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Calendar year
Year 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont
1268
Duke of Swabia, King of Jerusalem and Sicily (1252–1268)
Conrad III (25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268), called the Younger or the Boy, but usually known by the diminutive Conradin (German: Konradin, Italian: Corradino)
Conradin
election that followed the death of Pope Clement IV lasted from 1 December 1268 to 1 September 1271 and was the longest in the history of the Catholic Church
1268–1271_papal_election
Heir apparent to Edward I (1268–1274)
Henry of England (6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274) was the fourth child and second son of Edward I of England by his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. Henry
Henry_(son_of_Edward_I)
Part of the Crusades
The siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamluk Sultanate under Baibars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch. Prior to the siege, the
Siege_of_Antioch_(1268)
Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1267 to 1269
Shvarn or Shvarno (Old Ruthenian: Шварно; Lithuanian: Švarnas; Belarusian: Шварн Данілавіч; Ukrainian: Шварно Данилович, romanized: Shvarno Danylovych;
Shvarn
Oldest mosque in Southeastern Europe
The Al–Aga Mosque is the oldest mosque in Kosovo. It is located in Dragash and was built in 1289. According to the Islamic community council in Dragash
Al-Aga_Mosque
English Baron
3rd ed., London, 1846, pp.37-8 [3] Mason, Emma, ed. (1980). The Beauchamp Cartulary Charters 1100-1268. New Series. Vol. XLII. London: Roll Society.
William_(III)_de_Beauchamp
Earthquake in Turkey
An earthquake occurred northeast of the city of Adana in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (modern day Turkey) on 14 May 1269 at "the first hour of the night"
1269_Cilicia_earthquake
Christian states in the Levant, 1098–1291
were the County of Edessa (1098–1150), the Principality of Antioch (1098–1268), the County of Tripoli (1102–1289), and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291)
Crusader_states
Ruling monarch of the Principality of Antioch (1098–1268)
Roman Empire. When the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt drove out the knights in 1268, they largely destroyed the city to deny access to the region in case the
Prince_of_Antioch
King of Norway from 1280 to 1299
Eric Magnusson (1268 – 15 July 1299) (Old Norse: Eiríkr Magnússon; Modern Norwegian: Eirik Magnusson) was king of Norway from 1280 until 1299. Eric was
Eric_II_of_Norway
January 1252 husband's death - Bohemond V Sibylla of Armenia Hethum I of Armenia (Hethumids) 1240 June/October 1254 1268 loss of Antioch 1290 Bohemond VI
Princess_of_Antioch
French prince
Auxerre and Tonnerre from 1268. He was also in his own right Count of Valois and Crépy, as an appanages of the crown, from 1268. John was born in Damietta
John_Tristan
Crusader state ruler (1099–1291)
Hugh I of Jerusalem. After Conrad III's execution by Charles I of Sicily in 1268, the kingship was held by the Lusignan family, who were simultaneously kings
King_of_Jerusalem
This is a list of queens of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291. Throughout 200 years of its existence, the Kingdom of Jerusalem had one protector, 18 kings (including
List_of_queens_of_Jerusalem
Rulers of the Duchy of Swabia during the Middle Ages
Hohenstaufen family, who held it, with a brief interruption, from 1079 until 1268. For much of that period, the Hohenstaufen were also Holy Roman Emperors
Duke_of_Swabia
Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277
campaigns against the Crusader states, culminating in the capture of Antioch in 1268. He continued to fend off threats from the Mongols by engaging with the Ilkhanate
Baybars
Part of the Northern Crusades
The Battle of Wesenberg, Rakvere, or Rakovor, was fought on 18 February 1268 between the combined forces of Danish Estonia, the Bishopric of Dorpat, the
Battle_of_Wesenberg_(1268)
Regional form of the Hindu deity Mahavishnu
saint Nimbarkacharya visited Puri, establishing the Radhavallav Matha in 1268. The famous poet Jayadeva was a follower of Nimbaraka, with a focus on Radha
Jagannath
1268 in France included the following events in French history: Philip IV of France was born. Richardson, Douglas (2011). Kimball G. Everingham (ed.).
