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Loss of word-final sounds
In phonology, apocope (/əˈpɒkəpi/ ə-POCK-ə-pee) is the omission (elision) or loss of a sound or sounds at the end of a word. While it most commonly refers
Apocope
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
to eliminate final consonants in Vulgar Latin, either by dropping them (apocope) or adding a vowel after them (epenthesis). Many final consonants were
Romance_languages
West Franconian dialect of German
Rhine Franconian dialects, Palatine German has e-apocope (i.e. loss of earlier final -e), n-apocope (i.e. loss of earlier final n in the suffix -en) and
Palatine_German_dialects
Celtic language family branch
*kom-mrog-) has been explained from a special development of *-og- to *-ag- pre-apocope antepenultimate syllables. Closely paralleling the common Celtic change
Brittonic_languages
Group of dialects of northern Sweden
an original heavy syllable, the final vowel is often reduced or lost (apocope). The former is common in southern Norrland dialects, as in the infinitive
Norrland_dialects
Grammatical features of Old English
ending there at all. This was caused by a sound change called high vowel apocope, which occurred in the prehistory of Old English. Short -i and -u disappeared
Old_English_grammar
Region in northwestern Colombia; also the demonym for an inhabitant
Pereira, Manizales and Armenia. The name Paisa derives from the Spanish apocope of Paisano (fellow countryman), but they are also known as "Antioqueños"
Paisa_people
Process of language change that affects pronunciation or sound system structure
sometimes jokingly pronounced haplogy. Elision, aphaeresis, syncope, and apocope: All are losses of sounds. Elision is the loss of unstressed sounds, aphaeresis
Sound_change
Finnic language
e(i)ks teil(lä) oo "do you (pl.) have?" "don't you (pl.) have (it)?" vowel apocope and common use of the clitic -s in interrogatives (compare eiks to standard
Finnish_language
Portuguese-based creole spoken by a minority in Macau
Macanese patois (Macanese: Patuá), also called Maquista, is a Portuguese-based creole language with a substrate from Cantonese, Malay and Sinhala, which
Macanese_Patois
Branch of the Romance language group
to have the apocope of -o when the word ends with -n, -r and -l, such as in camín (path), rar (rare) and pel (hair). However, this apocope of -o but also
Occitano-Romance_languages
Language family
sixth century CE. It is marked by the loss of Brittonic final syllables (apocope) and the eventual loss of compositional vowels in compound words (syncope)
Neo-Brittonic
Central Norwegian dialect
dialect is, among other things, perhaps mostly characterized by the use of apocope, palatalization and the use of voiced retroflex flaps (thick L). Historically
Trøndersk
Loss of a sound within a word
adjacent to a consonant cluster or a final consonant. Apheresis (linguistics) Apocope Clipping (morphology) Clipping (phonetics) Deletion (phonology) Elision
Syncope_(phonology)
Examples of apocope of -e in Spanish Latin Spanish Latin Spanish parietem pared mercēdem merced pānem pan mare mar fidēlem fiel mēnsem mes pācem paz
History of the Spanish language
History_of_the_Spanish_language
Reduction of a word to one of its parts
mainly consists of the following types: Final clipping, which may include apocope Initial clipping, which may include apheresis, or procope Medial clipping
Clipping_(morphology)
Phonological phenomenon in certain German dialects
depending on the language concerned. More generally called n-deletion or n-apocope, it appears to varying extents in all dialects of the Western group of
Eifel_rule
Proto-Balto-Slavic sound law
that the appearance of the "secondary" acute is associated with the vowel apocope caused by the Leskien–Otrębski–Smoczyński's rule. The appearance of the
De_Saussure's_law
Adjectives in the Spanish language
Spanish adjectives are similar to those in most other Indo-European languages. They are generally postpositive, and they agree in both gender and number
Spanish_adjectives
Merging of two syllables into one
Metaplasm Elision—Contraction (grammar) Apheresis (initial) Syncope (medial) Apocope (final) Crasis Synizesis (merge into one syllable without change in writing)
Synalepha
County in Central Norway
area, trøndersk, is characterized by dropping out most vowel endings; see apocope. Trøndelag is one of the most fertile regions of Norway, with large agricultural
Trøndelag
Continuous sequence of sounds in spoken language
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Connected_speech
Type of backsword with curved blade, designed to cut and slash
via Kipchak Turkic selebe, with later metathesis (of l-b to b-l) and apocope changed to *seble, which would have changed its vocalisation in Hungarian
