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Governance system implemented in Pakistan in 1959
Basic democracy was a government system implemented in Pakistan by the Ayub Khan government in 1959 when the Basic Democracies Order was promulgated. In
Basic_democracy
Government system where political power lies with the people
own interests and beliefs. It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully
Democracy
28 March 1962. The National Assembly was elected indirectly by the basic democracy electoral college system. Political parties were banned and the elections
1962 Pakistani general election
1962_Pakistani_general_election
21 March 1965. The National Assembly was elected indirectly by the basic democracy electoral college system, with electoral college members elected in
1965 Pakistani general election
1965_Pakistani_general_election
Types of democracy refers to the various governance structures that embody the principles of democracy ("rule by the people") in some way. Democracy is frequently
Types_of_democracy
Pakistani politician and author (1893–1967)
rule and called for the restoration of democracy and civil rights. Although Ayub won through the Basic democracy electoral college system, Fatima received
Fatima_Jinnah
Supreme law of Pakistan from 1962 to 1969
separation of East Pakistan was fought. 1959: The Basic Democracy (BD) was introduced through the Basic Democracy Order. 1960 February 17: General Ayub Khan
1962_Constitution_of_Pakistan
previous government in a military coup. The vote was held under the basic democracy system introduced after the coup, under which indirect votes were carried
1960 Pakistani presidential confidence referendum
1960_Pakistani_presidential_confidence_referendum
Debate over democracy in China has existed in Chinese politics since the 19th century. The state constitution and CCP constitution of the Peoples Republic
Democracy_in_China
Canadian-Australian political theorist
of democracy, which leads to significant political troubles. In ‘Evolutional Basic Democracy: A Critical Overture,’ Gagnon argues that democracy exists
Jean-Paul_Gagnon
Type of democracy principled on elected representation
to direct democracy. The related concept of electoral democracy emphasizes free, fair and competitive elections, broad suffrage, and basic political freedoms
Representative_democracy
Lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan
as a directly-elected body, it became indirectly-elected under the Basic democracy system, introduced by Ayub Khan. It was restored to its original status
National_Assembly_of_Pakistan
Bangladeshi revolutionary and statesman (1920–1975)
president under a system known as "Basic Democracy". Universal suffrage was curtailed as part of the Basic Democracy scheme. Mujib supported opposition
Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman
Measure of the state of democracy according to The Economist
problems in democratic functioning. Flawed democracies are countries where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honoured, but may have
The_Economist_Democracy_Index
Prevention of anti-democratic principles
German constitution, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. The German concept of defensive/militant democracy is a reaction to the experience
Defensive_democracy
Head of state
in other parliamentary democracies and are largely dictated by Basic Law: The Presidency, which was passed in 1964. The Basic Law: The Government also
President_of_Israel
2017 book by Josiah Ober
Theory of Democracy Epilogue - Democracy after Liberalism In Demopolis, Ober tackles basic questions about democracy. He asks, "What is democracy?", "Why
Demopolis: Democracy Before Liberalism in Theory and Practice
Demopolis:_Democracy_Before_Liberalism_in_Theory_and_Practice
Dataset of characteristics of political / rankings regimes
not liberal democracies and lack further entrenched individual and minority rights beyond the electoral sphere. Basic electoral democracies may not possess
V-Dem_Democracy_Indices
Former Pakistani state holiday commemorating Ayub Khan's 1958 takeover
programme of controlled political reform. The Basic Democracies system was introduced under the Basic Democracies Order was gazetted on 27 October 1959. Revolution
Revolution_Day_(Pakistan)
Israeli legal definition
and an independent judiciary, are all drawn from these principles. Democracy's basic principles require equal treatment of all those included as citizens
Jewish_and_democratic_state
Political party in Suriname
The Basic Party for Renewal and Democracy (Dutch: Basispartij voor Vernieuwing en Democratie) was a political party in Suriname. At the legislative elections
Basic Party for Renewal and Democracy
Basic_Party_for_Renewal_and_Democracy
The Israeli system of government is based on parliamentary democracy. The prime minister of Israel is the head of government and leader of a multi-party
Israeli_system_of_government
