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Mechanical property that measures stiffness of a solid material
force is applied lengthwise. It is the elastic modulus for tension or axial compression. Young's modulus is defined as the quotient of the stress (force
Young's_modulus
Physical property that measures stiffness of material
deformation region; a stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form: δ = def stress strain {\displaystyle \delta
Elastic_modulus
Resistance of a material to uniform pressure
(strain) to other kinds of stress: the shear modulus describes the response to shear stress and Young's modulus describes the response to normal (lengthwise
Bulk_modulus
Ratio of shear stress to shear strain
In solid mechanics, the shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material
Shear_modulus
English polymath (1773–1829)
expressing himself clearly were shown by his own definition of the modulus: "The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance
Thomas_Young_(scientist)
Method to characterize materials
measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes
Impulse_excitation_technique
Type of natural semiconductor with thicknesses on the atomic scale
From this mechanical properties such as Young modulus, yield strain, and flexural strength. With a Youngs modulus of almost 1 TPa, graphene boasts incredible
Two-dimensional_semiconductor
Protein fiber made by spiders
elastic, having a lower Young's modulus. According to Spider Silkome Database, Ariadna lateralis silk has the highest Young's modulus with 37 GPa, compared
Spider_silk
Intensive property in mechanics
In mechanics, the flexural modulus, bending modulus, or modulus of rigidity is an intensive property that is computed as the ratio of stress to strain
Flexural_modulus
Relation between properties and composition of a compound
fiber-reinforced composite material. For the Young's modulus E {\displaystyle E} , the rule of mixtures states that the overall modulus equals E ¯ V = f E 1 + ( 1 − f
Rule_of_mixtures
Chemical data page
properties can be well-characterized by the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, Bulk modulus, and Shear modulus or they may be described by the Lamé parameters
Elastic properties of the elements (data page)
Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
increases with polymer chain length and crosslinking of polymer chains. Young's modulus quantifies the elasticity of the polymer. It is defined, for small
Polymer
Hardness-testing device
indentation hardness, a relation between the ASTM D2240 hardness and the Young's modulus for elastomers has been derived by Gent. Gent's relation has the form:
Shore_durometer
SI derived unit of pressure
ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, and often displays the Young's modulus or shear modulus of tissue in kilopascals. In materials science and engineering
Pascal_(unit)
Force needed to pull a spring grows linearly with distance
_{zx}\\\sigma _{xy}\end{bmatrix}}} where Ei is the Young's modulus along axis i Gij is the shear modulus in direction j on the plane whose normal is in direction
Hooke's_law
Measure of material deformation perpendicular to loading
For soft materials, such as rubber, where the bulk modulus is much higher than the shear modulus, Poisson's ratio is near 0.5. For open-cell polymer
Poisson's_ratio
Slope of the stress-strain curve in solid mechanics
linear elastic regime) the tangent modulus is equivalent to Young's modulus. Above the proportional limit the tangent modulus varies with strain and is most
Tangent_modulus
Ratio of stiffness to mass for a material
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight
Specific_modulus
Curve representing a material's response to applied forces
the elastic region, and the slope of this region is the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus. Plastic flow initiates at the upper yield point and continues
Stress–strain_curve
Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances
can be described with the following material properties: Young's Modulus, the shear modulus, and the Poisson's ratio, in relatively simple mathematical
Composite_material
Hard, dense and stiff chemical compound
number of around 2600. It has a Young's modulus of approximately 530–700 GPa, a bulk modulus of 379–381 GPa, and a shear modulus of 274 GPa. It has an ultimate
Tungsten_carbide
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
compressibility, shear modulus, and density. The speed of shear waves is determined only by the solid material's shear modulus and density. In fluid dynamics
Speed_of_sound
Oxide mineral
Young's modulus is temperature dependent, and has been reported in the [0001] direction as 435 GPa at 323 K and 386 GPa at 1,273 K. The shear modulus
Corundum
Physical property when materials or objects return to original shape after deformation
instance, Young's modulus applies to extension/compression of a body, whereas the shear modulus applies to its shear. Young's modulus and shear modulus are