Sabre
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Rhotacism
Language family of the Andes in South America
penultimate in most dialects of Quechua. In some varieties, factors such as the apocope of word-final vowels may cause exceptional final stress. Stress in Chachapoyas
Quechuan_languages
Mexican alternative metal band
the time, was not expected in Mexican music.[promotion?] "Cuca" is an apocope for cucaracha (cockroach), and blátidos means blattodea, which is the scientific
Cuca_(band)
Loss of the vowel at the beginning of a word
apheresis, aphaeresis, or aphesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Apocope Elision Initial dropping List of phonetics topics Syncope Campbell, Lyle
Apheresis_(linguistics)
Capital district of Atlántico Department, Colombia
"currambero". Others refer to the expression "curramba" which reads the apocope of the city "Barranq" backwards as "q-rran-ba", then given the regulations
Barranquilla
Variety of Spanish generally spoken in the Zulia state in the northwest of Venezuela
preserves verbal forms identical to the original medieval voseo, without apocope or syncope, which distinguishes it from Chilean and Rioplatense voseo,
Maracucho_Spanish
Language of ancient Sumer and Babylon
*/e/ > ne */neː/. The suspected long /eː/ also seems to be resistant to apocope and assimilation which are undergone by the suspected short /e/. Some frequent
Sumerian_language
Chicham language of Peru
Aguaruna also experiences three types of vowel elision: apocope, syncope, and diphthong reduction. Apocope takes precedence; the nucleus of the final light syllable
Aguaruna_language
Character(s) following an ordinal number
of primer (an apocope of primero) before singular masculine nouns, which is not abbreviated as 1.º but as 1.er; of tercer (an apocope of tercero) before
Ordinal_indicator
Ancestor of the Finnic languages
*lešti). The change was fed by *ei > *i, which also caused assibilation. Apocope of final *-i when at least two syllables preceded. This occurred after
Proto-Finnic_language
Branch of the Romance languages
as was noted above. One major exception is the Ligurian language, where apocope only occurred after nasal consonants. Further reductions of final vowels
Gallo-Romance_languages
American linguist and etymologist (born 1937)
adequate model of a phonetic change continuing for centuries, such as apocope and consonant shifts, is that of a change caused by some event and is over
Anatoly_Liberman
Endangered Uralic language of Finland
into a foot, leaving the third-last syllable as a foot of its own. The apocope of certain final vowels, in words of three syllables or more, reduced this
Inari_Sámi_language
Group of dialects of Danish
and finally to a sonorant. The final step of lenition is then complete apocope. This phenomenon can be seen in all its stages in the Jutlandic dialects
Jutlandic
Gallo-Italic language spoken in Italy
syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word. Apocope, i.e., dropping of all of the unstressed vowels at word end, except /a/
Piedmontese_language
Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Epenthesis
Grammatical change of vowels in Indo-European languages
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Indo-European_ablaut
Phonological process of sound change
"elision". Other types of elision include the processes of apheresis, syncope, apocope, synizesis, and synaloepha. Synaeresis comes from Greek συναίρεσις (synaíresis)
Synaeresis
Two Latin-based writing systems of Papiamento
words have undergone a seemingly systematic elision of final letters, or apocope. In verbs, the final -r in infinitive form and -do of past participles
Papiamento_orthography
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
whether the apocope was truly a Proto-Italic development, suggesting that it was perhaps alternatively a "diffused change." The apocope was perhaps conditioned
Proto-Italic_language
Phonological process
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Australian Aboriginal language
final, underlying short vowels undergo apocope (deletion), as in *jalulu > jalul 'fire'. Front-vowel apocope fails to occur in locatives, verbal negatives
Lardil_language
Type of linguistic sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Fusion_(phonetics)
Type of synthetic language
theory and that of general linguistic attrition, especially word-final apocope and elision. "Agglutinative language". Glossary of Linguistic Terms. SIL
Agglutinative_language
Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland
[ˈχuχːiˌχæʃtli]. Most Swiss German dialects have gone through the Alemannic n-apocope, which has led to the loss of final -n in words such as Garte 'garden'