1268_in_France
Hildian asteroid
1268 Libya, provisional designation 1930 HJ, is a dark Hildian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 95 kilometers in diameter
1268_Libya
Shikken of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan
shōgun, but de facto ruler of Japan) of the Kamakura shogunate (reigned 1268–84), known for leading the Japanese forces against the invasion of the Mongols
Hōjō_Tokimune
This article covers 1268 in poetry. The Italian Calega Panzan composes Ar es sazos c'om si deu alegrar, a sirventes attacking the Guelphs and Angevins
1268_in_poetry
Mamluk victory over the Templars in Lebanon
The Fall of Beaufort Castle happened in 1268 when the Mamluk Sultan Baybars besieged the Templar fortress of Beaufort. After more than a week of siege
Fall of Beaufort Castle (1268)
Fall_of_Beaufort_Castle_(1268)
Day of the year
Mleh, prince of Armenia 1174 – Nur ad-Din, Seljuk emir of Syria (born 1118) 1268 – Peter II, count of Savoy (born 1203) 1461 – Domenico Veneziano, Italian
May_15
13th century Venedotian statesman (died 1268)
Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan (c. 1210 – 17 October 1268) was distain to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, king of Gwynedd. Goronwy was one of the sons of Ednyfed Fychan
Goronwy_ab_Ednyfed_Fychan
A list of events which happened in 1268 in Italy: Battle of Tagliacozzo Papal election, 1268–71 Agnes of Montepulciano Clare of Montefalco Ludovico I
1268_in_Italy
Italian noblewoman
Beatrice d’Este (Ferrara, 1268 - Milan, 15 September 1334) was an Italian noblewoman, now primarily known for Dante Alighieri's allusion to her in Purgatorio
Beatrice_d'Este_(1268–1334)
Fire in Hamdaniya, Iraq
Mosul (905–1383) Buyid amirate (945–1055) Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) Ilkhanate (1258–1335) Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) Qara Qoyunlu (1375–1468)
2023_Qaraqosh_wedding_fire
Catholic military order, 1118 to 1312
Battle of Fariskur (1250) Siege of Safed (1266) Fall of Beaufort Castle (1268) Battle of Qaqun (1271) Fall of Tripoli (1289) Siege of Acre (1291) Fall
Knights_Templar
Town in Bavaria, Germany
Vilseck (German pronunciation: [ˈfɪlzɛk] ) is a town and municipality (German: Gemeinde) in the Oberpfalz region of northeastern Bavaria, Germany, situated
Vilseck
1959 studio album by Miles Davis
Miles Davis, released in November 1959 by Columbia Records, catalogue CL 1268. It compiles sessions by the most recent edition of the Davis Sextet which
Jazz_Track
Evolutionary process
fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans". Science. 239 (4845): 1263–1268. Bibcode:1988Sci...239.1263S. doi:10.1126/science.3125610. ISSN 0036-8075
Human_evolution
Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York
Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-1268-6. Binder, Georges (2006). 101 of the World's Tallest Buildings. Council
Chrysler_Building
Asia/Pacific 0.576 4 0.62 1267 Centro Sur Equatorial Guinea Africa 0.674 4 0.619 1268 Rift Valley Kenya Africa 0.628 4 0.619 1269 Ondo Nigeria Africa 0.56 11
List of subnational entities by Human Development Index
List_of_subnational_entities_by_Human_Development_Index
12th-century Count of Charolais and Lord of Bourbon
John of Burgundy (Jean de Bourgogne; 1231 – 29 September 1268) was a Count of Charolais and Lord of Bourbon. He was a younger son of Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy
John_of_Burgundy_(1231–1268)
Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (c. 1137–1193)
Abu Shamah, Shihab al-Din Abd al-Rahman ibn Isma'il al-Maqdisi (1871) [d. 1268]. Kitāb al-rawḍatayn fī akhbār al-dawlatayn كتاب الروضتين في أخبار الدولتين
Saladin
TSPAN32 HGNC:13410; Q96QS1 17548 TSPAN33 HGNC:28743; Q86UF1 17549 TSPEAR HGNC:1268; Q8WU66 17550 TSPO HGNC:1158; B1AH88, P30536 17551 TSPO2 HGNC:21256; Q5TGU0
List of human protein-coding genes 8
List_of_human_protein-coding_genes_8
French nobleman, Son of Louis IX (1256–1317)
February 1317) was a French prince du sang who was created Count of Clermont in 1268. He was the sixth and last son of King Louis IX (Saint Louis) and Margaret
Robert,_Count_of_Clermont
Temporary peace treaty
In 1268, the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice agreed to temporarily end hostilities which had erupted after the Byzantine recovery of Constantinople
Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1268
Byzantine–Venetian_treaty_of_1268
Macroscelidea: Elephantulus) from South Africa. Journal of Mammalogy 89:1257–1268. Lonchophylla orienticollina Chiroptera Dávalos & Corthals 2008 Colombia
List of mammals described in the 21st century
List_of_mammals_described_in_the_21st_century
Part of Holy Roman Empire, East Francia
