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Zoroastrian service and liturgical collection
Yasna (/ˈjʌsnə/; Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀) is the Avestan name of both a text within the Avesta collection and of the Yasna liturgy, Zoroastrianism's principal
Yasna
Zoroastrian religious text and ceremony
The Yasna i Rapithwin is the name of an Avestan text and of a ceremony in which this text is used. Both the text and the ceremony are a simplified version
Yasna_i_Rapithwin
Avestan name of the Zoroastrian divinity of "Obedience" or "Observance"
yashts dedicated to him. One of these is Yasna 56–57, which is part of the primary Zoroastrian act of worship. Yasna 56-57 is a "hidden" yasht in that those
Sraosha
First Zorastrian Canonical Formula
Zoroastrianism's four Gathic Avestan manthras. The text, which appears in Yasna 27.13, is also known after its opening words yatha ahu vairyo. In Zoroastrian
Ahuna_vairya
Sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism
these five poems consist of 238 stanzas and 897 verses. Jointly with the Yasna Haptanghaiti- which is composed in the same archaic dialect - they have
Gathas
Zoroastrian collection of texts within the Avesta
performed in the liturgy, i.e., the text of the Yasht i Visperad plus the Vendidad. As a result, they contain all 72 chapters of the Yasna, all 24 chapters of
Vendidad
Negative entity in Zoroastrianism
attribute of humans. In Yasna 33.4, the poet promises to counter his own "disobedience and aka manah" through worship. In Yasna 47.5, aka manah is the
Aka_Manah
Primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology
sipandan) with s(i)pand, which botanically is not rue, but none the less is called "Syrian rue". cf. Boyce 1975, p. 139 Yasht 35 Yasht 39 Yasna 29b Mah Niyayesh 3
Gavaevodata
Zoroastrian compendium of sacred literature
texts. Important ritual texts are the Yasna, Visperad and Vendidad which are recited by priests in the eponymous Yasna, Visperad and Vendidad ceremonies.
Avesta
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
first three manthras are placed at Yasna 27.13-27.15, immediately preceding the Gathas, the Airyaman ishya - at Yasna 54.1 - provides the closure. Also
Airyaman_ishya
Zoroastrian hymns
High Liturgies like the Yasna and Visperad Liturgy. The name Yasna Haptanghaiti (Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀 𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌, yasna haptaŋhāiti) consists
Yasna_Haptanghaiti
Figure in Zoroastrianism
(Yasna 46. 14), follower of the path of Vohu Manah (Y. 51. 16), and committed to spreading the prophet's message (Y. 51. 16, 46. 15, 53. 2). In Yasna 28
Vishtaspa
Most important liturgy of Zoroastrianism
The Yasna liturgy is the most important liturgy of Zoroastrianism. It is performed daily during the Havan Gah by reciting the Yasna text. It belongs to
Yasna_(liturgy)
Iranian goddess
Evidence of a cult, below) and in a middle Persian Zend translation of Yasna 68.13. Also in Zoroastrian texts from the post-conquest epoch (651 CE onwards)
Anahita
Zoroastrian religious text
Zoroastrianism. It contains all Old Avestan texts like the Gathas and the Yasna Haptanghaiti and may have been the original liturgy of the early Zoroastrian
Staota_Yesnya
Evil figure in Iranian legend
dragon,' that is killed by the hero Kərəsāspa, Middle Persian Kirsāsp. (Yasna 9.1, 9.30; Yasht 19.19) Aži Raoiδita – the 'red dragon' conceived by Angra
Zahhak
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
in the Yasna. It is also at the end of most of the prayers in the Khordeh Avesta, except a certain few, most notably the Fravarane. In the Yasna, the Ahuna
Ashem_vohu
Zoroastrian benevolent divinity
(Vendidad liturgy) Vishtasp Sast (Vishtasp Yasht) Yasna (Yasna liturgy) Yasna i Rapithwin Short Liturgies Afrinagan Gāh Niyayishn Sih-rozag Yashts Aban Yasht
Tishtrya
Zoroastrian Daeva of wrath
a Yasna ceremony that is not properly executed is said to have been done as if the ceremony were for Aeshma. Late Zoroastrian text, the Mēnog ī xrad
Aeshma
Zoroastrian divinity of covenant, light, and oath
Myriad Eyes," (Yasna 1:3), "the Lofty, and the Everlasting... the Province Ruler," (Yasna 1:11), "the Yazad (Divinity) of the Spoken Name" (Yasna 3:5), and
Mithra
Zoroastrian religious hymn
(Vendidad liturgy) Vishtasp Sast (Vishtasp Yasht) Yasna (Yasna liturgy) Yasna i Rapithwin Short Liturgies Afrinagan Gāh Niyayishn Sih-rozag Yashts Aban Yasht
Ram_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious ceremony
The Yasht i Gahan or Gah Sarna, is an important Zoroastrian funeral ceremony. Its purpose is to guide the soul to the afterlife. It is performed by two
Yasht_i_Gahan
Mythical king and hero of Turan
ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4. Yarshater, Ehsan (1984). "AFRĀSĪĀB". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 570–576. The battle of Rustam and
Afrasiab
Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Yasna. The literal meanings of the words Ahura and Mazda are "lord" and "wisdom"
Ahura_Mazda
Zoroastrian mythological location
similar to concept of Chinvat. In the 71st chapter of the Avestan text, the Yasna, there is a description of the Chinvat Bridge. The Vendidad also describes
Chinvat_Bridge
Subfield of linguistics
Geldner, Karl F. (ed.). Avesta: die heiligen Bücher der Parsen I: Prolegomena, Yasna. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. doi:10.25673/100265. Geldner, Karl F. (1889)
Avestan_studies
Seven zones of Earth in the Avesta
University Press ND. ISBN 0-7190-1064-0. p. 11. W. Eilers (1985). "Alborz i. the name Alborz". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 1. The Harā appears in Yt.