Swiss_German
Doric Greek artifact
varieties. Among the typical Northwest features of the curse tablet are the apocope in the proverbs κατ- and παρ-, the dative pronoun εμίν for εμοί, the temporal
Pella_curse_tablet
Switching the order of sounds
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Metathesis_(linguistics)
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Consonant_gradation
Syllable-based writing system
result from the diachronic loss of the inherent vowel, e.g. by syncope and apocope in Hindi. When not separating syllables containing consonant clusters (CCV)
Abugida
Language family of Northeastern Europe
gradation vary by language (see the separate article for more details). Apocope (strongest in Livonian, Võro and Estonian) has, in some cases, left a phonemic
Finnic_languages
Situational pronunciation of /r/ in non-rhotic varieties of English
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Linking_and_intrusive_R
Change in tone contour based on adjacent syllable tones
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Tone_sandhi
Sound change of vowels assimilating to each other, especially in Germanic languages
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Umlaut_(linguistics)
Extinct language isolate of the Mississippi Valley
Those that affect words that combine into phrases are vocalic apocope, consonantic apocope, amalgamation, and stress losses. More specific information and
Tunica_language
Omission of sounds in words or phrases
bird' where the initial a- has been lost in the singulative. Aphaeresis Apocope Clipping (morphology) Cluster reduction Contraction Crasis Disemvoweling
Elision
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Tone_(linguistics)
Type of secondary articulation in speech
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Velarization
Syllabic separation of two adjacent vowels
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Vowel_hiatus
Slang term
spelling of the common Southern Italian familiar term of address, cumpà, the apocoped oxytone form of the word cumpari found in Southern Italian dialects and
Goombah
Street in Lyon, France
most frequented ones of Lyon by day and night. It is also known by its apocope, "Rue de la Ré". Like the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris, the Rue de
Rue_de_la_République
Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in western Odisha, India
and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect. Word Final Vowel Deletion: Apocope of word-final schwa (see Schwa deletion). Voiced retroflex consonant usage:
Sambalpuri_language
Settlement in Greece
harbour, from which derived the ancient Λακκίον (Lakkíon) and, after the apocope, the nowadays Greek toponym, already anchored semantically at the same
Lakki,_Leros
Māori iwi in New Zealand
and pronunciations also occur in the North Island (e.g. Tolaga Bay). The apocope, the dropping of the final vowel of words, resulting from pronunciations
Ngāi_Tahu
Production of a sound while the velum is lowered
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Nasalization
Consonant sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Lenition
Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Buol originally has the epenthetic vowel -o, but now often reverted by apocope. Modern reflexes are inconsistent, the most common is -∅, and the least
Gorontalo–Mongondow_languages
Vowel sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Monophthongization
Vowel sound change in Celtic languages
"patient (n.)". (See Middle Welsh for more examples.) Cornwall portal Apocope Metaphony Benjamin W. Fortson, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
Affection_(linguistics)
Omission of the start of an utterance, based on reducing the effort of utterance
word-medial position was known as syncope, and in word-final position as apocope." (Richard A. Lanham similarly defines aphaeresis more narrowly than Jespersen
Prosiopesis
Classical Age dialect of Middle Aramaic
The Hatran b-yld corresponds to the Syriac bēt yaldā "anniversary". The apocope of the final consonant of the substantive bt in the construct state is
Hatran_Aramaic
Type of argot in the Italian language
and Puritano's Thoiry piece is also of relevance for its jargon based on apocope or shortenings. "Vuoi fottere il sistema? Stai calmo e usa il Riocontra"
Riocontra
Elision through dissimilation
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Haplology
Group of Celtic languages of Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man
The lenition of voiceless stops Raising/i-affection Lowering/a-affection Apocope Syncope Morphological changes Creation of conjugated prepositions Loss
Insular_Celtic_languages
