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Algorithmic problem in order theory
Betweenness is an algorithmic problem in order theory about ordering a collection of items subject to constraints that some items must be placed between
Betweenness_problem
Topics referred to by the same term
somewhere between the other two items. Betweenness centrality - a measure of centrality in a graph, based on shortest paths. The betweenness centrality
Betweenness
Measure of a graph's centrality, based on shortest paths
In graph theory, betweenness centrality is a measure of centrality in a graph based on shortest paths. Betweenness centrality measures how frequently
Betweenness_centrality
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
complexity, the travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is
Travelling_salesman_problem
Seven mathematical problems with a US$1 million prize for each solution
Millennium Prize Problems are seven well-known complex mathematical problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. Each of the problems has a prize
Millennium_Prize_Problems
Probability of shared birthdays
In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share the same birthday
Birthday_problem
Thought experiment in ethics
The trolley problem is a thought experiment in moral philosophy and moral psychology with many variations, involving hypothetical ethical dilemmas about
Trolley_problem
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY, SAT or B-SAT)
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Harmful repetitive gambling
Problem gambling (PG), also known as pathological gambling, gambling disorder, gambling addiction, irresponsible gambling, or ludomania, is repetitive
Problem_gambling
Error made by the human user of a complex system
reliability. Related terms such as PEBKAC ("problem exists between keyboard and chair"), PEBMAC ("problem exists between monitor and chair"), identity error or
User_error
Philosophical question
In philosophy of religion, the problem of evil, also known as the problem of suffering, is the philosophical question of how to reconcile the existence
Problem_of_evil
Physics problem related to laws of motion and gravity
In physics, specifically classical mechanics, the three-body problem is to take the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses
Three-body_problem
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be verified in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time
P_versus_NP_problem
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Computational problem of graph theory
In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights
Shortest_path_problem
Probability puzzle
The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal
Monty_Hall_problem
Philosophical problem about why neural processes give rise to inner experience at all
In philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness (or simply the hard problem) is to explain how and why organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from
Problem_solving
Degree of connectedness within a graph
on a randomly chosen shortest path between two randomly chosen vertices have a high betweenness. The betweenness of a vertex v in a graph G:=(V,E) with
Centrality
18 mathematical problems stated in 1998
Smale's problems is a list of eighteen unsolved problems in mathematics proposed by Steve Smale in 1998 and republished in 1999. Smale composed this list
Smale's_problems
Problem in combinatorial optimization
The knapsack problem is the following problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine which items
Knapsack_problem
Problems related to Tetris Verbal arithmetic Berth allocation problem Betweenness Assembling an optimal Bitcoin block. Boolean satisfiability problem
List_of_NP-complete_problems
American sci-fi television series
3 Body Problem is an American science fiction television series created by David Benioff, D. B. Weiss, and Alexander Woo. It is the third adaptation of
3_Body_Problem_(TV_series)
Open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies
In philosophy of mind, the mind–body problem is a philosophical problem concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind
Mind–body_problem
Computer software bug occurring in 2038
The year 2038 problem (also known as Y2038, Y2K38, Y2K38 superbug, or the Epochalypse) is a time computing problem that leaves some computer systems unable
Year_2038_problem
Description of an issue
problem statement is a description of an issue to be addressed, or a condition to be improved upon. It identifies the gap between the current problem
Problem_statement
Problem caused by profanity filters on the Internet
The Scunthorpe problem is the unintentional blocking of online content by a spam filter, search engine or wordfilter because the text contains a string
Scunthorpe_problem
Type of stable matching problem
stable matching problem (stable-marriage problem) in that the stable-roommates problem allows matches between any two elements, not only between classes of
Stable_roommates_problem
Problem in computer science
In computability theory, the halting problem is the decision problem of, given an arbitrary computer program and an input, determining whether said program
Halting_problem
Thought experiment
In computing, the Two Generals' Problem (or Chinese Generals Problem) is a thought experiment meant to illustrate the pitfalls and design challenges of
Two_Generals'_Problem
23 mathematical problems stated in 1900
Hilbert's problems are 23 problems in mathematics published by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. He intended to rival the master of French mathematics
Hilbert's_problems
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
In the field of epistemology, the Gettier problem is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed
Gettier_problem
Concept in graph theory and network analysis
passing through S {\textstyle S} . Analagously to individual betweenness, group betweenness may be normalized by dividing through the number of pairs of
Group_centrality
Causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa
to the problem encountered by providing a snapshot of the current situation. There can be confusion about the relationships between problems, causes
Ishikawa_diagram
Problem that is difficult or impossible to solve
In planning and policy, a wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements
Wicked_problem
Study of optimal transportation and allocation of resources
to the study of optimal transportation and allocation of resources. The problem was formalized by the French mathematician Gaspard Monge in 1781. In the
Transportation theory (mathematics)
Transportation_theory_(mathematics)
