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Shaping technology for reflecting telescopes
Active optics is a technology used with reflecting telescopes developed in the 1980s, which actively shapes a telescope's mirrors to prevent deformation
Active_optics
Astronomical observatory in Chile
(June 2023). Rubin Observatory Simonyi Survey Telescope Active Optics (7 ed.). Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes (AO4ELT7). Bibcode:2023aoel
Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory
Technique used in optical systems
deformable mirror or a liquid crystal array. Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which work on a longer timescale to correct the primary
Adaptive_optics
development of the computer-controlled alt-azimuth mount in the 1970s and active optics in the 1980s enabled a new generation of even larger telescopes, starting
History_of_the_telescope
Scientific facility at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, US
optimal position. One key component of the DKIST is its adaptive and active optics system, which is responsible for correcting distortions in the telescope's
Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope
Daniel_K._Inouye_Solar_Telescope
Telescope under construction in Chile
mechanical vibrations. The "cell" primary mirror support system contains "active optics" with pneumatic actuators that will push on the back of the primary
Giant_Magellan_Telescope
Intergovernmental observatory in Chile
the 3.6 m New Technology Telescope, an early pioneer in the use of active optics, and the Very Large Telescope (VLT), which consists of four individual
European_Southern_Observatory
Branch of physics that studies light
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour, manipulation, and detection of electromagnetic radiation, including its interactions with matter
Optics
for stable atmosphere and favorable climate conditions, and active optics and adaptive optics to correct for much of atmospheric turbulence allow the largest
List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes
Astronomical telescope in Chile
at the La Silla Observatory and was an early pioneer in the use of active optics. The telescope and its enclosure were built to a revolutionary design
New_Technology_Telescope
Proposed extremely large telescope
could reveal the presence of molecules indicative of life). Active optics Adaptive optics Extremely Large Telescope Giant Magellan Telescope List of optical
Overwhelmingly Large Telescope
Overwhelmingly_Large_Telescope
Astronomical telescope at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
so-called active optics system, a feature that was then under development for ESO's New Technology Telescope. In 1992, such an active optics system was
Nordic_Optical_Telescope
French astrophysicist
improvements in the manufacturing methods for optical elements and active optics systems. The technologies developed by Hugot and his group are used
Emmanuel_Hugot
Astronomical observatory in Hawaii
that allowed the construction of the Keck telescopes was the use of active optics to operate smaller mirror segments as a single, contiguous mirror. A
W._M._Keck_Observatory
six position actuators and the 160 pneumatic actuators which work its active optics system. This results in a huge assembly structure weighing about 28
Mirror_support_cell
Telescope in the Atacama Desert, Chile
The secondary mirror is actively controlled by a deformable platform able to tilt the mirror during exposure. The active optics system also includes a
VLT_Survey_Telescope
Schmidt telescope in China
million yuan. LAMOST is configured as a reflective Schmidt telescope with active optics. There are two mirrors, each made up of a number of 1.1-metre (p-p)
LAMOST
Optical Telescope
The telescope is also the first of its kind in India that features an active optics system, featuring a wavefront sensor and pneumatic actuators which compensate
3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope
3.6m_Devasthal_Optical_Telescope
Array of smaller mirrors designed to act as one large curved mirror
segments have to be polished to a precise shape and actively aligned by a computer-controlled active optics system using actuators built into the mirror support
Segmented_mirror
United Kingdom technology company
(OTFT) materials. Applications of FlexEnable's technology include active liquid crystal optics on plastic for smart glasses, as well as OTFT backplanes for
FlexEnable
English physicist (1928–2018)
2018) was an English physicist and telescope optics designer, best known for pioneering the use of active optics in large telescopes. Wilson's first degree
Raymond_Wilson_(physicist)
Observatory in Chile
varying from 10 to 30 percent of the observing time. The telescope uses active optics on its primary and secondary mirrors to attain median image quality
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
Southern_Astrophysical_Research_Telescope
NASA/ESA/CSA space telescope launched in 2021
telescopes, which must continually adjust their mirror segments using active optics to overcome the effects of gravitational and wind loading. The Webb
James_Webb_Space_Telescope
Branch of material physics involving photoelectronic devices
Electro–optics is a branch of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, materials science, and material physics involving components, electronic
Electro-optics
Light-conducting fiber
concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. The term was coined by Indian-American physicist Narinder Singh Kapany
Optical_fiber
geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world. The word optics is derived from the Greek term τα ὀπτικά meaning 'appearance, look'. Optics was significantly
History_of_optics
Image-stabilized binoculars are binoculars that have a mechanism for decreasing the apparent motion of the view due to binocular movement. Such binoculars
Image-stabilized_binoculars
Branch of engineering and mathematics
actuator. The shape of the entire mirror is constantly adjusted by a MIMO active optics control system using input from multiple sensors at the focal plane
Control_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
Raymond Wilson (physicist) (1928–2018), who developed the concept of active optics Raymond Wilson (figure skater) (1944–?), British Olympic figure skater
Raymond_Wilson
Three-mirror telescope design
observatories Lemaitre, Gérard René (2009). Astronomical Optics and Elasticity Theory: Active Optics Methods. Springer-Verlag. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-540-68904-1
Nasmyth_telescope
Telescope in the Atacama Desert, Chile
has an alt-azimuth mount with total mass around 350 tonnes, and uses active optics with 150 supports on the back of the primary mirror to control the shape
Very_Large_Telescope
Public university in Beijing, China
Center covers solid-state laser technology, fiber laser technology, active optics technology, and laser detection technology. The center has published
Tsinghua_University
Astronomical observatory in Chile
thermal controls, and the active optics give the excellent image quality of the NTT. The NTT has active instead of adaptive optics: it corrects the defects
La_Silla_Observatory
Telescope for observations with visible light
the 20th century, segmented mirrors to allow larger diameters, and active optics to compensate for gravitational deformation. A mid-20th century innovation
Optical_telescope
arising from the support needs of large honeycomb mirrors and those using active optics systems are outside the design parameters of such programs. Amateur
PLate_OPtimizer
Main light-gathering source of reflecting telescope
multiple dishes which have better image resolution but less sensitivity. Active optics Honeycomb mirror Liquid-mirror telescope List of largest optical reflecting
Primary_mirror
French electronics company
year, the company also started getting interested in Aerospace and Fiber Optics. A new facility was built in 1977 in Voreppe, France. A year later, a new
Radiall
Branch of optics
Nonimaging optics (also called anidolic optics) is a branch of optics that is concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and
Nonimaging_optics
Compact region at a galaxy's center with abnormally high luminosity
An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum
Active_galactic_nucleus
Transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light
plate. Similar effect can also be used to make a polarization-maintaining optics. Birefringent crystals can be assembled in a way that leads to apparent
Prism_(optics)
Angle between converging or diverging light rays
In optics, vergence is the angle formed by rays of light that are not perfectly parallel to one another. Rays that move closer to the optical axis as they
Vergence_(optics)
Lowell Observatory aperture telescope
finely figured, thin meniscus mirror, held in shape by a 156-element active optics system, regularly delivers sub-arcsecond seeing. The mirror was ground
Lowell_Discovery_Telescope
Number of bound modes that an optical fiber is capable of supporting
theory Quantum optics Equilibrium mode distribution Mode scrambler Mandrel wrapping "Calculating the modal volume of a cavity mode". Ansys Optics. Archived
Mode_volume
Study of classical optics using Fourier transforms
Fourier optics is the study of classical optics using Fourier transforms (FTs), in which the waveform being considered is regarded as made up of a combination
Fourier_optics
lenses to avoid reflections, as well as absorb certain colors. Active optics Adaptive optics ASCOM EQMod INDI PLate OPtimizer Versatile Real-Time Executive
List of telescope parts and construction
List_of_telescope_parts_and_construction
Telescope in La Palma, Spain
years after it was made. The primary is solid and un-thinned, so no active optics system is required, despite its weight of 16.5 tonnes (16.2 long tons)
William_Herschel_Telescope
main types of active cables: active electrical cable (AEC), which utilize copper, and active optical cable (AOC), which utilize fiber-optics. Both types
Active_cable
Telescope at Palomar Observatory in California, USA
mirrors, whose shape is continuously adjusted by a computer-controlled active optics system using actuators built into the mirror support cell.[citation
Hale_Telescope
Optical telescope on La Palma, Spain
increased to a total of 36 hexagonal segments fully controlled by an active optics control system, working together as a reflective unit. Its first instrument
Gran_Telescopio_Canarias
Astronomical observatory and historic landmark in Arizona, US
finely figured, thin meniscus mirror, held in shape by a 156-element active optics system, 120 lateral pistons and 36 lateral supports, regularly delivering
Lowell_Observatory
Telescopes which utilize curved mirrors to form an image
the 20th century, segmented mirrors to allow larger diameters, and active optics to compensate for gravitational deformation. A mid-20th century innovation
Reflecting_telescope
World's largest telescopes
"Amazing Space". Lemaitre, Gérard René (2008). Astronomical Optics and Elasticity Theory: Active Optics Methods. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 17.