Elasticity_(physics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Youngs can refer to: People: Ben Youngs (born 1989), English rugby union player Elaine Youngs (born 1970), American beach volleyball player Jenny Owen
Youngs
Semicrystalline thermoplastic with high mechanical and chemical resistance
influence the crystallinity and hence the mechanical properties. Its Young's modulus is 3.6 GPa and its tensile strength is 90 to 100 MPa. PEEK has a glass
Polyether_ether_ketone
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up modulus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Modulus is the diminutive from the Latin word modus meaning measure or manner. It, or its plural moduli
Modulus
Resistance to deformation in response to force
{A}{L}}} where E {\displaystyle E} is the (tensile) elastic modulus (or Young's modulus), A {\displaystyle A} is the cross-sectional area, L {\displaystyle
Stiffness
Continuum mechanics
member against bending deflection/deformation. It is a function of the Young's modulus E {\displaystyle E} , the second moment of area I {\displaystyle I}
Bending_stiffness
Most abundant structural protein in animals
the Young's modulus of collagen at the molecular level. Only above a certain strain rate is there a strong relationship between elastic modulus and strain
Collagen
In geometry, property of being directionally dependent
G=E/[2(1+\nu )],} where G {\displaystyle G} is the shear modulus, E {\displaystyle E} is the Young's modulus, and ν {\displaystyle \nu } is the material's Poisson's
Anisotropy
Step in the process of designing physical objects
lightness, for a rod that will be pulled in tension the specific modulus, or modulus divided by density E / ρ {\displaystyle E/\rho } should be considered
Material_selection
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
improving its toughness and reducing its shear modulus. Hydrating the protein layer also decreases its Young's modulus, which is expected to improve the fracture
Nacre
Material property in strain-stress relationship
called the shear modulus, and is sometimes denoted by G instead of μ. Typically the notation G is seen paired with the use of Young's modulus E, and the notation
Lamé_parameters
Material ability to absorb energy when deformed elastically
_{y}}{2}}} where Ur is the modulus of resilience, σy is the yield strength, εy is the yield strain, and E is the Young's modulus. This analysis is not valid
Resilience (materials science)
Resilience_(materials_science)
Precipitation-hardening aluminium alloy
greatly depend on the temper, or heat treatment, of the material. Young's Modulus is 69 GPa (10,000 ksi) regardless of temper. Annealed 6061 (6061-O
6061_aluminium_alloy
Medical imaging methodology
For isotropic materials, the relationship between the shear modulus and Young's modulus can also be expressed as E = 2 G ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle E=2G(1+\nu
Shear_wave_elastography
Steel in which the main interstitial alloying constituent is carbon
is approximately 7.85 g/cm3 (7,850 kg/m3; 0.284 lb/cu in) and the Young's modulus is 200 GPa (29×10^6 psi). Low-carbon steels display yield-point runout
Carbon_steel
is a modulus of elasticity, one of several kinds that depend on the specific strain being examined: bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, or P-wave
Strength_of_materials
Structure whose members are only in tension
weaker than locked coil strand. Steel spiral strand cables have a Young's modulus, E of 150±10 kN/mm2 (or 150±10 GPa) and come in sizes from 3 to 90 mm
Tensile_structure
Material ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing
divided by two times the Young's modulus of elasticity. That is, Modulus of resilience = Yield stress2/2 (Young's modulus) The toughness of a material
Toughness
Thin semiconductors
For WS2, the Young's modulus of chemical vapor deposited monolayer flakes is 272 GPa. From this same study the Young's modulus of CVD-grown monolayer
Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
frequent conformational changes) have comparably much lower Young's moduli. The Young's modulus of a single protein can be found through molecular dynamics
Protein
Genus of vines
hardening. The slope of the linear region of the stress-strain curve, or Young’s modulus, is 236* MPa. The highest stress achieved before fracture, or ultimate
Luffa
Material fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter composed of carbon
strength and higher elastic modulus. For example, T400 from Toray with a tensile strength of 4,000 MPa and M40, a modulus of 400 GPa. Intermediate carbon
Carbon_fibers
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
This carbyne is of considerable interest to nanotechnology as its Young's modulus is 40 times that of the hardest known material – diamond. In 2015,
Carbon
Statistical model for 2D crystals
)}.} Similar recursion relations can be derived for the shear modulus and the bulk modulus. I 0 {\displaystyle I_{0}} and I 1 {\displaystyle I_{1}} are
KTHNY_theory