Characteristic or qualities that particular things have in common
(or redness) and the relation betweenness (or being between). Any particular dog, red thing, or object that is between other things is not a universal
Universal_(metaphysics)
2008 science fiction novel by Liu Cixin
The Three-Body Problem (Chinese: 三体; pinyin: Sān tǐ; lit. 'three body') is a 2008 novel by the Chinese hard science fiction author Liu Cixin. It is the
The Three-Body Problem (novel)
The_Three-Body_Problem_(novel)
Problem of setting prices by a public monopoly
The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge
Ramsey_problem
Axiom set used in first-order logic
the only primitive predicates are "betweenness" (expressing the fact that a point lies on a line segment between two other points) and "congruence" (expressing
Tarski's_axioms
Unsolved problem in physics
In theoretical physics, the hierarchy problem is the problem concerning the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity. There is
Hierarchy_problem
Problem used to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them
In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues
Dining_philosophers_problem
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
The is–ought problem is the question of whether moral statements about what ought to be can be inferred from objective statements about what is. It was
Is–ought_problem
Mathematical problem involving optimal stopping theory
known as the marriage problem, the sultan's dowry problem, the fussy suitor problem, the googol game, and the best choice problem. Its solution is also
Secretary_problem
Open problem on 3x+1 and x/2 functions
Unsolved problem in mathematics For even numbers, divide by 2; For odd numbers, multiply by 3 and add 1. With enough repetition, do all positive integers
Collatz_conjecture
Problem in celestial mechanics
linear distance between the points, and the semimajor axis of the conic. Stated another way, Lambert's problem is the boundary value problem for the differential
Lambert's_problem
Motion problem in classical mechanics
interaction between the two bodies. The most prominent example of the classical two-body problem is the gravitational case (see also Kepler problem), arising
Two-body_problem
This is a list of some of the major problems in philosophy. A statement is a conditional statement with a false antecedent. For example, the statement
List of philosophical problems
List_of_philosophical_problems
NP-complete problem in computer science
In number theory and computer science, the partition problem, or number partitioning, is the task of deciding whether a given multiset S of positive integers
Partition_problem
Plays by Shakespeare characterised by complex and ambiguous tone
the problem plays are plays written by William Shakespeare that are characterised by their complex and ambiguous tone, which shifts violently between more
Shakespearean_problem_play
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers
Binding_problem
Computer bugs related to the year 2000
The Year 2000 problem (Y2K) was the potential for computer errors on the Gregorian calendar related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for
Year_2000_problem
Eight disciplines of team-oriented problem solving method
recurring problems. It establishes a permanent corrective action based on statistical analysis of the problem and on the origin of the problem by determining
Eight disciplines problem solving
Eight_disciplines_problem_solving
Problems which attempt to find the most efficient way to pack objects into containers
Packing problems are a class of optimization problems in mathematics that involve attempting to pack objects together into containers. The goal is to
Packing_problems
Philosophical thought experiment
Human Understanding (1689). The problem can be stated in brief: "if a man born blind can feel the differences between shapes such as spheres and cubes
Molyneux's_problem
including that from nature. The problem of evil is formulated as either a logical problem that highlights an incompatibility between some characteristic of God
Religious responses to the problem of evil
Religious_responses_to_the_problem_of_evil
1970 misquotation from Apollo 13
problem. Swigert and Lovell reporting the incident on April 13, 1970 (2:59) Problems playing this file? See media help. "Houston, we have a problem"
Houston,_we_have_a_problem
Four basic unsolved problems about prime numbers
Congress of Mathematicians, Edmund Landau listed four basic problems about prime numbers. These problems were characterised in his speech as "unattackable at
Landau's_problems
Principle in mathematical optimization
optimization problems may be viewed from either of two perspectives, the primal problem or the dual problem. If the primal is a minimization problem then the
Duality_(optimization)
Intelligence in machines
typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is also a field of research
Artificial_intelligence
Psychological theory regarding individuals on the autism spectrum
The double empathy problem is a psychological and sociological theory first coined in 2012 by Damian Milton, an autistic autism researcher. This theory
Double_empathy_problem
Problem in statistical estimation
In the statistical theory of estimation, the German tank problem consists of estimating the maximum of a discrete uniform distribution from sampling without
German_tank_problem
Path-finding using high-weight graph edges
In graph algorithms, the widest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two designated vertices in a weighted graph, maximizing the weight
Widest_path_problem
Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers
failed. The term takes its name from an allegory, the "Byzantine generals problem", developed to describe a situation in which, to avoid catastrophic failure
Byzantine_fault
In mathematics, the Hurwitz problem (named after Adolf Hurwitz) is the problem of finding multiplicative relations between quadratic forms which generalise
Hurwitz_problem
On short connecting nets with added points
the Steiner tree problem, or minimum Steiner tree problem, named after Jakob Steiner, is an umbrella term for a class of problems in combinatorial optimization
Steiner_tree_problem
Complexity class
problems are the hardest of the problems to which solutions can be verified quickly. NP is short for "nondeterministic polynomial-time" and a problem
NP-completeness
Concept in theoretical computer science
established by reference to the blank tape halting problem. The blank tape halting problem is the problem of deciding for any Turing machine whether or not
Busy_beaver
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations
Problem_of_induction
Series of US naval exercises in the interwar period