the Hohenstaufen, who held it, with a brief interruption, from 1079 until 1268. For much of this period, the Hohenstaufen were also Holy Roman Emperors
Duchy_of_Swabia
Spiral galaxy in the constellation Perseus
NGC 1268 is a spiral galaxy located about 147 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest
NGC_1268
timeline The decade of the 1260s in art involved some significant events. 1268: Earliest known reference to a guild of stainers, predecessors of the Worshipful
1260s_in_art
The Fall of Jaffa in 1268 happened between the Crusader garrison of Jaffa and a Mamluk army led by Baybars. The Mamluks were victorious and demolished
Fall_of_Jaffa_(1268)
Pandyan King from 1251 to 1268
(present day South India), Northern Sri Lanka, and Southern Andhra between 1250–1268 CE. He is remembered for his patronage of the arts and Dravidian architecture
Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan_I
Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi (1264). 183 5 February 1265 – 29 November 1268 (3 years, 298 days) Clement IV CLEMENS Quartus Gui Foucois 23 November 1190
List_of_popes
Time period in Tibet from 1270-1350
in 1264 the Mongols created Anxi Prefecture out of 18 Tibetan clans, in 1268 Anxi Prefecture was subordinated to Tuosima Route (Amdo), in 1269 the Pacification
Tibet_under_Yuan_rule
Indian philosopher, polymath, and Vaishnava guru (1268–1369)
Vedanta Desika (1268–1369), also rendered Vedanta Desikan, Swami Vedanta Desika, and Thoopul Nigamantha Desikan, was an Indian polymath who wrote philosophical
Vedanta_Desika
(Japanese: ボウボウバッタ) Katsuya Oshima Hayato Morohashi March 12, 2022 (2022-03-12) 1268 "Catching the Dream! Treasure Planet" Transliteration: "Yume o tsukamou!
List of Doraemon (2005 TV series) episodes (2015–2024)
List_of_Doraemon_(2005_TV_series)_episodes_(2015–2024)
King of Sicily from 1266 to 1285
victory over Manfred's young nephew, Conradin, at the Battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268 strengthened his rule. In 1270, he took part in the Eighth Crusade organised
Charles_I_of_Anjou
Countess of Artois
Mahaut of Artois also known as Mathilda (1268 – 27 November 1329), ruled as Countess of Artois from 1302 to 1329. She was furthermore regent of the County
Mahaut,_Countess_of_Artois
King of Cyprus (1267–1284) and Jerusalem (1268–1284)
of Cyprus (as Hugh III) from 1267 and king of Jerusalem (as Hugh I) from 1268. Born into the family of the princes of Antioch, he effectively ruled as
Hugh_III_of_Cyprus
Head of the Catholic Church from 1265 to 1268
Pope Clement IV (Latin: Clemens IV; c. 23 November 1190 – 29 November 1268), born Gui Foucois (Latin: Guido Falcodius; French: Guy de Foulques or Guy Foulques)
Pope_Clement_IV
Ethnic group in Israel
Mosul (905–1383) Buyid amirate (945–1055) Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) Ilkhanate (1258–1335) Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) Qara Qoyunlu (1375–1468)
Assyrians_in_Israel
Oldest pharmacy in France
the oldest pharmacy in France. It was established in 1268 (758 years ago) (1268). Dating to 1268, it stands at the corner of the Rue Mercière and the
Pharmacie_du_Cerf
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Albert (Latin Albertus; c. 1268 – 22 September 1318), called the Fat (pinguis), was a member of the House of Welf, one of the oldest European noble families
Albert_II,_Duke_of_Brunswick
13th-century battle in present-day Serbia
The Mačva War of 1268 was a brief conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia in the Duchy of Mačva (or Macsó), the southern realm
Mačva_War
Vassal state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
to a branch of the Ibelin family. With the capture of Jaffa by Baibars in 1268, the county became titular. It was bestowed anew upon John Perez Fabrice
County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon
Javanese Kingdom (1222–1292)
King Kertanegara, the fifth ruler of Singhasari who had been reigning since 1268, launched a naval campaign northward towards the weak remains of the Srivijaya
Singhasari
Ahom king from 1228 to 1268
Sukaphaa (r. 1228–1268), also Siu-Ka-Pha, was the founder and the first king of the Ahom kingdom in medieval Assam. A Tai prince from Möng Mao, the kingdom
Sukaphaa
Former Cathedral of Antioch, also known as St. Peter
1190, the cathedral became the burial place of Frederick Barbarossa. In 1268, the cathedral was burned by Baybars during his sack of Antioch. According
Church_of_Cassian
(cassati) at Harting, Sussex. Latin and English versions, Ely Edgar 780 1268 A.D. 970 Ely Abbey Grant of 10 hides (cassati) in the common land at Linden
List_of_Anglo-Saxon_charters