List of largest optical telescopes historically
List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_historically
Italian astronomer (1879–1967)
aberrations characteristic of spherical mirrors: a pioneering idea of active optics, commonly used nowadays in modern telescopes. In 1935, Horn d'Arturo
Guido_Horn_d'Arturo
German optics company
Mainz and Jena. Carl Zeiss is one of the oldest optics manufacturers in the world. Carl Zeiss opened an optics workshop in Jena in 1846. By 1847, he was making
Zeiss_(company)
Forces List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces Air Forces List of active Russian Air Force aircraft Unknown, Unknown (23 May 2017). "276 SMR in Chechnya
List of Second Chechen War military equipment
List_of_Second_Chechen_War_military_equipment
Greco-Roman astronomer and geographer (c. 100–170)
significant part of the early history of optics and influenced the more famous and superior 11th-century Book of Optics by Ibn al-Haytham. Ptolemy offered explanations
Ptolemy
Acousto-optic modulator Acousto-optical spectrometer Acousto-optics Active laser medium Active optics Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System Advanced Tactical
List_of_laser_articles
Israeli military technology company
purposes. The company produces unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), electro-optics hardware, electronic warfare, signal intelligence (SIGINT) systems, and
Elbit_Systems
Technical applications of optics
Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in the form of photons through emission
Photonics
Proposed NASA space telescope
incorporate several layers of wavefront control through active optics. Third, the telescope is actively heated to a precise 270 K (−3 °C; 26 °F) to control
Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor
Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor
Hypothesis in neuroscience
(1866/1962). Concerning the perceptions in general. In Treatise on physiological optics (J. Southall, Trans., 3rd ed., Vol. III). New York: Dover. Available at
Free_energy_principle
Small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre
integrated circuit industry, such as wafer-level optics. The study of such diffracting lenses is known as binary optics. Micro-lenses in recent imaging chips have
Microlens
Main-belt asteroid
Wilson (1928–2018), who was an astronomical optician and pioneer of active optics at ESO's La Silla Observatory in the 1970s. The official naming citation
3790_Raywilson
hundreds of arms producers and military equipment startups were reported to be active, collectively employing more than 300,000 workers. In addition to drones
Defense_industry_of_Ukraine
Chinese laser company
Retrieved 5 May 2024. "Han's Laser buys Canadian fiber specialist CorActive". optics.org. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved
Han's_Laser
Soft kill active protection system
with the BAAINBw. ODAEON automatically detects optics of enemy systems such as the surveillance optics of drones and the targeting systems of anti-tank
MUSS_(countermeasure)
Camouflage changing continually to match background
system only works when seen from a certain angle. Phased-array optics would implement active camouflage, not by producing a two-dimensional image of background
Active_camouflage
Study of light interaction with water and submerged materials
Ocean optics is the study of how light interacts with water and the materials in water. Although research often focuses on the sea, the field broadly includes
Ocean_optics
Sub-field in optics consisting of lenses and mirrors
Linear optics is a sub-field of optics, consisting of linear systems, and is the opposite of nonlinear optics. Linear optics includes most applications
Linear_optics
{n_{d}-1}{n_{F}-n_{C}}}} Ernst Abbe optics (dispersion in optical materials) f-number N N = f D {\displaystyle N={\frac {f}{D}}} optics, photography (ratio of focal
List of dimensionless quantities
List_of_dimensionless_quantities
UE Raymond Wilson (1928–2018), astronomical optician and pioneer of active optics MPC · 3790 3791 Marci 1981 WV1 Jan Marek Marci (1595–1667), Czech medical
Meanings of minor-planet names: 3001–4000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_3001–4000
Intelligence (ERPI); Ina Craig Sartorius B&W 10m September 12, 1930 Fiber Optics (Science Pictures); Madeleine Spears (producer); Chris Barmer; camera: Tracy
List of Encyclopædia Britannica Films titles
List_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Films_titles
Telescope in the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, Canary Islands
(Chile). Therefore, the optical quality of the telescope is ensured by an active optics system performing real-time corrections of the optical components and
Galileo_National_Telescope
Chemical element with atomic number 81 (Tl)
infrared optical materials, because they are harder than other common infrared optics, and because they have transmission at significantly longer wavelengths
Thallium
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
everyday interactions with light can be understood using geometrical optics. Quantum optics is an important research area in modern physics. The main source
Light
the science of optics and photonics and their applications. It emphasises the unity of the crossdisciplinary field of optics. Optics and photonics are