Karshvar
Iranian mythical king and hero from the Pishdadian dynasty
2979/ham.00008. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1979). Iranisches Personennamenbuch. Band I (in German). Austrian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-3700103004. Namiranian
Fereydun
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
Iran. Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the Yasna Haptanghaiti, a series of hymns composed in Old Avestan that cover core
Zoroaster
Ethnic group from the early history of the Iranian peoples
in the Avesta, i.e., the collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. In those texts, the Turyas closely interact with the Aryas, i.e. the early Iranians
Turya_(Avesta)
Anonymous dictionary of mostly Aramaic logograms with Middle Persian translations
Frahang-ī Pahlavīg (Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭭𐭢 𐭯𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭩𐭪, lit. 'Pahlavi dictionary'; Persian: فرهنگ پهلوی) is the title of an anonymous dictionary
Frahang-i_Pahlavig
Zoroastrian religious ceremony
Yasht i Visperad, or simply Visperad, is one of the main variants of the Long Liturgy, the main ritual of Zoroastrianism. It is based on the Yasna ceremony
Yasht_i_Visperad
Zoroastrian religious hymn
only covers a single chapter of the Yasna, called haiti or ha. Since the Gathas are edited as part of the wider Yasna, their chapters and stanzas are, therefore
Vahishtoishti_Gatha
Mythological Iranian king
"For 30 centuries I kept the world from corruption and decay, when the 30th century came to an end the Dīvs assaulted Gayōmart ... But I finally repelled
Keyumars
Iranian king
became Persian shēd. In Iranian Persian, the vowel /ē/ is pronounced as /i/. Consequently, Jamshēd (as it is still pronounced in Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
Jamshid
Zoroastrian religious manuscripts
Geldner, Karl F. (ed.). Avesta: die heiligen Bücher der Parsen I: Prolegomena, Yasna. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. doi:10.25673/100265. Geldner, Karl F. (1889)
Avestan_manuscripts
Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
Vahagn and Վռամ Vṙam, and has cognates in Buddhist Sogdian 𐫇𐫢𐫄𐫗 wšɣn w(i)šaɣn, Manichaean Parthian 𐭅𐭓𐭉𐭇𐭓𐭌 wryḥrm Wahrām, Kushan Bactrian ορλαγνο
Verethragna
Zoroastrian religious text
into the Yasna and Visperad. It was therefore similar to the Vendidad liturgy, where the respective text is likewise intercalated into the Yasna and Visperad
Wishtasp-sast_nask
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demon of drought
the Zurvanite doctrine that places stars in opposition to planets. Dadistan i denig 93 reiterates Apaosha's attempt to prevent rain. Upon being defeated
Apaosha
Zoroastrian religious hymn
the Yasna. Within this system, the Ahunavaiti Gatha covers chapters, called ha, 28-34 of the Yasna. It is not directly followed by the second gatha, i.e
Ahunavaiti_Gatha
Zoroastrian religious hymn
called ha, 43-46 of the Yasna. It does not directly follow the first gatha, i.e., the Ahunavaiti Gatha (Y 28-34), but the Yasna Haptanghaiti (Y 35-42)
Ushtavaiti_Gatha
Zoroastrian text within the Avesta
but are only used within the Yasht i Visperad liturgy, where they are individually inserted into the text of the Yasna. The name of the text is based on
Visperad
Legendary mountain in the Avesta
Iranian period. In these texts, Mount Hara is mentioned several times in the Yasna and a number of Yashts. In verse Y. 57.19 the personification of Haoma is
Hara_Berezaiti
Zoroastrian religious hymn
231: "This Yast can be divided into four parts". Darmesteter 1883, p. 231: "I (§§ 1-28). An enumeration of the ten incarnations in which Verethraghna appeared
Bahram_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
stand-alone text but comprises chapters 9-11 of the Yasna. During the Yasna liturgy, the consumation of the parahom, i.e., the Hauma drink, takes place. The Hom
Hom_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious term
century. In the extant manuscripts, the Nerangestan consists of three fragrads, i.e., chapters, although it may have originally comprised four fragards in the