Load caused by rapid temperature change
technique proved to be a useful tool. It can be used to measure Young's modulus, Shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and damping coefficient in a non destructive
Thermal_shock
Titanium alloy
use of titanium alloys as biomaterials is occurring due to their lower modulus, superior biocompatibility and enhanced corrosion resistance when compared
Ti-6Al-4V
Resilient and smooth elastic tissue present in animals
The aggregate modulus is "a measure of the stiffness of the tissue at equilibrium when all fluid flow has ceased", and Young's modulus is a measure of
Cartilage
Material testing procedure that makes a very small mark in a surface
corner (90°) tip is 2.598. The reduced modulus E r {\displaystyle E_{\text{r}}} is related to Young's modulus E s {\displaystyle E_{\text{s}}} of the
Nanoindentation
Maximum stress withstood by stretched material before breaking
structure Toughness Structural integrity and failure Tension (physics) Young's modulus Limit load (physics), maximum load that a structure is expected to
Ultimate_tensile_strength
Composite material consisting of ceramic fibers in a ceramic matrix
and Young's modulus of the ceramic matrix. The most common reinforcement embodiment is a continuous-length ceramic fiber, with an elastic modulus that
Ceramic_matrix_composite
Prosthetic device
1300–1800 303–323 Polydimethylsiloxane 4500 (Filled with 33% silica) N/A Young's modulus: 0.36–0.87 123.3–150 Polysulfone (bisphenol A) 1.125*10-17 N/A 2758
Artificial_lung
Formula to quantify column buckling under a given load
load (longitudinal compression load on column), E {\displaystyle E} , Young's modulus of the column material, I {\displaystyle I} , minimum second moment
Euler's_critical_load
Wire with a diameter in the nanometres
the stress-strain curve described by the Young's Modulus, has been reported for nanowires, however the modulus depends very strongly on the microstructure
Nanowire
Change in the shape or size of an object
σ is the applied stress; E is a material constant called Young's modulus or elastic modulus; ε is the resulting strain. This relationship only applies
Deformation_(engineering)
American musical instrument manufacturer
Modulus Graphite (formerly, Modulus Guitars) is an American manufacturer of musical instruments best known for building bass guitars with carbon fiber
Modulus_Guitars
Least dense solid material
the exponent observed in the modulus. The power-law dependence observed agrees with trends between density and modulus and compressive strength observed
Aerographene
Geometric property of a structural member
shape in question. There are two types of section modulus, elastic and plastic: The elastic section modulus is used to calculate a cross-section's resistance
Section_modulus
Mechanical device that stores energy
reducing or increasing the helical radius. In this mode, it is the Young's modulus of the material that determines the spring characteristics. Spring
Coil_spring
Polymer with rubber-like elastic properties
and elasticity) and with weak intermolecular forces, generally low Young's modulus (E) and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term
Elastomer
Biocomposite material used for construction and insulation
properties. Young's modulus continually has a high COV across multiple experiments. The Young's modulus of hempcrete is 22.5 MPA. Young's modulus and compressive
Hempcrete
Sound producing musical instrument component
are related by Young's modulus. A newer set of strings will often be in a region on the stress vs. strain curve past the Young's modulus called the plastic
String_(music)
dislocation motion within the material. Common in Crystals. Specific modulus: Modulus per unit volume (MPa/m^3) Specific strength: Strength per unit density
List_of_materials_properties
Pressure surge when a fluid is forced to stop or change direction suddenly
possible with respect to the internal fluid bulk (solid Young modulus low with respect to fluid bulk modulus); introducing a device that increases the flexibility
Hydraulic_shock
Nickel-based superalloy
max. Physical properties Density (ρ) 8.2 g/cm3 Mechanical properties Young's modulus (E) 216-99 GPa @ −308–2,000 °F (−189–1,093 °C) Tensile strength (σt)
Inconel_718
Thermoplastic polymer
mechanical properties of ABS Property Value Young's modulus 2.28 GPa Tensile strength 43 MPa Flexural modulus 2.48 GPa Flexural strength 77 MPa Notched
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene
Polymer
the table below, Nylon 11 has lower values of density, flexural and Young's modulus, water absorption, as well as melting and glass transition temperatures
Nylon_11
Metallic material
exhibiting 42% porosity. Ultrasonic measurements provided an average Young's modulus value of 39 GPa, which is in relatively good agreement with the Gibson
Titanium_foam
Most common stainless steel
to 153,000 psi). The density is 7,900 kg/m3 (0.286 lb/cu in), and its modulus of elasticity ranges from 183 to 200 GPa (26.6×10^6 to 29.0×10^6 psi).