Form of government
Liberal democracy, also called Western-style democracy, is a form of government that combines the organization of a democracy with ideas of liberal political
Liberal_democracy
Country in South Asia
gubernatorial system (based on electoral college selection) known as "Basic Democracy". In 1962, Dhaka became the seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Bangladesh
Hypothetical Form of Government
liberalism as, "the insistence that certain basic human freedoms are beyond abridgment". Absolute democracy lacks protections commonly seen in modern democratic
Absolute_democracy
1958–1971, 1977–1988, 1999–2008 periods
legitimacy, Ayub introduced the Basic Democracies system in 1959, a controlled electoral framework based on local councils ("basic democrats"), who later formed
Military dictatorship in Pakistan
Military_dictatorship_in_Pakistan
A concept of a government system and a right-wing to far-right ideology
power and deprived their citizens of basic rights and liberties." He stated that in the West, electoral democracy and civil liberties (of speech, religion
Illiberal_democracy
Democratic governments acting as autocracies
Guided democracy, also called directed democracy and managed democracy, is a term used for some hybrid regimes that were or are formally democratic governments
Guided_democracy
Law passed by the Knesset in 2018
Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (Hebrew: חוֹק יְסוֹד: יִשְׂרָאֵל—מְדִינַת הַלְּאוֹם שֶׁל הָעָם הַיְּהוּדִי), informally known
Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People
Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People
Hong Kong political faction in favour of universal suffrage
pro-democracy camp (Chinese: 民主派), also known as the pan-democracy camp, is a political alignment in Hong Kong that supports increased democracy, namely
Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)
Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)
German political party
It is part of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25), a pan-European movement. The party was founded first as Democracy in Europe (German: Demokratie
MERA25
Political ideology and government structure
right to self-determination as "the basis for the establishment of a basic democracy, without the need to seek new political frontiers". Based on this,
Democratic_confederalism
Constitution of Germany
the Basic Law. The principles of democracy, republicanism, social responsibility, federalism and the rule of law are key components of the Basic Law (Article
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany
Pakistani politician
result of the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état. Khan competed in the 1962 Basic Democracy elections but was unsuccessful. Khan died on 12 July 1972 in Dacca
Abdul_Wahab_Khan_(politician)
Unconditional social welfare proposal
McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy. Archived 24 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (2018) SSRN
Universal_basic_income
Socioeconomic philosophy
inclusive democracy is its distinction between basic and non-basic needs. Remuneration is determined separately according to the cost of basic needs, and
Economic_democracy
Place in Punjab, Pakistan
government hospital. Lalamusa Municipal Committee former chairman and a Basic Democracy member in the regime of President Ayub Khan, Sheikh Ghulam Sarwar(1924-1984)
Bhago
British labour economist (born 1948)
focused on the precariat, deliberative democracy, commons, and has become a major advocate of universal basic income. Standing was elected a fellow of
Guy_Standing_(economist)
Cuban dissident activist (born 1989)
father's death and asked: “When will the people of Cuba finally enjoy basic democracy and fundamental freedoms?” Quintanilla again called her a “mercenary”
Rosa_María_Payá
Political science book by Robert Dahl
the most basic assumptions of democratic theory, tests them against the questions raised by its critics, and recasts the theory of democracy into a new
Democracy_and_Its_Critics
Bangladeshi journalist
1958 and he wanted to 'reinvent democracy according to the genius of the people' and we ended up having 'basic democracy' that was thoroughly rejected by
Mahfuz_Anam
Marxist–Leninist concept
People's democracy is a Marxist–Leninist theoretical concept that chiefly encompasses two processes: the people's democratic revolution and the people's
People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)
People's_democracy_(Marxism–Leninism)
Pakistani politician (1919–1980)
elections for the National Assembly for the first time under Ayub Khan's 'Basic Democracy Program' and defeated all his opponents in 1962. He also opposed the
Mufti_Mehmood
American TV, radio, and internet news program
Democracy Now! is an hour-long independent American television, radio, and Internet news program based in Manhattan and hosted by journalists Amy Goodman
Democracy_Now!