Nerangestan
Zoroastrian religious hymn
widely used, the early manuscripts F1 and E1 use the name Kayan Yasn, i.e., Yasna of the Kayanians. This situation is caused by the disparate nature of
Zamyad_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
University Press. Panaino, Antonio (2002). The Lists of Names of Ahura Mazdā (Yašt I) and Vayu (Yašt XV). Serie orientale Roma. Vol. XCIV. Roma: Istituto italiano
Ohrmazd_Yasht
Compilation of the geographical references in Avesta
Ahrimanic counter-creation: The first of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was the Airyanem Vaejah, by the good river Daitya.
Avestan_geography
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Yasht is noteworthy for providing a lengthy description of the Aryoshayana, i.e., the countries inhabited by the Iranians. It is, therefore, an important
Mihr_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious ceremony
called pavi. This makes it close to the Long Liturgies, like the Yasna liturgy or the Yasht i Visperad. Within modern scholarship, however, it is usually classified
Dron_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. Malandra, William W. (2006). "YASNA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Nyberg, Henrik
Ardwahisht_Yasht
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
The Yenghe hatam is generally considered to have been derived from Yasna 51.22, i.e., the 22nd stanza of the Vohukhshathra Gatha. It reads as follows:
Yenghe_hatam
Zoroastrian religious term
Middle Persian version of Avestan yasna. Next to the Yashts (see below), the term is also used, for example for the Yasht i Visperad, the Dron Yasht or the
Yasht
Collection of Zoroastrian hymns
hyms are called yasna, which is likewise a general Avestan term for prayer or worship. Nowadays, however, yasna is mostly used for the Yasna Liturgy specifically
Yashts
Historical region in Central Asia
Overview. Duke University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8223-1521-6. Diakonoff, I. M. (1999). The Paths of History. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-521-64348-1
Turan
Zoroastrian matrimony rituals
liturgy Vishtasp Yasht Yasna liturgy Yasna i Rapithwin Short liturgies Afrinagan Dron Yasht Gāh Niyayishn Sih-rozag Yashts Yasht i Gahan Ceremonies Navjote
Zoroastrian_wedding
dedicated to Atar, the personification of fire. Stanzas 7-16 are taken from Yasna 62.1-62.10, which itself is dedicated to the praise of Atar. In addition
Niyayishn
Zoroastrian Daeva of corpse matter
contaminated individual (Vd. 10:1-12). Some verses must be recited twice (Yasna. 28:2, 35:2, 35:8, 39:4, 41:3, 41:5, 43:1, 47:1, 51:1, 53:1), thrice (Y
Nasu_(Zoroastrianism)
Avestan language name of Zoroastrianism's demoness of "lasciviousness."
Zand-Akasih: Iranian or Greater Bundahishn. Bombay: Rahnumae Mazdayasnan Sabha. Yasna 10.15 Yasht 3.9 Yasht 17.57-58 Vendidad 18.62 Vendidad 18.64 Vendidad 18
Jahi
Zoroastrian religious text
Redard, Céline (2021). "Variations of the Yasna in the Vīdēvdād and Vištāsp Yašt Ceremonies". The Srōš Drōn - Yasna 3 to 8: A Critical Edition with Ritual
Vishtasp_Sast
Early history of the Iranian peoples
Zoroastrinian High Liturgies such as the Yasna and the Visperad. The Staota Yesnya consists of the Gathas, the Yasna Haptanghaiti, and a number of manthras
Avestan_period
Zoroastrian religious hymn
New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. Malandra, William W. (2006). "YASNA". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Nyberg, Henrik
Haft_Amahraspand_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
like the Persian Rivayats of Kama Bohra and Nariman Hoshang and the Den i Wizirkard do list it as originating from the Bagan yasht. This tradition has
Frawardin_Yasht
Character from the Iranian nation history
ISBN 978-0-521-24693-4. Yarshater, Ehsan (1984). "AFRĀSĪĀB". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 570–576. A king's book of kings:
Tur_(Shahnameh)
Zoroastrian religious hymn
the Societas Iranologica Europæa. Ancient & Middle Iranian Studies. Vol. I. Milano: Edizioni Mimesis. ISBN 8884834643. Westergaard, Niels L. (1852).