first twenty-one Fleet Problems — labeled by Navy leadership as Fleet Problem I through Fleet Problem XXI — were conducted between 1923 and 1940. The culmination
Fleet_problem
Unproven computational hardness assumption
Algorithms for Feedback Arc Set Tournament, Kemeny Rank Aggregation and Betweenness Tournament", Proc. ISAAC 2010, Part I, Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Exponential_time_hypothesis
When are solutions in the calculus of variations analytic
nineteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems, set out in a list compiled by David Hilbert in 1900. It asks whether the solutions of regular problems in
Hilbert's_nineteenth_problem
Type of social dilemma
so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. The collective action problem has been addressed in political philosophy
Collective_action_problem
Classic problem in graph theory
mainland portions of the city—Altstadt and Vorstadt—by seven bridges. The problem was to devise a walk through the city that would cross each of those bridges
Seven_Bridges_of_Königsberg
In number theory, a limitation of sieve theory
problem refers to a limitation in sieve theory that prevents sieves from giving good estimates in many kinds of prime-counting problems. The problem was
Parity_problem
Concept in cosmology
In cosmology, the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is the substantial disagreement between the observed values of vacuum energy density
Cosmological_constant_problem
Issue in artificial intelligence and categorical algebra
artificial intelligence, with implications for cognitive science, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic to express facts about
Frame_problem
Puzzle in logic and mathematics
The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a paradox in probability theory. It is of special interest in decision theory and for
Two_envelopes_problem
Mathematical problem in number theory
In number theory, Waring's problem asks whether each natural number k has an associated positive integer s such that every natural number is the sum of
Waring's_problem
cooperative distributed problem solving is a network of semi-autonomous processing nodes working together to solve a problem, typically in a multi-agent
Cooperative distributed problem solving
Cooperative_distributed_problem_solving
Debate concerning the origins of the Sumerians
The Sumerian problem is a debate in the study of ancient Mesopotamia concerning the origins of the Sumerians and the extent to which the culture of ancient
Sumerian_problem
Concept in mathematics
Stefan problem is a particular kind of boundary value problem for a system of partial differential equations (PDE), in which the boundary between the phases
Stefan_problem
Millennium Prize Problem
existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem in mathematical physics and mathematics, and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay
Yang–Mills existence and mass gap
Yang–Mills_existence_and_mass_gap
Mathematical problem
Unsolved problem in statistics Is an approximation analogous to Fisher's argument necessary to solve the Behrens–Fisher problem? More unsolved problems in statistics
Behrens–Fisher_problem
Conjecture on zeros of the zeta function
Unsolved problem in mathematics Do all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function have a real part equal to one half? More unsolved problems in mathematics
Riemann_hypothesis
The quadratic knapsack problem (QKP), first introduced in 19th century, is an extension of knapsack problem that allows for quadratic terms in the objective
Quadratic_knapsack_problem
Conceptual conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics
In theoretical physics, the problem of time is a conceptual conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Quantum mechanics regards the flow
Problem_of_time
Problem of finding a cycle through all vertices of a graph
The Hamiltonian cycle problem is a special case of the travelling salesman problem, obtained by setting the distance between two cities to one if they
Hamiltonian_path_problem
Geometry problem about finding touching circles
In Euclidean plane geometry, the problem of Apollonius (also called Apollonius's problem or the Apollonian problem) is to construct circles that are tangent
Problem_of_Apollonius
Combinatorial optimization problem
assignment problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem. In its most general form, the problem is as follows: The problem instance has
Assignment_problem
Mathematical question
Clock angle problems are a type of mathematical problem which involve finding the angle between the hands of an analog clock. Clock angle problems relate two
Clock_angle_problem
Mathematical problem
problem (also referred to as the Frobenius coin problem or Frobenius problem, after the mathematician Ferdinand Frobenius) is a mathematical problem that
Coin_problem
Theoretical problem in quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of definite outcomes: quantum systems have superpositions but quantum measurements only give
Measurement_problem
Combinatorial optimization problem
The 1-center problem, also known as minimax problem or minmax location problem, is a classical combinatorial optimization problem in operations research
1-center_problem
Chess composition whose solution is a mate or other clear objective
A chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle created by the composer using chess pieces on a chessboard, which presents the solver with
Chess_problem
Concepts from linear algebra
problem, ( ω 2 m + ω c + k ) x = 0. {\displaystyle \left(\omega ^{2}m+\omega c+k\right)x=0.} This can be reduced to a generalized eigenvalue problem by
Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors
The passenger problem is the inability of technological systems designed for use in a moving vehicle to differentiate between a driver and a passenger
Passenger_problem
Complexity class
computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time
NP-hardness
Population control policy in China (1979–2015)
prioritized the Marxist formulation of the population problem. They saw the problem as an "imbalance between economic and demographic growth", and wished to
One-child_policy
On continuous motion of a simple polygon to convex
The carpenter's rule problem is a discrete geometry problem, which can be stated in the following manner: Can a simple planar polygon be moved continuously
Carpenter's_rule_problem
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BETWEENNESS PROBLEM
BETWEENNESS PROBLEM
BETWEENNESS PROBLEM
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BETWEENNESS PROBLEM
BETWEENNESS PROBLEM
BETWEENNESS PROBLEM
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