beginning of the name); for example: Παναγιώτα (Panagióta) → Γιώτα (Gióta) Apocope (loss of syllables at the end of the name); for example: Νικόλαος (Nikólaos)
Greek_name
City with county rights in Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
Hód and Vásárhely, the former getting its name from Beaver's lake, an apocope of Hód-tó (now one of the city's districts and the canal Hód-tavi-csatorna)
Hódmezővásárhely
Sound change where one feature separates into two; opposite of fusion
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Unpacking_(linguistics)
Ancient goddess of Northern Syria
(ʿAttarʿattaʾ), 𐡀𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡄 (ʾAttarʿattā), 𐡀𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕𐡀 (ʾAttarʿattaʾ), and the apocope form 𐡕𐡓𐡏𐡕 (Tarʿatta). The name ʿAttarʿattā was composed of: 𐡏𐡕𐡓
Atargatis
Phenomenon in linguistics
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Assimilation_(phonology)
Extinct and revived Austronesian language
this regard, it is similar to the Southern dialects of Māori, in which apocope is occasionally found. A vowel is also sometimes dropped after a vowel
Moriori_language
Phonological assimilation
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Consonant_harmony
Phonetic sound change
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Consonant voicing and devoicing
Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing
Old form of chess
appears as chatrang, with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text Mâdayân î chatrang ("Book of Chess")
Shatranj
Genus of fishes
Species see text. Synonyms Argyreus Heckel, 1843 Tiaroga Girard, 1856 Apocope Cope, 1872 Eritrema Cope & Yarrow, 1875 Pararhinichthys Stauffer, Hocutt
Rhinichthys
Australian slang words
supermarkets Woollies, especially winter woollies, woollen garments Back to top Apocope Hypocorism#English List of English apocopations Shibboleth Luu, Chi. "Small
Diminutives in Australian English
Diminutives_in_Australian_English
Finnic language south of Lake Onega, Russia
nominative and accusative plural. It is often unpredictable due to historical apocope. Illative singular: Forms the illative, terminative I and additive I singular
Veps_language
Alternate phonetic realization of a morpheme
Prothesis Paragoge Unpacking Vowel breaking Elision Apheresis Syncope Apocope Haplology Cluster reduction Transphonologization Compensatory lengthening
Alternation_(linguistics)
Ancestor of the Celtic languages
Peter (1994). "The Celtic adverbs for 'against' and 'with' and the early apocope of *-i". Ériu. 45: 151–89. Schrijver, Peter (1995). Studies in British
Proto-Celtic_language
Dutch linguist
181–184. 1994: “The Celtic adverbs for ‘against’ and ‘with’ and the early apocope of *-i”, Ériu 45: 151–189. 1996: “OIr. gor ‘pious, dutiful’: meaning and
Peter_Schrijver
Language spoken in West Timor
Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Steinhauer, Hein. "Synchronic Metathesis and Apocope in Three Austronesian Languages of the Timor Area" (PDF). In Premsrirat
Helong_language
French violinist and composer (1774-1830)
Garat (1762–1823)", Les Orages, No. 2, L'imaginaire du héros (Besançon : Apocope, May 2003), pp. 137–168. Joann Élart, "La mobilité des musiciens et des
Pierre_Rode
Subtractive morpheme
feminine formed by adding /ə/. The modern situation results from regular apocope which removed a consonant from the masculine and the final schwa of the
Disfix
Ancient Greek dialect or Hellenic language
present in Epirotic [aː] as a result of contraction between [aː] and [ɔː] Apocope of short vowels in prepositions in synthesis (παρκαττίθεμαι, Attic παρακατατίθεμαι)
Ancient_Macedonian_language
formed in Rosario, Santa Fe in 1984. The term "Argies" is the pejorative apocope for "Argentine" used extensively by British soldiers during the Falklands
Argies_(band)
Alteration in the pronunciation or the orthography of a word
removal of a sound: beginning of a word (apheresis) middle (syncope) end (apocope). Crasis (Ancient Greek contraction), coalescence of two vowels into a
Metaplasm
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
absolute forms the apocope was blocked due to a succeeding enclitic element. Contrast: *bereti- > beirid "carries" (absolute form without apocope) *bereti > *beret
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
1947 book by Raymond Queneau
Past Present Reported Speech Passive Alexandrines Polyptotes Apheresis Apocope Syncope Speaking Personally Exclamations You Know Noble Cockney (Vulgaire)
Exercises_in_Style
Regional capital of Lorestan province, Iran
of the intervocalic plosive /b/ into the semivowel /w/, alongside the apocope (dropping) of the final dental stop /d/. While the Laki form retains the
Khorramabad
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