Hordad_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious text
the Sih-rozag is used in various rituals like the Afrinagan prayers, the Yasna, the Dron Yasht and during funerary rites. Overall, the content and structure
Sih-rozag
Zoroastrian religious hymn
(Vendidad liturgy) Vishtasp Sast (Vishtasp Yasht) Yasna (Yasna liturgy) Yasna i Rapithwin Short Liturgies Afrinagan Gāh Niyayishn Sih-rozag Yashts Aban Yasht
Rashn_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Yasht can be divided thematically into several parts. The first part (kardas I-II) is dedicated to a description of Ashi's characteristics as a goddess of
Ard_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious ceremony
of the Yasna is also modified. One example is the period of the day on which the liturgy is performed. Whereas the Yasna is performed on hāwan, i.e., the
Vishtasp_Yasht
Zoroastrian deava
Vahishta, the Amesha Spenta, representing Asha. According to the Wizidagiha-i Zadspram, Indar will be killed by Asha Vahishta during the final battle. The
Indar
Zoroastrian religious texts
class of short liturgies. In the following, we will focus on the first class, i.e., the Khordeh Avesta "in the proper sense of the term." The extant manuscripts
Khordeh_Avesta
Zoroastrian observance of Zoroaster's birthday
parsis-gear-up-to-celebrate-prophet-zarathushtras-birth-anniversary Keul, I. (2020). Ethnographic Approaches: Contextual Religious Cosmopolitanisms in
Khordad_Sal
Zoroastrian religious hymn
l'absence apparente du mètre sont aulant d'indices de l'origine récente du Yt 16. I ne peut êlre, en lout cas, plus ancien que l'époque des Arsacides". König
Den_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious ceremony
(2016a). "The sacrifice (Yasna) to Mazdā. Its antiquity and variety". The Zoroastrian Flame. Exploring Religion, History and Tradition. I. B. Tauris. doi:10
Yasht i Visperad abag Videvdad
Yasht_i_Visperad_abag_Videvdad
Figure from the Iranian national history
tetrasyllabic jāma-aspa, an Avestan compound term, where the second word means aspa, i.e. horse. This term is also found in the names of people like Vishtaspa, Arjaspa
Jamaspa
Zoroastrian religious hymn
however, does not mention Arshtat but is mostly dedicated to the Khvarenah, i.e., the divine glory of the Iranians. It is thus unclear why it is named after
Ashtad_Yasht
Fictional character
(1991), The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts, Part I, Heidelberg: Winter Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal (1985). "ANDARĪMĀN". Encyclopædia
Arjasp
Zoroastrian initiation ritual
davarashni, literally "running about improperly clothed". So for instance Menog-i Khrad 2.35 and the Book of Arda Viraf (25.6.10). The latter considers such
Navjote
Mythological homeland of the early Iranians
the Zoroastrian community: I have made every land dear (to its people), even though it had no charms whatever in it: had I not made every land dear (to
Airyanem_Vaejah
Central and complex Zoroastrian theological concept
serenity (Yasna 30.7). Altogether, "there are said to have been some 30 kinds of fiery tests in all." According to the post-Sassanid Dadestan i denig (I.31.10)
Asha
Zoroastrian mythical sea
Grammatical Survey, Corrigenda to Part I. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447-01580-2. Panaino, Antonio (1990). Tištrya. Part I: The Avestan hymn to Sirius.
Vourukasha
Zoroastrian religious text
(2011). "The Avestan manuscripts F3a_40 (Iranian Yasna Sāde with Pahlavi Nērangs), F3b (Yt 13), F3c (Frahang i Ōīm) and F3d (Vaēϑa Nask) of the First Dastur
Vaetha_nask
Sasanian period anthology of sacred literature of Zoroastrianism
Avesta or Great Avesta. The Sasanian Avesta was organized into 21 nasks, i.e., volumes, with each nask being in turn divided into several chapters. These
Sasanian_Avesta
Zoroastrian religious hymn
2000, "Lacking the kardah divisions of the ‘great’ Yašts". Malandra 2000, "[I]t is a short hymn". Malandra 2000, "One can identify many verse lines of 7
Mah_Yasht
Character from the Iranian nation history
hands of his brothers was eventually avenged by Manuchehr. In the Ayādgār ī Jāmāspīg, we also find the story of the division of the world, but with Salm
Iraj
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Grammatical Survey, Corrigenda to Part I. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447-01580-2. Panaino, Antonio (1990). Tištrya. Part I: The Avestan hymn to Sirius.