International Commission for Optics
International_Commission_for_Optics
Trading company in Japan
company refocused on pharmaceuticals and optics for scientific and industrial applications. Today, Kowa remains active in the production of binoculars, spotting
Kowa_(company)
Four-meter reflector telescope in Pima County, Arizona
The Mayall 4-meter Telescope - official site. Scale model of 4 meter Active Optics Upgrade Portals: Arizona Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar
Nicholas_U._Mayall_Telescope
South Korean main battle tank
grenades hide tank from visible, forward-looking infrared, and millimeter wave optics and radar thus disrupt accuracy of missile. The SLS is located at the rear
K2_Black_Panther
Soviet/Russian infantry fighting vehicle
different M models, some fitted with additional armour, "Arena-E" or "Shtora-1" active protection systems, air conditioner etc. BMP-3M Ataka – BMP-3M version with
BMP-3
Absorption Absorption spectrum Acousto-optics Acousto-optic deflector Acousto-optic filter Acousto-optic modulator Active laser medium Afterglow Airglow Airy
Index_of_optics_articles
Acoustic sensing method
influenced future designs. Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones. Terfenol-D and lead magnesium niobate (PMN)
Sonar
Musical artist
the public. In October 2025, Beckham released the double A-side single "Optics" and "Lick The Toad" showing a shift toward a more organic, guitar driven
Cruz_Beckham
Decommissioned radio telescope in Hawaii, US
Richard; Phillips, Thomas G. (2009). "A Caltech Submillimeter Observatory Active Optics System". Submillimeter Astrophysics and Technology: A Symposium Honoring
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
Caltech_Submillimeter_Observatory
Observatory in Pima County, Arizona
and was manufactured at the Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab. Sixty-six active optics actuators support the primary mirror. The telescope is located in a
WIYN_Observatory
Laser using an optical fiber as the active gain medium
laser (or fibre laser in Commonwealth English) is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium
Fiber_laser
Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile
primary mirror and the position and tip/tilt of the secondary mirror (active optics). This compensates for flexure and ensures a focused image at all altitudes
VISTA_(telescope)
to Chinese astronomical instruments, including a new idea to apply active optics to obtain the shape of a changeable optical system that could not be
Meanings of minor-planet names: 19001–20000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_19001–20000
Electronic flight control system
drag-inducing aerodynamic trims in the elevators.[citation needed] Fly-by-optics is sometimes used instead of fly-by-wire because it offers a higher data
Fly-by-wire
Ancient Greek mathematician (fl. 300 BC)
addition to the Elements, Euclid wrote a central early text in the optics field, Optics, and lesser-known works including Data and Phaenomena. Euclid's authorship
Euclid
Systems. It is the first of its kind to be used in combat. Trophy APS - an Active Protection System designed to protect vehicles from incoming threats, such
List of Israeli inventions and discoveries
List_of_Israeli_inventions_and_discoveries
cameras RED - Digital cinema cameras Rencay - digital scan backs Samyang Optics - photographic lenses: autofocus lenses, manual focus lenses, DSLRs, cinema
List_of_digital_camera_brands
2018 and an additional 254 Stinger Block-1-92F in 2019. CS/MPQ-90 Bee Eye Active electronically scanned array radar Republic of China 23 Integrated with
List of equipment of the Republic of China Army
List_of_equipment_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army
Physical process by which matter takes up a photon's energy and stores it
usually depend on their intensity (linear absorption), in certain conditions (optics) the medium's transparency changes by a factor that varies as a function
Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)
Ability to see in low light conditions
and nondirectional spectral reflection from the human fovea" J.Biomed. Optics, 13, 024010, 2008 Solovei, I.; Kreysing, M.; Lanctôt, C.; Kösem, S.; Peichl
Night_vision
and terahertz instrumentation 2005 Stephen Shectman Active optics 2006 Roger Angel Adaptive optics for infra-red spectroscopy 2007 Harvey Moseley Microshutter
Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation
Joseph_Weber_Award_for_Astronomical_Instrumentation
branch of physics that studies the behavior and characteristics of light is optics. Light is the physical agent that makes objects visible to the human eye
Light_in_painting
Theory of brain function
cognition Where Mathematics Comes From "Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics - Free". 2018-03-20. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved
Predictive_coding
Device that emits light via optical amplification
13, 2009). Handbook of Optics, Third Edition Volume V: Atmospheric Optics, Modulators, Fiber Optics, X-Ray and Neutron Optics. McGraw Hill Professional
Laser
Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field
1-2021 Optics and photonics. Holography. Part 1. Core terms and definitions. Classification". Retrieved 13 July 2026. "GOST R 59321.2-2021 Optics and photonics
Holography
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