from single-member constituencies by electoral colleges under the "basic democracy" system, and five seats were reserved for women, who were elected by
1962 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election
1962_East_Pakistan_Provincial_Assembly_election
Political party in Greece
Hope for Democracy – Maria Karystianou, Independent Citizens’ Movement (Greek: Ελπίδα για την Δημοκρατία – Μαρία Καρυστιανού, Ανεξάρτητο Κίνημα Πολιτών)
Hope_for_Democracy
Pakistani politician (born 1924)
Khairpur's district council under Field Marshal Ayub Khan’s system of Basic Democracy in the 1960s. His close association with Bhutto led to his joining
Syed_Qaim_Ali_Shah
India is considered to be the world's most populous democracy. Elections in the country started with the 1951–52 Indian general election. India was among
Democracy_in_India
Former provincial wing of Pakistan (1956–1971)
republic. Universal suffrage was abolished in favour of a system dubbed 'Basic Democracy'. Under the system, an electoral college would be responsible for electing
East_Pakistan
world according to V-Dem Democracy indices in 2026, having been downgraded from "liberal democracy" to "electoral democracy" in 2024. Municipal elections
Elections_in_Israel
Bangladeshi politician and teacher
High School for two years. His entrance to politics started at the Basic Democracy elections held in 1959 under Ayub Khan's military rule. He became a
Sayful_Alam
from single-member constituencies by electoral colleges under the "basic democracy" system, and five seats reserved for women, who were elected by the
1965 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election
1965_East_Pakistan_Provincial_Assembly_election
Fourteen quasi-constitutional laws
Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739114858. The Existing Basic Laws: Full Texts (English), the
Basic_Laws_of_Israel
Form of democracy focusing on deliberation and informed decision-making
Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. It often shows characteristics
Deliberative_democracy
Type of democracy in Marxism
emphasis on bottom-up self-administration. In a soviet democracy, people are organized in basic units; for example, the workers of a company, the inhabitants
Soviet_democracy
2018 book on threats to democracy
breakdown. They exhort Americans "to restore the basic norms that once protected" the nation's democracy: "But we must do more than that. We must extend
How_Democracies_Die
Pakistani politician
spanned over nearly one and half years, he tried his best to make Basic Democracy popular in East Pakistan and worked hard in the February 1960 elections
Zakir_Husain_(governor)
of perspectives on the relationship between the religion of Islam and democracy (the form of government in which political power is vested in the people
Islam_and_democracy
System or group governing an organized community
and democracy) aiming only to the benefit of those holding power. Governments could also possess mixed constitutions combining aspects of these basic six
Government
Democracy in Africa is measured according to various definitions of democracy by a variety of indexes, such as V-Dem Democracy indices, and Democracy
Democracy_in_Africa
Pakistani politician
served as 5th Finance minister of Pakistan, Health, Social Welfare, Basic Democracies and Local Government minister of West Pakistan. He also served as
Abdul_Qadir_Sanjrani
Lowest level of local government in Pakistan
3258&rep=rep1&type=pdf Ziring, Lawrence (1965). "The Administration of Basic Democracies: The Working of Democracy in a Muslim State". Islamic Studies. 4 (4): 393–440.
Union_councils_of_Pakistan
Israeli government office created in 2020
established on the basis of a non-binding rotation agreement. According to the Basic Law: The Government, the government swearing-in includes a target date for
Alternate Prime Minister of Israel
Alternate_Prime_Minister_of_Israel
Law passed by the Knesset in 2026
Implications". Israel Democracy Institute. 10 June 2026. Retrieved 14 July 2026. Breuer, Eliav (25 July 2023). "UTJ proposes Basic Law to equate Torah studies
Basic_Law:_Torah_Study
Christian socioeconomic model
democracy is an ideology inspired by Christian social teaching to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics. Christian democracy
Christian_democracy
Term in German constitutional law
of a Streitbare Demokratie ("fortified democracy") that bans attempts to dismantle the liberal democratic basic order by what German authorities refer
Liberal democratic basic order
Liberal_democratic_basic_order
Russian politician and businessman (b. 1954)
not have any effective campaigns against corruption. Russia needs basic democracy reforms to show to investors that it has started moving forward. We
Sergey_Petrov_(businessman)
Political and economic system
labour force with its basic rights fulfilled. In the postwar period, free market economic systems with political systems of democracy and welfare states
Democratic_capitalism
Dictatorship based on the mass enthusiasm generated by a perfectionist ideology
Totalitarian democracy is a dictatorship based on the mass enthusiasm generated by a perfectionist ideology. The conflict between the state and the individual
Totalitarian_democracy
Bangladeshi Judge
delivered by Murshed included Abdul Haque's case, the Pan case, the Basic Democracies case and the case of Lt Colonel GL Bhattacharya. Former president
Syed_Mahbub_Murshed
2001 book by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Democracy: The God That Failed is a 2001 book by Hans-Hermann Hoppe containing thirteen essays on democracy. Passages in the book oppose universal suffrage
Democracy: The God That Failed
Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed
2019 documentary film by Petra Costa
The Edge of Democracy (Portuguese: Democracia em Vertigem) is a 2019 documentary film directed by Petra Costa. The film follows the political past of
The_Edge_of_Democracy
Collection of refugee camps set up in the Tindouf Province, Algeria
activities and medical services. Some argue that this results in a form of basic democracy on the level of camp administration, and that this has improved the