Vanand_Yasht
Zoroastrian religious text
Introduction, and an Appendix Containing the Texts and Translations of the Gosht-I Fryano, and Hadokht-Nask (PDF). Bombay, London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location
Hadoxt_nask_fragments
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Ideograms, Glossary, Abbreviations, Index, Grammatical Survey, Corrigenda to Part I. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 3447-01580-2. Panaino, Antonio (2012)
Xwarshed_Yasht
Zoroastrian liturgy
a framework, which interprets the main Zoroastrian liturgies, like the Yasna, the Visperad and the Videvdad, as variants of a single liturgical structure
Long_Liturgy
Zoroastrian funerary ritual
Zoroastrianism: The Early Period. P.303 Darmesteter, James (1880). Sacred Books of the East, Vol 4: The Zend Avesta, Part I:The Vendidad. Oxford University Press.
Sagdid
Zoroastrian religious hymn
O good, Ardwî Sûrâ Anâhitâ, you most rich in life-giving strength, that I may overcome the giant dragon [...] She gave him then that prize, Ardwî Sûrâ
Aban_Yasht
Sacred utterance or prayer used in Zoroastrianism
Vol. II. Iranica Foundation. pp. 684–687. Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017). "PROSODY i. Remnants of Proto-Indo-European Poetic Craft in Iranian". Encyclopædia Iranica
Manthra_(Zoroastrianism)
Zoroastrian religious term
school, where a Herbed, i.e., a teacher-priest, offered courses in Zoroastrian theology. According to the testimony in the Zand-i Wahman yasn, such courses
Herbedestan
National history of pre-Islamic Iran
in 9th-10th century works like the Denkard, the Bundahishn and the Ayadgar-i Zariran. The ultimate representation of Iran's national history is, however
Iranian_national_history
Zoroastrian religious hymn
meaning is not certain, but it may have meant belonging to the Three-Star, i.e., Orion's Belt. Tishtrya is sometimes equated with Tir, the Middle Persian
Tishtar_Yasht
Collection of Zoroastrian prayers
prayers, namely the Afrinagan i Dahman, Afrinagan i Gahan, Afrinagan i Gahanbar and the Afrinagan i Rapithwin. The Afrinagan i Dahman is a prayer recited
Afrinagan
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Sraosha. The yasht can be performed at any time of the day except during Rapithwin. There is no edition which is specifically dedicated to the Srosh Yasht
Srosh_Yasht_Hadoxt
Zoroastrian religious hymn
edited as part of the wider Yasna and its chapters and stanzas are, therefore, referenced using the notation of the Yasna. Within this system, the Spentamainyu
Spentamainyu_Gatha
Zoroastrian religious hymn
Vol I: La liturgie (Yasna et Vispéred). Paris: E. Leroux. Geldner, Karl F. (1885). Geldner, Karl F. (ed.). Avesta: die heiligen Bücher der Parsen I: Prolegomena
Vohukhshathra_Gatha
travel, tourism, insurance
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
Girl/Female
Hindu
Fame, Success
Girl/Female
Muslim
A narrator of Hadith
Male
Russian
(Яша) Pet form of Russian Yakov, YASHA means "supplanter."
Girl/Female
Indian
Pretty or beautiful or laughing
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic name derived from Old Norse fróðr, FRÓÃI means "wise."
Girl/Female
Indian
A narrator of Hadith
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of Psametik I.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Affluent, Rich, Prosperous
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
It means white rose in arabic
Female
Slavic
(ЈаÑна) Slavic name derived from the word jasno, JASNA means "clear, sharp."
Girl/Female
Hindu
To pray, White rose
Boy/Male
Hindu
Energy
Girl/Female
Indian
To pray, White rose
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Rose
Girl/Female
Hindu
Worship
Girl/Female
Hindu
Girl/Female
Muslim
Fame, Success
Girl/Female
Indian
Slavic, God is gracious, A new birth
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic saga name from Snori Sturlasson's Skaldskaparmal, possibly a translation of the Latin name Brutus, AMLÓÃI means "heavy" or "the dullard."Â
Girl/Female
Muslim
To pray, White rose
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
YASNA I-RAPITHWIN
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