SAE_304_stainless_steel
Type of anode for aluminium smelting
becoming brittle. The relationship between compressive strength and Young's modulus in prebaked anodes usually results in a compromise in the anode's resistance
Prebaked consumable carbon anode
Prebaked_consumable_carbon_anode
Percussion instrument constructed by rods, bells, tubes suspended in air
the Young's modulus for the tube material, I is the second moment of area of the tube, and μ is the mass per unit length of the tube. Young's modulus E
Wind_chime
Capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size
{\displaystyle \sigma =E\varepsilon ,} where, this time, E refers to the Young's modulus for compression. In this region, the material deforms elastically and
Compressive_strength
Natural or man-made structures that have the geometry of a honeycomb
is constructed (often referred to as the solid), which include the Young's modulus, yield stress, and fracture stress of the material, and the relative
Honeycomb_structure
Study of the deformation of solids that touch each other
_{2}^{2}}{E_{2}}}\right)^{-1}} , composite Young's modulus of elasticity, E i {\displaystyle E_{i}} , modulus of elasticity of the surface, ν i {\displaystyle
Contact_mechanics
Test procedure to determine mechanical properties of a specimen
these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics
Tensile_testing
Resistance offered by a structure while bending
exhibits Isotropic behavior then the Flexural Modulus is equal to the Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus). Flexural rigidity has SI units of Pa·m4 (which
Flexural_rigidity
Chemical element with atomic number 22 (Ti)
are favored due to their low rate of corrosion, long life, and low Young's modulus. A titanium alloy that contains 6% aluminium and 4% vanadium commonly
Titanium
Nickel-based superalloy
015% Physical properties Density (ρ) 8.4 g/cm3 Mechanical properties Young's modulus (E) 207.5-147.5 @ 70–1,600 °F (21–871 °C) (annealed) 204.8-148.2 @
Inconel_625
Chemical compound
holey substrate. The Young's modulus of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa, while the thicker flakes were stiffer, with a Young's modulus of 330 GPa. Molecular
Molybdenum_disulfide
Structural steel standard
Young's modulus for A36 steel is 29,000 kilopounds per square inch (200 gigapascals). A36 steel has a Poisson's ratio of 0.26 and a shear modulus of
A36_steel
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
structure. It has exceptional stiffness (Young's modulus 287 GPa) and a melting point of 1287 °C. The modulus of elasticity of beryllium is approximately
Beryllium
Component of stress coplanar with a material cross section
the shear modulus of the isotropic material, given by G = E 2 ( 1 + ν ) . {\displaystyle G={\frac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}.} Here, E is Young's modulus and ν is
Shear_stress
Major tissue that makes up part of the tooth in humans and many animals
high hardness and modulus, shown to have modulus values of 85–90 GPa and hardness values of 3.4-3.9 GPa. The hardness and modulus in the direction perpendicular
Tooth_enamel
(also giving a density of 1.06 kg/L) "Table of Specific Heats". Young; Geller (2008). Young and Geller College Physics (8th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-8053-9218-0
Table of specific heat capacities
Table_of_specific_heat_capacities
Industrial and food chemical
the properties based on what is demanded. Overall PDMS has a low elastic modulus which enables it to be easily deformed and results in the behavior of a
Polydimethylsiloxane
Form of exhaust heat management
In addition to this mud-cracking effect, sintering increases the Young's modulus of the TC as the columns become attached to one another. This in turn
Thermal_barrier_coating
Causes and list of disasters
a function of strain (ϵ). Stress and strain are correlated through Young's Modulus: σ=Eϵ where E is the slope of the linear section of the plot. The numbers
Engineering_disasters
Sudden change in shape of a structural component under load
by the use of the tangent modulus of elasticity, Et, which is less than the elastic modulus, in place of the elastic modulus of elasticity. The tangent
Buckling
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19 (2): 229
Silicon
Wrought aluminium zinc alloy
Tensile Strength 750 MPa Yield Strength 730 MPa Elongation at Yield 8.0 % Youngs Modulus 71.0 GPa Thermal Properties Metric Coefficient of thermal expansion
7034_aluminium_alloy
Higher temperatures due to movement through air
experience a decrease in strength as temperatures get extremely high. The Young's Modulus of the material, defined as the ratio between stress and strain experienced
Aerodynamic_heating
Mechanical stress created by change in temperature of a material
expansion coefficient and material's Young's modulus (see formula below). E {\displaystyle E} is Young's modulus, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is thermal
Thermal_stress
equivalently, volt per meter (V⋅m−1) E {\displaystyle E} energy joule (J) Young's modulus pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m2) e {\displaystyle e} eccentricity
List of common physics notations
List_of_common_physics_notations
Type of woody vine
is their stiffness, specifically, the Young's modulus of various parts of the stem. Trees and shrubs have young twigs and smaller branches that are quite
Liana
Material for piano strings
instruments, including pianos and guitars. This standard specifies a Young's modulus of 207 GPa. The tensile strength of one popular brand of piano wire
Piano_wire
Flexible part of maxilla
viscoelastic, nonlinear, and anisotropic in the direction of the fibers. Young modulus values range from 585 Pa at the posterior free edge of the soft palate
Soft_palate
NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material
transition temperature Can vary, but is over 120 °C Young's modulus – LW 3.5×10^6 psi (24 GPa) Young's modulus – CW 3.0×10^6 psi (21 GPa) Coefficient of thermal
FR-4
Soft water-rich polymer gel
hydrogel (or conversely, the water concentration), the Young's modulus, shear modulus, and storage modulus can vary from 10 Pa to 3 MPa, a range of about five
Hydrogel
YOUNGS MODULUS
YOUNGS MODULUS
Boy/Male
Korean
Integrity lasts.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Danish, French, German, Indian, Muslim, Pakistani
The Dove
Boy/Male
Muslim
The Biblical Jonas is the English language equivalent. A Prophet's name.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Round.