Sahrawi_refugee_camps
Type of democracy that advocates the radical extension of equality and liberty
Radical democracy is a type of democracy that advocates the radical extension of equality and liberty as core values, following the idea that democracy is
Radical_democracy
President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969
Horse which was a cavalry regiment of the British Indian Army. For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4
Ayub_Khan
1958 imposition of direct military control in Pakistan
Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan."(Cambridge University Press, 2013). Aqil Shah, "Army and Democracy: Military Politics
1958_Pakistani_military_coup
19th-century American political ideology
Jacksonian democracy (or Jacksonianism) was a 19th-century American political ideology centered on expanding the political power of the "common man",
Jacksonian_democracy
Pakistani politician (1931–2021)
with Badaruddin Paints Works (1973 to 1975) Ex Member and Chairman of Basic Democracy (1960 to 1968) Ex Councilor of KMC (during the mayorship of Abdul Sattar
Alhaj_Shamim_Uddin
Slovak political party
Direction – Social Democracy (Slovak: Smer – sociálna demokracia), also commonly referred to as Smer, is a left-wing populist and left-wing nationalist
Direction_–_Social_Democracy
Bangladeshi politician
daily Dhaka Tribune published from Dhaka. Sobhan, Rehman (1968). Basic democracies works programme and rural development in East Pakistan. Dacca, Bangladesh:
Rehman_Sobhan
Left-wing European political alliance
The Democracy in Europe Movement 2025, or DiEM25, is a left-wing European political alliance. It operates as a pan-European umbrella for subsidiary parties
Democracy in Europe Movement 2025
Democracy_in_Europe_Movement_2025
Uprising in East Pakistan against Muhammad Ayub Khan
political coalition named the Democratic Action Committee (DAC) to restore democracy. The Awami League mobilized against President Ayub Khan government. Democratic
1969 East Pakistan mass uprising
1969_East_Pakistan_mass_uprising
Period of Japanese history (1905–1932)
Taishō Democracy (Japanese: 大正デモクラシー, Taishō demokurashī) was a period of political and social change in the Empire of Japan that began in the final years
Taishō_Democracy
Annual global ranking of liberal democracies
"Campbell, David F. J. (2008). The Basic Concept for the Democracy Ranking of the Quality of Democracy. Vienna: Democracy Ranking" (PDF). Archived from the
Democracy_Ranking
Range of views in political science and philosophy
Epistemic democracy refers to a range of views in political science and philosophy which see the value of democracy as based, at least in part, on its
Epistemic_democracy
A democracy is a political system, or a system of decision-making within an institution, organization, or state, in which members have a share of power
History_of_democracy
Form of government
Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights
Parliamentary_system
Council by the Pakistan government in 1960. He was a candidate for the 'Basic Democracy' of Ayub Khan. The Government of Pakistan awarded him the Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam
Shah_Abdur_Rauf
Primary and lower secondary education
Classification of Education (ISCED), basic education comprises the two stages primary education and lower secondary education. Basic education featured heavily
Basic_education
Use of information and communication technology in political and governance processes
E-democracy (a mix of the words electronic and democracy), also known as digital democracy or Internet democracy, uses information and communication technology
E-democracy
History of a political party in Bangladesh
on indirect election, through an electoral college, and termed it 'Basic Democracy'. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy joined Nurul Amin, Khwaja Nazimuddin, Maulvi
History_of_Awami_League
Regime combining autocratic and democratic features
weak respect for basic political and civil rights As of 2021 the countries considered hybrid regimes by the "Global State of Democracy Report" are: Angola
Hybrid_regime
Political movement in the Philippines
National Democracy (ND; Filipino: Pambansang Demokrasya) or the National Democratic Left, known colloquially as NatDem, is a political ideology and movement
National Democracy (Philippines)
National_Democracy_(Philippines)
Form of government
mixed government and differentiated basic forms of government between "benign" monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and the "malignant" tyranny, oligarchy
Republic
Book by James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock
The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy is a book published by economists James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock in 1962
The_Calculus_of_Consent
Form of government
Embedded democracy is a form of government in which democratic governance is secured by democratic partial regimes. The term "embedded democracy" was coined
Embedded_democracy
Form of government
conversion. Basic Laws of Israel Clash of Civilizations Cultural relativism Dialogue Among Civilizations Divine law Institute on Religion and Democracy Moral
Religious_democracy
now. There's an extremist movement that does not share the basic beliefs of our democracy: The MAGA movement. There's no question that today's Republican
Democratic backsliding in the United States
Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States
Pakistan's first ever Presidential Elections
election campaign, poor finances, and indirect elections through the Basic Democracy System were some of the primary problems she faced. However, she had
1965 Pakistani presidential election
1965_Pakistani_presidential_election
Status of democracy in Marxist theory
Bolsheviks saw the soviet as the basic organizing unit of society in a communist system and supported this form of democracy. Thus, the results of the long-awaited
Democracy_in_Marxism
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BASIC DEMOCRACY
BASIC DEMOCRACY
BASIC DEMOCRACY
BASIC DEMOCRACY
BASIC DEMOCRACY
BASIC DEMOCRACY
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