy
Measure for evaluating probabilistic forecasts
equal to his personal beliefs. In addition to the simple case of a binary decision, such as assigning probabilities to 'rain' or 'no rain', scoring rules
Scoring_rule
Putting things into categories
exactly two classes (binary classification) and cases where there are three or more classes (multiclass classification). Unlike in decision theory, it is assumed
Classification
Approach in data analysis
from the fitted model of normality and is converted into a binary decision by applying a decision threshold. Consequently, whether an observation is labelled
Anomaly_detection
American computer scientist
formal methods. His initial work on symbolic model checking based on binary decision diagrams culminated in the creation of the SMV/nuSMV family of model
Kenneth_L._McMillan
Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. These classifications are typically based on a person's gender identity
Legal recognition of non-binary gender
Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender
Auction format
have to report their values in advance; all they have to do is make a binary decision in each point of time, whether to remain or to leave the arena. Obvious
Japanese_auction
Test of machine intelligence
standardized form which includes the answer choices, thus making it a binary decision problem. The Winograd schema challenge has the following purported
Winograd_schema_challenge
Rate-seeking algorithm
rate. An exponential backoff algorithm where b = 2 is referred to as a binary exponential backoff algorithm. When the rate has been reduced in response
Exponential_backoff
Tool used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing
of polynomials has applications for branching programs (also called binary decision diagrams). A read-once branching program can be represented by a multilinear
Schwartz–Zippel_lemma
Castable objects with two distinct faces for generating random outcomes
individual, and even circumstances of the cast. Binary lots may be used for divination, impartial decision-making, gambling, and game playing, the boundaries
Binary_lot
Prejudicial treatment of people who do not identify as male or female
Discrimination against non-binary people, also called enbyphobia or exorsexism, is discrimination against people who do not identify exclusively or at
Discrimination against non-binary people
Discrimination_against_non-binary_people
Task used in experiments to measure spatial learning and memory
The T-maze, for instance, only requires the rat or mouse to make a binary decision, choose left or right (or East or West). In the Morris water navigation
Morris_water_navigation_task
Logic System in India
for navigating dilemmas. In this context, it is used to move beyond binary decision logics by considering not only two opposing options, but also their
Tetralemma
Surgical procedure relieving nerve pressure
is distinct from diagnosis of entrapment. Diagnosis will focus on a binary decision: does the patient have entrapment or not? A diagnosis may not be enough
Nerve_decompression
1956 psychology paper by George Miller on working memory capacity
information contained in the input can be determined by the number of binary decisions that need to be made to arrive at the selected stimulus, and the same
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two
Simple graphical structure in decision-making
datasets.[WHM][MKW] Fast-and-frugal trees are used to perform binary classifications or decisions. In psychology, medicine, and other fields, signal detection
Fast-and-frugal_trees
Proving validity without revealing other data
negligibly small values (for example, guessing correctly on a hundred binary decisions has a 1/2100 soundness error. As the number of bits increases, the
Zero-knowledge_proof
2005 mobile phone
known as 'hotkeys' or 'soft keys' perform the function of making binary decisions, labelled on the phone's display. The button in between of these 'soft
Sony_Ericsson_K750
Geometry problem on grid points
Art of Computer Programming, Fascicle 1b: A Draft of Section 7.1.4: Binary Decision Diagrams. p. 130. Ku, Cheng Yeaw; Wong, Kok Bin (2018). "On no-three-in-line
No-three-in-line_problem
Least-weight tree connecting graph vertices
are fixed but the weights are unknown, it is possible to construct a binary decision tree (DT) for calculating the MST for any permutation of weights. Each
Minimum_spanning_tree
Technique used in the field of human reliability assessment (HRA)
compatibility with conventional event-tree methodology i.e. including binary decision points at the end of each node, allows it to be evaluated mathematically
Technique for human error-rate prediction
Technique_for_human_error-rate_prediction
Machine learning algorithm
resolution ( M , N ) {\displaystyle (M,N)} . Our task is to make a binary decision: whether it is a photo of a standardized face (frontal, well-lit, etc)
Viola–Jones object detection framework
Viola–Jones_object_detection_framework
graph problems, with graphs represented as Boolean circuits, ordered binary decision diagrams or other related representations: s-t reachability problem
List of PSPACE-complete problems
List_of_PSPACE-complete_problems
Process by which desired circuit behavior is turned into a schematic of logic gates
delay, power, and area characteristics of each gate. Silicon compiler Binary decision diagram Functional verification List of free and open-source EDA software
Logic_synthesis
minimization, where he invented the if-then-else DAG (a generalization of the binary decision diagram) and a canonical form for it, before switching to protein structure
Kevin_Karplus
Overview of computer engineering topics
Logic family Multi-level cell Flip-flop (electronics) Race condition Binary decision diagram Circuit minimization for Boolean functions Karnaugh map Quine–McCluskey
Computer engineering compendium
Computer_engineering_compendium
Graphical method to simplify Boolean expressions
Karnaugh maps for larger numbers of inputs) Algebraic normal form (ANF) Binary decision diagram (BDD), a data structure that is a compressed representation
Karnaugh_map
Serbian neuroscientist
Crickmore MA. Motivation, Perception, and Chance Converge to Make a Binary Decision. Neuron. PMID 29983326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.014 Zhang SX,
Dragana_Rogulja
Estimate of time taken for running an algorithm
taking logarithmic time are commonly found in operations on binary trees or when using binary search. An O(logn) algorithm is considered highly efficient
Time_complexity
2023 video game
"greatest stride", Helm wrote about how the game made binary decision-making stressful due to one wrong decision causing a reset of the player's entire progress
The_Exit_8
Competitive algorithm for searching a problem space
solve problems in which the only fitness measure is a binary pass/fail outcome (like decision problems), as there is no way to converge on the solution
Genetic_algorithm
Formal model in concurrency theory
from FDR2 in that it internally represents CSP processes as ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs), which alleviates the state explosion problem of explicit
Communicating sequential processes
Communicating_sequential_processes
Computer approximation for real numbers
to binary floating-point. For example, the decimal number 0.1 is not representable in binary floating-point of any finite precision; the exact binary representation
Floating-point_arithmetic
Computer format for representing real numbers
most common variants are decimal (base 10) and binary (base 2). The latter is commonly known also as binary scaling. Thus, if n fraction digits are stored
Fixed-point_arithmetic
Reading: He favors urban terrains with clear geometry, requiring rapid (binary) decision-making, which suits his temperament better than the interpretative
Jérôme_Baudson
Argentine-born American mathematician
algorithm to infinite-grid graphs of width m-1, periodicity makes the binary decision tree prunable into a finite threaded tree, a closed walk of which yields
Italo_Jose_Dejter
Problem in machine learning and statistical classification
is a binary classification problem (with the two possible classes being: apple, no apple). While many classification algorithms (e.g., decision trees
Multiclass_classification
Statistical estimation method
regression analysis, a binary regression estimates a relationship between one or more explanatory variables and a single output binary variable. Generally
Binary_regression
Overview of and topical guide to electronics
potentiometer Binary weighted resistor converter Charge distribution DAC Pulse width modulator Reconstruction filter The R2R ladder Binary decision diagrams
Outline_of_electronics
short descriptions of redirect targets Zero-suppressed decision diagram – Kind of binary decision diagram "Telecom Glossary 2000: Zero Suppression". U.S
Zero_suppression
hard-decision decoder operates on data that take on a fixed set of possible values (typically 0 or 1 in a binary code), the inputs to a soft-decision decoder
Soft-decision_decoder
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