Boy/Male
Indian
A prophets name
Female/Male/Unisex
Korean
Korean unisex name YOUNG means "forever; prosperity."
Female/Male/Unisex
Korean
 Korean unisex name YONG means "courage." Compare with another form of Yong.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Pound.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and northern Irish
English, Scottish, and northern Irish : distinguishing name (Middle English yunge, yonge ‘young’), for the younger of two bearers of the same personal name, usually distinguishing a younger brother or a son. In Middle English this name is often found with the Anglo-Norman French definite article, for example Robert le Yunge.Americanization of a cognate, equivalent, or like-sounding surname in some other language, notably German Jung and Junk, Dutch De Jong, De Jongh and Jong, and French Lejeune and LaJeunesse.assimilated form of French Dion or Guyon.Chinese : see Yang.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim, Pashtun
Pillar; Support of the Faith
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim
A Prophet's Name; The Biblical Jonas is the English Language Equivalent
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Lowndes.English : Lound in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, and Suffolk; Lund in North Yorkshire and the East Riding; Lunt in Merseyside.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Young.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Bond.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, French, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Jonas
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Prophet Name
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of Dutch Jong.English
Americanized spelling of Dutch Jong.English : variant of Young.
Boy/Male
Australian, Jamaican
Brave
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Borders)
English (mainly Borders) : from Middle English yonger ‘younger’, hence a distinguishing name for, for example, the younger of two bearers of the same personal name. In one case, at least, however, the name is known to have been borne by an immigrant Fleming, and was probably an Americanized form of Middle Dutch jongheer ‘young nobleman’ (see Jonker).Americanized spelling of various cognate or like-sounding names in other languages, notably German Junger and Junker, or Dutch Jonker.
YOUNGS MODULUS
YOUNGS MODULUS
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
To Decorate the Body of God (Jain)
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Zavannah, ZAVANNA means "savannah."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Indian, Turkish
Joyful; Happiness
Boy/Male
Muslim
The majestic, The revered, The sublime
Male
Egyptian
, Intelligence.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin) and German
English (of Norman origin) and German : occupational name for a sailor (see Mariner), from Anglo-Norman French mariner, Middle High German marnære ‘seaman’.
Boy/Male
Australian, Chinese, Portuguese
Grand Father
Biblical
island of help,power
Boy/Male
Indian
Lord Sai Baba's Name
Girl/Female
Australian, Irish
Golden; Princess
YOUNGS MODULUS
YOUNGS MODULUS
YOUNGS MODULUS
YOUNGS MODULUS
YOUNGS MODULUS
n.
The younger of two brothers; a younger brother or son; the youngest son.
adv.
In a young manner; in the period of youth; early in life.
superl.
Not long born; still in the first part of life; not yet arrived at adolescence, maturity, or age; not old; juvenile; -- said of animals; as, a young child; a young man; a young fawn.
n. pl.
An instrument, usually of metal, consisting of two parts, or long shafts, jointed together at or near one end, or united by an elastic bow, used for handling things, especially hot coals or metals; -- often called a pair of tongs.
adv.
Ignorantly; weakly.
a.
To spend time lazily, whether lolling or idly sauntering; to pass time indolently; to stand, sit, or recline, in an indolent manner.
a.
Like a young person or thing; young; youthful.
n.
A young person; especially, a young man.
pl.
of Pound
n.
A piece of furniture resembling a sofa, upon which one may lie or recline.
n.
Youth.
pl.
of Youth
a.
Somewhat young.
pl.
of Pound
n.
The offspring of animals, either a single animal or offspring collectively.
a.
Young.
superl.
Being in the first part, pr period, of growth; as, a young plant; a young tree.
superl.
Having little experience; inexperienced; unpracticed; ignorant; weak.
n.
An idle gait or stroll; the state of reclining indolently; a place of lounging.
interj.
An exclamation formerly used as an oath, and an expression of anger or wonder.