Mere Bhai 1250 "Thodi Si Beqarari" Alka Yagnik Anand–Milind Sameer Deewane 1268 "Pyar Ke Hain Hum Deewane" Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik Sameer Dhadkan 1251
List of Hindi songs recorded by Kumar Sanu
List_of_Hindi_songs_recorded_by_Kumar_Sanu
Goryeo military ruler (r. 1258–1228)
Kim Chun (Korean: 김준; Hanja: 金俊; ? – 1268), also known as Kim In-kun, was the ninth military leader who ruled during the late period of the Goryeo military
Kim_Chun
Count of Savoy from 1189 to 1233
resigned, through marriage became Count Palatine of Burgundy and ultimately in 1268 became the disputed count of Savoy Boniface, who became archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas,_Count_of_Savoy
King of Bohemia from 1253 to 1278
extinct in the male line upon the execution of King Conradin of Sicily in 1268. Named after his grandfather King Přemysl Ottokar I, he was originally educated
Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia
Doge of Venice from 1253 to 1268
(Venetian: Renieri Zen) (died 7 July 1268) was the 45th Doge of Venice, reigning from 1 January 1253 until his death in 1268. The first references to Reniero
Reniero_Zeno
13th-15th century Mongol horde
warned the Ilkhan Abagha of the upcoming invasion of Baraq (Chagatai Khan) in 1268. However, when the Borjigin princes, who operated on the Qaghan Kublai's
White_Horde
the same year. Howden Minster in Yorkshire becomes a collegiate church. 1268 The first Year Books (annual law reports) appear. Approximate date – Henry
1260s_in_England
Queen of Sicily from 1282 to 1285
Aragon from 1276 to 1285. She was a pretender to the Kingdom of Sicily from 1268 to 1282. She was the only daughter of Manfred, King of Sicily, and his first
Constance_II_of_Sicily
Commemorating the birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore
Bengali month of Boishakh, since Tagore was born on this day of the year 1268 of the Bengali calendar (1861 AD). Every year, numerous cultural programmes
Rabindra_Jayanti
DAMAGE 2/2/99 DR-1267-CA 1999 Freezing WY WY - WINTER STORM 10/5/98 DR-1268-WY 1999 Severe Ice Storm LA SEVERE STORMS, TORNADOES AND FLOODING DR-1269-LA
List of FEMA Disaster and other Emergency Declarations
List_of_FEMA_Disaster_and_other_Emergency_Declarations
French theologian and bishop (died 1279)
century. He was Chancellor of the Sorbonne from 1263 to 1268, and bishop of Paris from 1268 until his death. He is best remembered for promulgating a
Étienne_Tempier
Pandyan emperor from 1268 to 1308
பாண்டியன்) was a Pandyan emperor who ruled regions of South India between 1268–1308 CE, though history professor Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310
Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
Maravarman_Kulasekara_Pandyan_I
Crusade against Ifriqiya in 1270
years. In 1268, Baibars laid siege to Jaffa, which belonged to Guy of Ibelin, the son of the jurist John of Ibelin. Jaffa fell on 7 March 1268 after twelve
Eighth_Crusade
Title in the Peerage of England
and often by the duke of Brittany, except for two periods from 1241 to 1268 and from 1286 to 1372. In 1435 the title was granted to the House of Plantagenet
Earl_of_Richmond
Syriac Orthodox Church celebration
Mosul (905–1383) Buyid amirate (945–1055) Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) Ilkhanate (1258–1335) Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) Qara Qoyunlu (1375–1468)
Hano_Qritho
Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate from 1265 to 1282
corresponded with Pope Clement IV during 1267–1268, and reportedly sent a Mongol ambassador to western Europe in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance
Abaqa_Khan
Kressenbrunn (1260) Civil War (1264–1265) Battle of Isaszeg (1265) Mačva War (1268) Battle on the Marchfeld (1278) Battle of Lake Hód (1282) Second Mongol invasion
List of military conflicts involving Hungary (1527–1700)
List_of_military_conflicts_involving_Hungary_(1527–1700)
Medieval German royal and imperial dynasty
the Holy Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent from 1155 to 1268. The name Hohenstaufen was first used in the 14th century to distinguish
Hohenstaufen
Hugh of Cyprus dies. Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan succeeds him as Hugh III. 1268 March 7. Baibars destroys Jaffa. April 15. Baibars seizes Belfort. May. The
Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Timeline_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Castle in Caerphilly, Wales
Britain and for its large gatehouses. Gilbert began work on the castle in 1268 following his occupation of the north of Glamorgan, with the majority of
Caerphilly_Castle
Georgian prince (1250–1268)
George (Georgian: გიორგი, romanized: giorgi) (1250–1268) was a Georgian prince of the 13th century. He was the son of King David VII Ulu, and the designated
George (son of David VII of Georgia)
George_(son_of_David_VII_of_Georgia)
English nobleman, namesake of Balliol College, Oxford
John de Balliol (before 1208 – 25 October 1268) was an English nobleman, belonging to the House of Balliol. Balliol College, in Oxford, is named after
John_I_de_Balliol
Descent of modern Assyrians from ancient Assyrians
Mosul (905–1383) Buyid amirate (945–1055) Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) Ilkhanate (1258–1335) Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432) Qara Qoyunlu (1375–1468)
Assyrian_continuity
Species of cat native to Africa and Asia
Biology. 18 (1): 156. Bibcode:2018BMCEE..18..156P. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1268-0. PMC 6198532. PMID 30348080. Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische
Leopard
Generative AI platform
Rrrreflect. Journal of Integrated Design Research (1). doi:10.57684/COS-1268. "civitai". GitHub. 9 December 2024. Tenbarge, Kat (24 April 2024). "Top
Civitai
Head of the Catholic Church from 1271 to 1276
Francis. He was elected at the conclusion of a papal election that ran from 1268 to 1271, the longest papal election in the history of the Catholic Church
Pope_Gregory_X
Welsh aristocrat and administrator (died 1311)
body was later placed on 11 October 1311. His father Goronwy ab Ednyfed (d. 1268) was seneschal to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (also known as Llywelyn the Last)
Tudur_Hen_ap_Goronwy
Capital and largest city of Germany
Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 1268–1291. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3. "Lager für Sinti und Roma in Berlin-Marzahn"
Berlin
United States federal law governing warranties on consumer products
93-1606, 93d Cong 2d Sess. Davis v. Southern Energy Homes, Inc. 305 F.3d 1268 (11th Cir. 2002). Richardson v. Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 254 F.3d 1321, 45
Magnuson–Moss_Warranty_Act
Decade
12th century BC Decades 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC 1250s BC 1240s BC Years 1269 BC 1268 BC 1267 BC 1266 BC 1265 BC 1264 BC 1263 BC 1262 BC 1261 BC 1260 BC Categories
1260s_BC
Quaker magazine founded in 1843
by Warners Midland plc. The Friend appears every Friday. It has ISSN 0016-1268. In its entire history, The Friend has failed to appear twice, due to paper
The_Friend_(Quaker_magazine)
Park in Lima
del Amor llevará el nombre del alcalde Alberto Andrade". El Comercio. 2014-01-30. 12°07′36″S 77°02′11″W / 12.1268°S 77.0365°W / -12.1268; -77.0365
Love_Park,_Lima
Welsh noble family
king Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth; among these sons was Goronwy (died 1268), founder of the line of the Penmynydd family. Goronwy served as seneschal
Penmynydd_family
1265 28th 1265 29th 1266 30th 1267 31st 1267 32nd 1268 33rd 1268 34th 1268 35th 1269 36th 1269 37th 1270 38th 1272 Edward I "Model"
10th Parliament of Elizabeth I
10th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I
1218 to Philip Hurepel; with the extinction of his line, it was granted in 1268 to the House of Bourbon, and was confiscated with the Duchy of Bourbon in
Counts of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Counts_of_Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch and all the East
Antioch, though this became strictly titular after the Fall of Antioch in 1268, and was abolished completely in 1964. In the 18th century, succession disputes
Patriarch_of_Antioch
1268
1268
1268
Boy/Male
Hindu
Vimal meaning pure and Ish meaning God . - the pure Lord
Girl/Female
British, Celtic, English
Female Version of Arthur; From the Roman Clan Name Artorius; Bear; Rock
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Rollo or Rolf.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Shiva, The highest of the rulers
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Norse, Norwegian
Son of Ulf
Boy/Male
Hebrew Biblical
Oracle. One of the two sons of the priest Eli in the Old Testament.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Christian, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sindhi, Tamil
Married; Possession; Possessed by a Husband
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Wakeful
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Provider; The Nourisher; One of the Names of Allah
Boy/Male
Hindu
Wearing yellow attire signifying purity and wisdom
1268
1268
1268
1268
1268
n.
Any one of three orders of knighthood; the first instituted by Charles I., king of Naples and Sicily, in 1268; the second by Rene of Anjou, in 1448; and the third by the Sultan Selim III., in 1801, to be conferred upon foreigners to whom Turkey might be indebted for valuable services.